2 Preprojective algebras

Throughout, we assume that ${\Bbb k}$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. All algebras are assumed to be ${\Bbb k}$ -algebras unless otherwise noted.

An algebra R is called ( $\mathbb N$ -)graded if there exists a collection of ${\Bbb k}$ -vector subspaces $\{R_n\}_{n=0}^\infty $ of R such that $R=\bigoplus _{n\in \mathbb N} R_n$ and $R_iR_j\subseteq R_{i+j}$ for all $i,j\in \mathbb N$ . We say that R is locally finite if $\dim _{\Bbb k}(R_n)<\infty $ for all $n\in \mathbb N$ . If $R_0={\Bbb k}$ , we say that R is connected. A ${\Bbb k}$ -algebra automorphism $\phi $ of R is called graded if $\phi (R_n)=R_n$ for all $n\in \mathbb N$ . We denote the group of $\mathbb N$ -graded automorphisms of R by $\operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {gr}}} (R).$

Let R be an algebra, and let G be a finite subgroup of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}(R)$ . Let $R\# G$ denote the set of formal sums

$$\begin{align*}R\# G = \left\lbrace \sum a_g \# g : a_g \in R, g \in G \right\rbrace.\end{align*}$$

Define a multiplication on $R\# G$ by

$$\begin{align*}(r_1\# g_1)(r_2\# g_2)= r_1g_1(r_2)\# g_1g_2, \quad r_i \# g_i \in R\# G,\end{align*}$$

extended linearly. We call $R\# G$ the skew group ring $R\# G$ . Note that, under this definition, the group ring ${\Bbb k} G$ is ${\Bbb k} \#G$ with trivial G action.

A quiver Q is a tuple $(Q_0,Q_1,s,t)$ consisting of a set of vertices $Q_0=\{e_0,\dots ,e_n\}$ , a set of arrows $Q_1$ , and source and target functions $s,t:Q_1\rightarrow Q_0$ . For any arrow $\alpha $ , we call the vertex $s(\alpha )$ the source of $\alpha $ and the vertex $t(\alpha )$ the target of $\alpha $ . We say Q is finite if $Q_0$ and $Q_1$ are finite, and Schurian if , given any two vertices i and j, there is at most one arrow with source i and target j. The adjacency matrix of a quiver Q is the matrix $M_Q$ in which $(M_Q)_{ij}$ denotes the number of arrows $i \to j$ .

A path of length $\ell $ with source $e_i$ and target $e_j$ is a word of the form $\alpha _1\alpha _2\cdots \alpha _\ell $ where $\alpha _k\in Q_1$ for each $k=1,\dots ,\ell $ , and $s(\alpha _1)=e_i$ , $t(\alpha _\ell )=e_j$ , and $t(\alpha _k)=s(\alpha _{k+1})$ for each $k=1,\dots ,\ell -1$ . If $p=\alpha _1\cdots \alpha _\ell $ , we extend the source and target functions to the set of all paths by the rule $s(p)=s(\alpha _1)$ and $t(p)=t(\alpha _\ell )$ . We denote the set of paths of length $\ell $ by $Q_\ell $ , and treat the vertices $e_i$ as trivial paths of length 0 with $s(e_i)=t(e_i)=e_i$ .

Let Q be a quiver. The path algebra of a quiver Q over the field ${\Bbb k}$ , denoted ${\Bbb k} Q$ , is the algebra with ${\Bbb k}$ -basis the set of paths $\bigcup _{\ell =0}^\infty Q_\ell $ and multiplication defined by concatenation. That is, given paths $p=\alpha _1\cdots \alpha _\ell $ and $q=\beta _1\cdots \beta _k$ , $pq=\alpha _1\cdots \alpha _\ell \beta _1\cdots \beta _k$ if $t(p)=s(q)$ and $pq=0$ otherwise. For any $e\in Q_0$ and any path p, we also have the following:

$$ \begin{align*} ep =\begin{cases} p, &\quad s(p)=e,\\ 0, &\quad s(p)\neq e, \end{cases} \qquad pe =\begin{cases} p, &\quad t(p)=e,\\ 0, &\quad t(p)\neq e. \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

Note that a path algebra ${\Bbb k} Q$ on a finite quiver is graded by $\{({\Bbb k} Q)_\ell \}_{\ell =0}^\infty $ where $({\Bbb k} Q)_\ell =\operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{\Bbb k}(Q_\ell )$ , and there are only finitely many paths of any given length, so ${\Bbb k} Q$ is locally finite.

The double of a quiver Q, denoted $\overline {Q}$ , is defined by setting $\overline {Q}_0=Q_0$ , and for every arrow $\alpha \in Q_1$ with $s(\alpha )=e_i$ and $t(\alpha )=e_j$ , we add an arrow $\alpha ^*$ with $s(\alpha ^*)=e_j$ and $t(\alpha ^*)=e_i$ . We call $Q_1$ the set of nonstar arrows and $Q_1^*:=\overline {Q_1}\setminus Q_1$ the set of star arrows.

