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Clostridioides difficile Whole Genome Sequencing Does Not Support Transmission from Environmental Contamination by Prior Room Occupants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Maria Torres-Teran
Affiliation:
Cleveland VA Medical Center
Jennifer Cadnum
Affiliation:
Cleveland VA Medical Center
Claire Kaple
Affiliation:
VANEOHS
Munok Hwang
Affiliation:
Central Texas VA Research Foundation
Hosoon Choi
Affiliation:
Central Texas Veterans Health Care System
Piyali Chatterjee
Affiliation:
Central Texas Veterans Health Care System
Chetan Jinadatha
Affiliation:
Central Texas Veterans Health Care System
Curtis Donskey
Affiliation:
Cleveland VA Medical Center

Abstract

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Background: Admission to a room previously occupied by a patient with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been identified as a risk for CDI. However, previous studies have not included molecular typing to definitively link healthcare-associated CDI (HA-CDI) cases to prior room occupants or to residual spore contamination on surfaces. Methods: In an acute care hospital, we conducted a 1-year cohort study to determine the proportion of HA-CDI cases linked to prior room occupants with CDI or to room surfaces remaining contaminated after post-discharge cleaning and disinfection. Cultures were collected from post-discharge CDI and non-CDI rooms. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine relatedness of isolates. We calculated the percentage of HA-CDI cases infected with isolates genomically related to prior room or ward-level exposures. Results: Of 5,746 patients admitted, 22 had community-associated CDI and 55 were diagnosed with HA-CDI. C. difficile was recovered from 79 of 327 (21%) post-discharge rooms, including 14 of 36 (39%) CDI rooms and 83 of 287 (29%) non-CDI rooms. Of 1,773 patients with room-level exposure to prior CDI patients or contaminated surfaces, 21 (1%) developed HA-CDI, but none were infected with genomically-related isolates (Figure 1.A). Of 49 patients developing HA-CDI after ward-level exposures, 3 were infected with isolates genomically related to prior CDI patients or contaminated surfaces on the ward (1.B). Conclusion: Despite frequent exposure to rooms previously occupied by patients with CDI or contaminated with C. difficile, no HA-CDI cases were linked to prior room exposures based on whole genome sequencing.

Flowchart of new admissions stratified by room or ward level exposures to prior Clostridioides difficile infection.

Information

Type
C. difficile
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America