The hospital environment and environmental contamination are increasingly emphasized in the prevention of healthcare-associated infection.Reference Boyce ¹ Appropriate cleaning and disinfection of the hospital environment has emerged as a key infection prevention strategy, yet environmental services (EVS) personnel often fail to clean and disinfect all surfaces in hospital rooms.Reference Carling, Parry and Rupp ² Consequently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all hospitals perform objective monitoring of environmental cleaning and disinfection.Reference Guh and Carling ³ More specifically, the CDC tool kit emphasizes that monitoring should be performed by hospital epidemiologists or infection preventionists who are not part of EVS to reduce the likelihood of surveillance bias and to assure the validity of results. To date, however, few if any studies have compared monitoring results of EVS and non-EVS personnel.

We performed this study to compare cleaning compliance data collected by EVS supervisors with parallel cleaning compliance data collected by study personnel. This study was completed during the Benefits of Enhanced Terminal Room (BETR) disinfection study, a large, multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing terminal disinfection strategies.Reference Anderson, Chen and Weber ⁴ As part of the BETR disinfection study, EVS supervisors placed a fluorescent mark (DAZO, Ecolab, St Paul, MN) on 5–7 “high-touch” room surfaces prior to terminal cleaning in 10–15 rooms per week in each study hospital and examined the marks with a black light after cleaning.Reference Huslage, Rutala, Sickbert-Bennett and Weber ⁵ If the fluorescent mark was no longer visible or had been smeared, the surface was considered to have been cleaned. Otherwise, the surface was considered not to have been cleaned.

While EVS supervisors performed this routine monitoring with fluorescent markers during the trial, study personnel independently collected parallel cleaning data at 2 study hospitals (1 tertiary care center and 1 community hospital). Study personnel tested a convenience sample of rooms from April through June 2014 (hereafter called the validation data). These rooms were then matched to rooms tested by EVS supervisors by unit (or type of unit), date of cleaning (same week), and EVS shift (time of day). Both the overall proportion of cleaned surfaces and the cleanliness of the 6 most-tested surfaces (bathroom handrail, door knobs, light switches, toilet seat, sink and chair) were compared between the EVS group and the validation group. Proportions were compared using the 2-tailed χ² test.

Study personnel collected cleaning thoroughness data in 56 rooms at the 2 study hospitals during the study period. EVS supervisors performed objective monitoring of room cleaning in 256 rooms in the 2 study hospitals during this period; 56 of these rooms were matched to compare monitoring by study personnel. Significant differences in surveillance results were observed between the 2 methods (Table 1). Overall, EVS supervisors determined that 82.5% (264 of 320) of the surfaces had been cleaned, whereas validation testing found 52.4% (153 of 292) of surfaces had been cleaned (P<.001). Differences were also observed in specific surfaces being monitored, particularly door knobs and light switches. Results were generally similar between the 2 study hospitals (data not shown).

TABLE 1

Comparison of Room Surfaces Considered “Clean” by Environmental Services (EVS) Personnel and External Validators

Our prospective, multicenter study demonstrated that room cleaning compliance data varied by the type of observer. We observed a difference of ~30% between rooms observed by EVS supervisors and rooms observed by our study personnel. As a result, our data support the recommendations made in the CDC’s tool kit to have independent observers conduct objective room monitoring instead of internal EVS staff.Reference Guh and Carling ³ Also as the tool kit suggests, EVS must be involved in cleanliness monitoring programs to provide feedback and implement improved cleaning practices.

EVS and study personnel used fluorescent markers to monitor room cleaning. While feedback of data collected using this approach improves cleaning compliance,Reference Carling, Parry and Rupp ^{2 ,} Reference Goodman, Platt, Bass, Onderdonk, Yokoe and Huang ⁶ it is unclear whether our results can be generalized to other methods of objective monitoring such as those using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or UV powder.Reference Munoz-Price, Fajardo-Aquino and Arheart ⁷ We suspect, however, that surveillance bias could be a potential issue regardless of the specific method of monitoring cleaning.Reference Boyce, Havill, Havill, Mangione, Dumigan and Moore ⁸

Our study had limitations. First, our convenience sample of validated rooms was small. However, we tested 612 individual surfaces, which was ample to achieve statistical significance between monitoring by EVS and study personnel. Second, some discrepancy may have been observed because of real-time feedback from EVS supervisors regarding missed spots and the need to re-clean the room. Thus, the EVS cleaning data may have been artificially elevated by including data after additional cleaning. Third, our independent observers were study personnel; we are unable to conclude whether infection prevention observers would find similar results, as it is well documented that type of the hand hygiene observer can affect surveillance data results.Reference Dhar, Tansek and Toftey ⁹ Finally, we were not able to test rooms with both observers concurrently. Thus, our results can only offer general conclusions about the discrepancy between the 2 methods. However, we believe our strategy for matching rooms based on unit, date, and time strengthen our conclusions.

Our findings validate the recommendations in the CDC tool kit that independent observers should be used to achieve the most objective approach to monitoring. If not feasible for all monitoring, consideration should be given to selective sampling of rooms by external observers as a method to validate EVS monitoring. Similar to hand hygiene, external validation of room cleaning improves the validity of cleaning surveillance data. Feedback of validated data to EVS personnel may improve terminal cleaning and decrease the risk of bacterial transmission between patients.