The type A extended Dynkin quivers $\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ , $n\geq 3$ , are given by

We focus on preprojective algebras corresponding to this type. If $Q=\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ , then $\overline {Q}$ can be characterized as follows. The vertex set $\overline {Q_0}$ of $\overline {Q}$ is $\{e_0,\dots ,e_{n-1}\}$ , and there is exactly one nonstar arrow, $\alpha _i$ , from $e_i$ to $e_{i+1}$ and one star arrow, $\alpha _i^*$ , from $e_{i+1}$ to $e_{i}$ for each $i=0,\dots ,n-1$ where the index is taken mod n. That is, $\overline {Q}$ is Schurian. For example, the double of $\widetilde {A_2}$ is presented below:

We note that $\widetilde {A_1}$ is also defined. However, as its double is not Schurian, it does not fit into the theory we have developed.

The preprojective algebra $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ has nice ring-theoretic properties, as discussed in the next proposition. Before this, we review some of the definitions. For others, such as graded injectively smooth and the generalized Gorenstein condition, we refer to [Reference Stafford and Zhang20, Reference Weispfenning22], respectively.

Let $R = \bigoplus _{n \in \mathbb N} R_n$ be a locally finite graded algebra. The Gelfand–Kirillov (GK) dimension of R is defined as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{GKdim}} (R) = \overline{\lim_{n\to\infty}}\log_n\left(\sum_{i\leq n}\dim_{\Bbb k}( R_i) \right).\end{align*}$$

Now, let $\delta $ be a dimension function on R. For example, we may have $\delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {GKdim}}$ or $\delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}}$ , the Krull dimension. The ring R is $\delta $ -Cohen–Macaulay ( $\delta $ -CM) if $\delta (R)$ is finite, and for every nontrivial finitely generated right R-module M, $j(M)+\delta (M) = \delta (R)$ , where $j(M)=\min \{i:\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}_R^i (M,R)\neq 0\}$ denotes the grade of M.

The (total) Hilbert series of R is the formal power series

$$\begin{align*}H_R^{tot} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \dim_{{\Bbb k}}(R_k) t^k.\end{align*}$$

If $R_0 = {\Bbb k}^n$ with primitive idempotents $\{e_0,\ldots ,e_{n-1}\}$ , then the matrix-valued Hilbert series is the matrix with entries

$$\begin{align*}(H_R)_{ij} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \dim_{{\Bbb k}}(e_{i+1} R_k e_{j+1} ) t^k.\end{align*}$$

The next lemma gives a canonical form for paths in the preprojective algebra $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ .

Proof Given any idempotent $e_i \in Q_0$ , $e_i\Omega e_i \in (\Omega )$ and so the following relations hold in $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ :

(2) $$ \begin{align} 0 = e_i\Omega e_i = \alpha_i \alpha_i^* - \alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-1}, \end{align} $$

where the indices are taken mod n.

Given any star arrow $\alpha _i^*$ , the only nonstar arrow $\beta $ such that $\alpha _i^*\beta \neq 0$ is $\alpha _i$ . Consequently, whenever a star arrow is followed by a nonstar arrow, we can use (2) to obtain a nonstar arrow followed by a star arrow instead. By repeated use of (2), we have

$$ \begin{align*} \alpha_j^*\alpha_j\alpha_{j+1}\cdots\alpha_{j+k} &= \alpha_{j+1}\alpha_{j+1}^*\alpha_{j+1}\alpha_{j+2}\cdots\alpha_{j+k}\\ &=\alpha_{j+1}\alpha_{j+2}\alpha_{j+2}^*\alpha_{j+2}\alpha_{j+3}\cdots\alpha_{j+k}\\ &\ \vdots\\ &=\alpha_{j+1}\cdots\alpha_{j+k}\alpha_{j+k}^*\alpha_{j+k}\\ &=\alpha_{j+1}\cdots\alpha_{j+k+1}\alpha_{j+k+1}^*. \end{align*} $$

By induction on the number of star arrows, it follows that we can push all star arrows to the right.▪

The invariant theory of preprojective algebras was studied by Weispfenning, with particular interest toward a version of the Shephard–Todd–Chevalley theorem [Reference Weispfenning21, Reference Weispfenning22]. Our interest is in a version of Auslander’s theorem for group actions on the projective algebra $R=\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ . Particularly relevant to the present investigation is the following theorem due to Bao, He, and Zhang.

Let $R'$ be the image of R in the composition

$$\begin{align*}R \hookrightarrow R \# G \to (R\# G)/(f_G).\end{align*}$$

We call $R'$ the identity component of $(R\# G)/(f_G)$ , which we can associate with R. By [Reference Bao, He and Zhang4, Lemma 5.2], $\operatorname {\mathrm {GKdim}}(R') = \operatorname {\mathrm {GKdim}}((R\# G)/(f_G))$ .

Since R is locally finite, ${\Bbb k}\cup \bigcup _{\ell < m} R_\ell $ is finite-dimensional for all $m\in \mathbb N$ . Consequently, if there exists $m\in \mathbb N$ such that every path of length at least m is in $(f_G)$ , then $R'$ has a complete set of coset representatives in ${\Bbb k}\cup \bigcup _{\ell < m} R_m$ . That is, $\dim _{\Bbb k}(R')<\infty $ .

We conclude this section with a discussion of graded automorphisms of $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ .

Let Q be a quiver. A quiver automorphism $\sigma =(\sigma _0, \sigma _1)$ of Q is a pair of bijections $\sigma _0:Q_0\to Q_0$ and $\sigma _1:Q_1\to Q_1$ such that for all $\alpha \in Q_1$ , $s(\sigma _1(\alpha ))=\sigma _0(s(\alpha ))$ and $t(\sigma _1(\alpha ))=\sigma _0(t(\alpha ))$ . Every quiver automorphism extends to a graded automorphism of ${\Bbb k} Q$ which, by an abuse of notation, we again denote by $\sigma $ (see [Reference Kinser and Walton16]).

Conversely, if $\sigma $ is a graded automorphism of $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ , then $\sigma _0$ permutes the set $Q_0$ . Since Q is Schurian, then for any $\alpha \in Q_1$ , $\sigma (\alpha )$ is necessarily a nonzero scalar multiple of the unique arrow from $\sigma _0(s(\alpha ))$ to $\sigma _0(t(\alpha ))$ . First, we will consider automorphisms which fix the vertices of $\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ . In Section 3, we study automorphisms corresponding to dihedral automorphisms on $\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ .

For the remainder of this section, let $Q=\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ and $R=\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ . Let

$$\begin{align*}F=\{\sigma\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Aut}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{gr}}}(R): |\sigma|<\infty \text{ and } \sigma(e_i)=e_i\text{ for all }i=0,\dots,n-1\}.\end{align*}$$

Fixed subrings of R under automorphisms in F were studied by Weispfenning [Reference Weispfenning21, Reference Weispfenning22].

Let $\sigma \in F$ . By the above discussion, $\sigma (\alpha ) \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{\Bbb k}\{\alpha \}$ for each $\alpha \in Q_1$ . Thus, there exists $\xi _i,\xi _i^* \in {\Bbb k}^\times $ such that $\sigma (\alpha _i)=\xi _i \alpha _i$ and $\sigma (\alpha _i^*)=\xi _i^* \alpha _i^*$ for each $i=0,\ldots ,n-1$ . Since $\sigma $ is of finite order, each $\xi _i,\xi _i^*$ must be a root of unity. On the other hand, $\sigma (\Omega ) \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{{\Bbb k}}(\Omega )$ and so $\sigma (\Omega )=\omega \Omega $ for some $\omega \in {\Bbb k}^\times $ . It is not difficult to show using the preprojective relation that $\xi _i\xi _i^*=\omega $ for all i. The value $\omega $ in this case is the homological determinant of the $\sigma $ -action on R [Reference Jørgensen and Zhang15, Reference Weispfenning22]. We will consider cases in which $\omega =1$ .

Our primary tool for studying the Auslander map for cyclic subgroups of F is the following result of He and Zhang, which we have rephrased for our purpose.

We now apply Lemma 2.5 to establish an isomorphism of the Auslander map for certain scalar automorphisms.

3 Dihedral actions on $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$

In this section, we establish our main theorem regarding the Auslander map for dihedral actions on $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ .

Let $\sigma $ be a quiver automorphism of a Schurian quiver Q. As discussed above, if $\alpha \in Q_1$ , then $\sigma (\alpha )$ is a scalar multiple of the unique arrow from $\sigma _0(s(\alpha ))$ to $\sigma _0(t(\alpha ))$ . Throughout this section, we assume that scalar is 1.

Proof Given a nonstar arrow $\alpha $ with source $e_i$ and target $e_j$ , $\alpha ^*$ is the unique arrow with source $e_j$ and target $e_i$ . In particular, this holds for $\sigma (\alpha )$ , so in case 1, we must have $\sigma (\alpha ^*)=\sigma (\alpha )^*$ . Then $\sigma (\alpha \alpha ^*)=\sigma (\alpha )\sigma (\alpha )^*$ and $\sigma (\alpha ^* \alpha )=\sigma (\alpha )^*\sigma (\alpha )$ , so $\sigma $ permutes the summands of both $\sum _{\alpha \in Q_1} \alpha \alpha ^*$ and $\sum _{\alpha \in Q_1} \alpha ^* \alpha $ . That is,

$$\begin{align*}\sigma\left(\Omega\right)=\sigma\left(\sum_{\alpha \in Q_1} \alpha\alpha^*\right) -\sigma\left(\sum_{\alpha \in Q_1} \alpha^* \alpha\right)= \sum \alpha\alpha^* - \sum \alpha^*\alpha = \Omega.\end{align*}$$

The argument is similar in case 2 except we obtain $\sigma (\Omega )=-\Omega $ , so again it preserves the ideal $(\Omega )$ .▪

For the remainder of this section, let $Q=\widetilde {A_{n-1}}$ and $R=\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ . We will show that there is a group of quiver automorphisms of $\overline {Q}$ that is isomorphic to the dihedral group on n vertices. We first identify two quiver automorphisms of $\overline {Q}$ which extend to automorphisms of R.

1. (1) Define $\rho :\overline {Q}\to \overline {Q}$ by $\rho (e_i)=e_{i+1}$ , where the index is taken mod n. Then $\rho (\alpha _i)$ is the unique arrow with source $\rho (s(\alpha _i))=e_{i+1}$ and target $\rho (t(\alpha _i))=e_{i+2}$ , which is $\alpha _{i+1}$ . Consequently, $\rho (\alpha _i^*)=\rho (\alpha _i)^*=\alpha _{i+1}^*$ . Thus, $\rho $ is a star-preserving automorphism of $\overline {Q}$ , and has order n.

2. (2) Define $r:\overline {Q}\rightarrow \overline {Q}$ by $r(e_i)=e_{n-i}$ . Since $r(s(\alpha _i))=e_{n-i}$ and $r(t(\alpha _i))=e_{n-i-1}$ , we must have $r(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{n-i-1}^*$ and $r(\alpha _i^*)=\alpha _{n-i-1}$ . Thus, r is a star-inverting automorphism of $\overline {Q}$ order $2$ .

By Proposition 3.1, $G=\langle \rho , r\rangle $ extends to a subgroup of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Aut}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {gr}}}(R)$ where $R=\Pi _Q$ . It is clear that $G \cong D_n$ , and so we identify $D_n$ with the group G acting on R by graded automorphisms.

Proof Let $\tau $ be the reflection that fixes $e_i$ and suppose $\tau \notin G$ . Since $\tau $ is the only nontrivial element of $D_n$ that fixes $e_i$ , we have $e_i g(e_i)=0$ for all $g\in G\setminus \{1\}$ . Consequently, $e_i(f_G) e_i=e_i\# 1$ . Let p be a path of length at least $2n+1$ , so p contains at least $n+1$ nonstar arrows or at least $n+1$ star arrows. Without loss of generality, suppose p has at least $n+1$ nonstar arrows. By the Structure Lemma (Lemma 2.2), we may push all star arrows to the right, so that

$$\begin{align*}p=\alpha_j\alpha_{j+1}\cdots \alpha_{j+n-1}\alpha_{j+n}p'\end{align*}$$

for some path $p'$ and some $j=0,\dots ,n-1$ where the indices are taken mod n. Then, for some $0\leq k\leq n-1$ , $i=j+k+1$ mod n, so

$$\begin{align*}p=(\alpha_j\cdots\alpha_{j+k}) e_i (\alpha_{j+k+1}\cdots\alpha_{j}p'). \end{align*}$$

Hence, $p\# 1\in (f_G)$ and so $q\# 1 \in (f_G)$ for all paths q of length at least $2m+1$ . Thus, $\dim _{\Bbb k} (R')<\infty .$ ▪

Theorem 3.2 shows that the Auslander map is an isomorphism for the pair $(R,G)$ so long as G is missing a reflection which fixes some vertex. In case n is odd, this includes all proper subgroups of $D_n$ . However, in the case that n is even, there is one additional subgroup, $W_n$ . It remains to show that the Auslander map fails to be an isomorphism in the case of $W_n$ and the full dihedral group $D_n$ .

3.1 The $D_n$ case

For $x \in R$ , we denote by the $\mathcal O(x)$ the orbit of x under $D_n$ . We begin by describing the orbits of R under the $D_n$ action so as to find a ${\Bbb k}$ -basis of $R^{D_n}$ .

Recall that for $k \geq 0$ , we let $Q_k$ (resp. $Q_k^*$ ) denote the set of paths of length k containing only nonstar (resp. star) arrows, and $Q_0=Q_0^*$ is the set of trivial paths. Furthermore, let $Q_\ell Q_k^*$ denote the set of paths containing exactly $\ell $ nonstar arrows followed by k star arrows. Then, in the double quiver, we have

$$\begin{align*}\overline{Q_\ell} = \bigcup_{\substack{i+j=\ell \\ i,j\geq 0}} Q_iQ_j^*.\end{align*}$$

Clearly, $\overline {Q_\ell }$ is a generating set for the graded piece $R_\ell $ of R. Finally, for $\ell \geq k \geq 0$ , set $B_{\ell ,k}=Q_\ell Q_k^*\cup Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ .

Lemma 3.3 For any $p\in B_{\ell ,k}$ , $\displaystyle \mathcal O(p)= B_{\ell ,k}$ .

Proof By Structure Lemma (Lemma 2.2), a path p is uniquely determined by its source along with the number of nonstar and star arrows it contains. Consequently, each $p\in Q_\ell Q_k^*$ is uniquely determined by its source, as is each $q\in Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ . Thus, for each $i=0,\dots ,n-1$ , let $p_i$ (resp. $q_i$ ) denote the unique path in $Q_\ell Q_k^*$ (resp. $Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ ) with source $e_i$ . Then $B_{\ell ,k}=\{p_0,\dots ,p_{n-1},q_0,\dots ,q_{n-1}\}$ .

Let $x\in B_{\ell ,k}$ and $y\in \mathcal O(x)$ , so $y=g(x)$ for some $g\in D_n$ . If g is a rotation, then g bijectively maps $Q_1$ to $Q_1$ and $Q_1^*$ to $Q_1^*$ . Consequently, $g(x)$ has the same number of nonstar arrows as x, and the same number of star arrows as x. That is, if $x\in Q_\ell Q_k^*$ , then $y\in Q_\ell Q_k^*$ . Thus, $y\in B_{\ell ,k}$ . If g is a reflection, then g bijectively maps $Q_1$ to $Q_1^*$ and $Q_1^*$ to $Q_1$ . Hence, $g(x)$ has the same number of nonstar arrows as x has star arrows, and the same number of star arrows as x has nonstar arrows. That is, if $x\in Q_\ell Q_k^*$ , then $y\in Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ . Once again, $y\in B_{\ell ,k}$ , so $\mathcal O(x)\subseteq B_{\ell ,k}.$

We have $|\mathcal O(x)|=|D_n|/|\operatorname {\mathrm {stab}}(x)|,$ and $g\in \operatorname {\mathrm {stab}}(x)$ only if g fixes the source of x. Hence, g is the identity or the unique reflection r fixing $s(x)$ . Now, if $\ell \neq k$ , then $Q_\ell Q_k^*\neq Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ so $|B_{\ell ,k}|=2n$ , and r inverts the number of star and nonstar arrows, so $r(x)\neq x$ . Consequently, $\operatorname {\mathrm {stab}}(x)=\{1\}$ , so $|\mathcal O(x)|=|G|=2n$ . Thus, $\mathcal O(x) = B_{\ell ,k}$ . If, on the other hand, $\ell =k,$ then $B_{\ell ,k}=B_{\ell ,\ell }=Q_\ell Q_\ell ^*$ , and $r(x)=x$ , so $\operatorname {\mathrm {stab}}(x)=\{1,r\}$ . In this case, we have $|B_{\ell ,k}|=n=|D_n|/|\operatorname {\mathrm {stab}}(x)|=|\mathcal O(x)|$ , so $\mathcal O(x)=B_{\ell ,k}$ .▪

Set

$$\begin{align*}\mathbb O(\ell,k) = \sum_{p \in B_{\ell,k}} p.\end{align*}$$

By Lemma 3.3, these are exactly the orbit sums of homogeneous elements in R, and hence form a ${\Bbb k}$ -basis for $R^{D_n}$ . This shows that $R^{D_n}$ has Hilbert series

$$ \begin{align*} H_{R^{D_n}}(t) &= 1 + t + 2t^2 + 2t^3 + 3t^4 + 3t^5 + \cdots \\ &= (1+t)\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+1) (t^2)^k = \frac{1}{(1-t)(1-t^2)}. \end{align*} $$

Lemma 3.4 The orbit sums $\mathbb O(\ell ,k)$ satisfy the following relations:

(3) $$ \begin{align} \mathbb O(1,0)\mathbb O(\ell,k) &= \begin{cases} \mathbb O(\ell+1,k) + \mathbb O(\ell,k+1), & \text{ if } \ell> k, \\ \mathbb O(\ell+1,k), & \text{ if } \ell=k, \end{cases} \end{align} $$

(4) $$ \begin{align} \mathbb O(1,1)^m &= \mathbb O(m,m). \end{align} $$

Proof To prove (3), we suppose that $\ell>k$ and then

$$ \begin{align*} &\mathbb O(1,0)\mathbb O(\ell,k) \\ &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-1}a_{i+\ell-1}^* \cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-k}^* + \alpha_i\cdots\alpha_{i+k-1}\alpha_{i+k-1}^* \cdots\alpha_{i+k-\ell}^* \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell}a_{i+\ell}^* \cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-k+1}^* + \alpha_i\cdots\alpha_{i+k}\alpha_{i+k}^* \cdots\alpha_{i+k-(\ell-1)}^* \\ &\qquad+ \alpha_i^*\alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-1}a_{i+\ell-1}^* \cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-k}^* + \alpha_i^*\alpha_i\cdots\alpha_{i+k-1}\alpha_{i+k-1}^*\cdots\alpha_{i+k-\ell}^* \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell}a_{i+\ell}^* \cdots \alpha_{i+(\ell+1)-k}^* + \alpha_i\cdots\alpha_{i+k}\alpha_{i+k}^* \cdots\alpha_{i+(k+1)-\ell}^* \\ &\qquad+ \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-1}a_{i+\ell-1}^* \cdots \alpha_{i+(\ell+1)-k}^* + \alpha_i\cdots\alpha_{i+k-1}\alpha_{i+k-1}^*\cdots\alpha_{i+(k+1)-\ell}^* \\ &= \mathbb O(\ell+1,k) + \mathbb O(\ell,k+1). \end{align*} $$

On the other hand, if $\ell =k$ , then

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb O(1,0)&\mathbb O(\ell,\ell) = \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-1}a_{i+\ell-1}^* \cdots \alpha_i^* \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell}a_{i+\ell}^*\cdots \alpha_{i+1}^* + \alpha_i^*\alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell-1}a_{i+\ell-1}^* \cdots \alpha_i^* \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell}a_{i+\ell}^*\cdots \alpha_{i+1}^* + \alpha_{i+1}\cdots \alpha_{i+\ell}\alpha_{i+\ell}^*\cdots \alpha_i^* \\ &= \mathbb O(\ell+1,\ell). \end{align*} $$

For (4), the result is obvious if $m=1$ . Suppose that it holds for some m, then

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb O(1,1)^{m+1} &= \mathbb O(1,1)\mathbb O(m,m) \\ &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_i^* \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i \cdots \alpha_{i+m-1}\alpha_{i+m-1}^*\alpha_{i+m-2}^* \cdots \alpha_i^* \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_i^*\alpha_i \cdots \alpha_{i+m-1}\alpha_{i+m-1}^* \cdots \alpha_i^* \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i \cdots \alpha_{i+m}\alpha_{i+m}^*\cdots \alpha_i^* \\ &= \mathbb O(m+1,m+1). \end{align*} $$

The result now follows by induction.▪

Set $s_0=\mathbb O(0,0) = 1$ , $s_1 = \mathbb O(1,0)$ , and $s_2 = \mathbb O(2,0)$ . We claim that $R^{D_n} = {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ .

Lemma 3.5 The orbit sums $s_1$ and $s_2$ commute.

Proof We recall first that, for every arrow $\alpha $ , there is exactly one nonstar arrow $\beta $ and one star arrow $\gamma $ such that $\alpha \beta \neq 0$ and $\alpha \gamma \neq 0$ . Using this fact and the preprojective relation, we have

$$ \begin{align*} s_1s_2 &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i \alpha_{i+1} + \alpha_i^* \alpha_{i-1}^* \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_{i+1}\alpha_{i+2} + \alpha_i\alpha_i^* \alpha_{i-1}^* + \alpha_i^*\alpha_i\alpha_{i+1} + \alpha_i^*\alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-2}^* \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_{i+1}\alpha_{i+2} + \alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-1} \alpha_{i-1}^* + \alpha_{i+1}\alpha_{i+1}^*\alpha_{i+1} + \alpha_i^*\alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-2}^* \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_{i+1}\alpha_{i+2} + \alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-2}^* \alpha_{i-2} + \alpha_{i+1}\alpha_{i+2}\alpha_{i+2}^* + \alpha_i^*\alpha_{i-1}^*\alpha_{i-2}^* \\ &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i \alpha_{i+1} + \alpha_i^* \alpha_{i-1}^* \right)\left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right) = s_2s_1.\\[-38pt] \end{align*} $$

▪

Lemma 3.6 For all $\ell \geq k \geq 0$ , $\displaystyle \mathbb O(\ell ,k) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ .

Proof We already have $\mathbb O(0,0), \mathbb O(1,0), \mathbb O(2,0) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ . Then

$$ \begin{align*} s_1^2 &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right)\left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i + \alpha_i^* \right) \\ &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_{i+1} + \alpha_i^*\alpha_{i-1}^* \right) + \left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \alpha_i\alpha_i^* + \alpha_i^*\alpha_i \right) \\ &= s_2 + 2\mathbb O(1,1). \end{align*} $$

Hence, $\mathbb O(1,1) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ . Suppose inductively that $\mathbb O(\ell ,k) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ for all $\ell ,k$ with $\ell \geq k \geq 0$ and $\ell +k \leq d$ for some $d \geq 2$ . First, assume that d is even, so that $\mathbb O(\frac {d}{2},\frac {d}{2}) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ . Then, by (3), $\mathbb O(\frac {d}{2}+1,\frac {d}{2})=\mathbb O(1,0)\mathbb O(\frac {d}{2},\frac {d}{2})\in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ . Furthermore, since $\mathbb O(\frac {d}{2}+1,\frac {d}{2}-1) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ , then

$$\begin{align*}\mathbb O\left(\frac{d}{2}+2,\frac{d}{2}-1\right) = \mathbb O(1,0)\mathbb O\left(\frac{d}{2}+1,\frac{d}{2}-1\right) - \mathbb O\left(\frac{d}{2}+1,\frac{d}{2}\right).\end{align*}$$

By another induction, we have $\mathbb O(\ell ,k) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ with $\ell +k=d+1$ .

Now, assume that d is odd. Then $d+1$ is even, and since $\mathbb O(1,1) \in {\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2]$ , then, by (4), $\mathbb O(1,1)^{(d+1)/2} = \mathbb O(\frac {d+1}{2}, \frac {d+1}{2})$ . Now, the argument proceeds as in the even case.▪

We now proceed to our main result for this section.

Theorem 3.7 The Auslander map is not an isomorphism for the pair $(R,D_n)$ .

Proof Combining the previous two lemmas, there is a surjective map ${\Bbb k}[s_1,s_2] \to R^{D_n}$ . Since both algebras have the same Hilbert series, then it follows that this map is an isomorphism. It now suffices to show that the set

$$\begin{align*}S=\{ e_0,\ldots,e_{n-1},\alpha_0,\ldots,\alpha_{n-1} \}\end{align*}$$

is a basis for R over $R^{D_n}$ . That is, R is a rank $2n$ free module over $R^{D_n}$ . Then we have

$$\begin{align*}R \cong \bigoplus_{i=0}^{n-1} \left( e_i R^{D_n} \oplus \alpha_i R^{D_n}\right)\end{align*}$$

as $R^{D_n}$ -modules. Since $\alpha _{n-1} R^{D_n} \cong e_0 R^{D_n}(-1)$ , then $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{R^{D_n}} R$ contains a map of negative degree and so the Auslander map is not an isomorphism for $(R,D_n)$ .

First, we show that the set S generates R as an $R^{D_n}$ -module. Clearly, $R_0 \subset \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{R^{D_n}} S$ . Moreover, for all $i=0,\ldots ,n-1$ , $\alpha _{i-1}^* = e_i (s_1) - \alpha _i (1)$ . Hence, $R_1 \subset \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{R^{D_n}} S$ .

Note that there are exactly three paths of degree 2 for each vertex. Consider the degree 2 paths based at vertex $0$ . We have

$$ \begin{align*} e_0\mathbb O(1,1) = \alpha_0\alpha_0^*, \quad e_0\mathbb O(2,0) = \alpha_0\alpha_1 + \alpha_{n-1}^*\alpha_{n-2}^*, \quad \alpha_0\mathbb O(1,0) = \alpha_0\alpha_1 + \alpha_0\alpha_0^*. \end{align*} $$

Hence, $\{ \alpha _0\alpha _0^*, \alpha _0\alpha _1, \alpha _{n-1}^*\alpha _{n-2}^* \} \subset \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{R^{D_n}} S$ . A similar argument for the remaining vertices shows that $R_2 \subset \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{R^{D_n}} S$ .

In particular, the above argument shows that $R_2 = S_1R_1^{D_n} + S_0R_2^{D_n}$ , which implies that $R_2 = R_1R_1^{D_n} + R_0R_2^{D_n}$ . Multiplying by $R_1$ on the left gives $R_3 = R_2R_1^{D_n} + R_1R_2^{D_n}$ , and by induction, $R_{m+1} = R_mR_1^{D_n} + R_{m-1}R_2^{D_n}$ for all m. Thus, R is generated as a right $R^{D_n}$ -module by $R_0$ and $R_1$ . It follows that $R \subset \operatorname {\mathrm {Span}}_{R^{D_n}} S$ . That is, S is a generating set for R as an $R^{D_n}$ -module.

For independence, we note that, for every element of S, there is exactly one other element in S with the same source. Hence, it suffices to prove that $e_i R^{D_n} \cap \alpha _i R^{D_n} = \{0\}$ . We do this computation for $i=0$ , and the other vertices follow similarly.

Suppose that $a \in e_i R^{D_n} \cap \alpha _i R^{D_n}$ . We may assume without loss of generality that a is homogeneous of degree d. Suppose first that d is even. Then there exist scalars $k_i,k_i' \in {\Bbb k}$ such that

$$ \begin{align*} a &= e_0 \left( k_0 \mathbb O(d,0) + k_1 \mathbb O(d-1,1) + \cdots + k_{d/2}(d/2,d/2) \right), \\ a &= \alpha_0 \left( k_0' \mathbb O(d-1,0) + k_1' \mathbb O(d-2,1) + \cdots + k_{d/2-1}'(d/2,d/2-1) \right). \end{align*} $$

From the second expression, we note that every path summand of a must contain at least one nonstarred arrow. Hence, $k_0=0$ . But then, from the first expression, we note that every path summand of a must contain at least one starred arrow, so $k_0'=0$ . Continuing in this way, we see that $a=0$ .▪

3.2 The $W_n$ case

In case n is odd, $\eta _{R,G}$ is an isomorphism if and only if G is a proper subgroup of $D_n$ . In case n is even, there is one additional instance when $\eta _{R,G}$ fails to be an isomorphism, namely for the subgroup $W_n$ defined as

$$\begin{align*}W_n = \langle \tau \in D_n : \tau(e_i)=e_i \text{ for some } i=0,\dots,n-1\rangle .\end{align*}$$

That is, $W_n$ is generated by the reflections in $D_n$ that pass through a vertex. If n is odd, then every reflection fixes a vertex, so $W_n$ contains every reflection and $W_n=D_n$ . If n is even, only half of the reflections fix a vertex, so $W_n$ is a proper subgroup of $D_n$ . Since $W_n$ is of index 2 in $D_n$ , $W_n$ is a maximal subgroup of $D_n$ .

Throughout this section, we assume that n is even. Our strategy will be similar to the previous section. The key difference is that the invariant ring is no longer connected graded. In particular, there are exactly twice as many orbits in each graded piece as in the $D_n$ case.

As in the previous section, for $\ell \geq k \geq 0$ , set $B_{\ell ,k}=Q_\ell Q_k^*\cup Q_k Q_\ell ^*$ . Then define

$$\begin{align*}B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{even}} = e_i B_{\ell,k} \text{ for } i \text{ even} \quad\text{and}\quad B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{odd}} = e_i B_{\ell,k} \text{ for } i \text{ odd}. \end{align*}$$

Lemma 3.8 For any $p\in B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}$ (resp. $p\in B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {odd}}$ ), $\displaystyle \mathcal O(p)= B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}$ (resp. $\mathcal O(p) = B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {odd}}$ ).

Proof This is similar to the proof of Lemma 3.3. In particular, the $B_{\ell ,k}$ partition the paths of Q. However, since $g \in W_n$ preserves the parity of the idempotents $e_i$ , it follows that $g(B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}) \subset B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}$ . Because g is bijective, then, in fact, we have equality.

It remains to show that we have an equivalence with the orbits. If $p \in B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}$ , then clearly $\mathcal O(p) \subset B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}$ . Since $|B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}|=\frac {1}{2} |B_{\ell ,k}|$ and $|W_n|=\frac {1}{2} |D_n|$ , then it follows from the argument in Lemma 3.3 that $|B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {even}}|=|\mathcal O(p)|$ . A similar argument applies to $|B_{\ell ,k}^{\mathrm {odd}}|$ . ▪

Set

$$\begin{align*}\mathbb O(\ell,k)^{\mathrm{even}} = \sum_{p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{even}}} p \quad\text{and}\quad \mathbb O(\ell,k)^{\mathrm{odd}} = \sum_{p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{odd}}} p.\end{align*}$$

These form a ${\Bbb k}$ -basis for $R^{W_n}$ . Thus, $R^{W_n}$ has total Hilbert series

$$\begin{align*}H_{R^{W_n}}^{tot}(t) = \frac{2}{(1-t)(1-t^2)}.\end{align*}$$

However, since $(R^{W_n})_0 = {\Bbb k}^2$ , then we can also record the matrix-valued Hilbert series. Let M be the $2 \times 2$ matrix defined by

$$ \begin{align*} M_{0,0} &= \#\{ p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{even}} \text{ with target } e_i, i \text{ even} \}, \\ M_{0,1} &= \#\{ p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{even}} \text{ with target } e_i, i \text{ odd} \}, \\ M_{1,0} &= \#\{ p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{odd}} \text{ with target } e_i, i \text{ even} \}, \\ M_{1,1} &= \#\{ p \in B_{\ell,k}^{\mathrm{odd}} \text{ with target } e_i, i \text{ odd} \}. \end{align*} $$

Note that for $p \in B_{\ell ,k}$ , the parity of the target depends on the source and the parity of $\ell + k$ . Hence, it follows that the matrix-valued Hilbert series of $R^{W_n}$ is

$$ \begin{align*} H_{R^{W_n}} &= \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}t + \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 0 & 2\end{pmatrix}t^2 + \begin{pmatrix}0 & 2 \\ 2 & 0\end{pmatrix}t^3 + \cdots \\ &= \left( I - \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}t\right)^{-1} \left( I - \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}t^2\right)^{-1}. \end{align*} $$

Proofs of the relations in the next lemma are similar to the corresponding proofs in Lemma 3.4.

Lemma 3.9 Let $\bullet ,\dagger $ denote opposite parities. The orbit sums $\mathbb O(\ell ,k)$ satisfy the following relations:

(5) $$ \begin{align}\kern1pc \mathbb O(1,0)^{\bullet}\mathbb O(\ell,k)^{\dagger} &= \begin{cases} \mathbb O(\ell+1,k)^{\dagger} + \mathbb O(\ell,k+1)^{\dagger}, & \text{ if } \ell+k \text{ is even and } \ell> k, \\ \mathbb O(\ell+1,k)^{\dagger}, & \text{ if } \ell+k \text{ is even and } \ell=k, \\ \mathbb O(\ell+1,k)^{\bullet} + \mathbb O(\ell,k+1)^{\bullet}, & \text{ if } \ell+k \text{ is odd and } \ell > k, \\ \mathbb O(\ell+1,k)^{\bullet}, & \text{ if } \ell+k \text{ is odd and } \ell=k, \end{cases} \end{align} $$

(6) $$ \begin{align} (\mathbb O(1,1)^{\bullet})^m &= \mathbb O(m,m)^{\bullet}. \end{align} $$

We set $s_0=\mathbb O(0,0)^{\mathrm {even}}$ , $s_1=\mathbb O(1,0)^{\mathrm {even}}$ , and $s_2=\mathbb O(2,0)^{\mathrm {even}}$ . Similarly, we set $s_0'=\mathbb O(0,0)^{\mathrm {odd}}$ , $s_1'=\mathbb O(1,0)^{\mathrm {odd}}$ , and $s_2'=\mathbb O(2,0)^{\mathrm {odd}}$ . Let C denote the subalgebra of $R^{W_n}$ generated by these elements. Let Q be the following quiver:

and let ${\Bbb k} Q$ denote its path algebra. We assign degree 1 to the arrows $u_1,u_2$ and degree 2 to $v_1,v_2$ . We will show that $C=R^{W_n}$ and that $R^{W_n} \cong {\Bbb k} Q/ (v_1u_1-u_1v_2, v_2u_2-u_2v_1)$ .

Remark 3.10 The algebra ${\Bbb k} Q/ (v_1u_1-u_1v_2, v_2u_2-u_2v_1)$ is a quotient-derivation algebra appearing in the classification of graded twisted Calabi–Yau algebras of global dimension 2 [Reference Reyes and Rogalski19]. In particular, the matrix corresponding to the Nakayama automorphism $\mu $ is $\left (\begin {smallmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end {smallmatrix}\right )$ , and the $\mu $ -twisted superpotential is $v_1u_1-u_2v_1+v_2u_2-u_1v_2$ .

Lemma 3.11 The relations $s_2s_1 = s_1s_2'$ and $s_2's_1' = s_1's_2$ hold in C.

Proof We prove the first relation. The second is similar.

$$ \begin{align*} s_2s_1 &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} ( \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^* ) \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*) \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} ( \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+2} + \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+1}^* + \alpha_{2i+2} \alpha_{2i+2}^*\alpha_{2i+1}^* + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^*\alpha_{2i-1}^* ) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} ( \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+2} + \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i}^*\alpha_{2i-1}^* + \alpha_{2i+2}\alpha_{2i+3}\alpha_{2i+3}^* + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^*\alpha_{2i-1}^* ) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} ( \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+2} + \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i}^*\alpha_{2i-1}^* + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+2} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^*\alpha_{2i-1}^* ) \\ &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*) \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i+1}\alpha_{2i+2} + \alpha_{2i+2}^*\alpha_{2i+1}^*) \right) = s_1s_2'.\\[-38pt] \end{align*} $$

▪

Lemma 3.12 We have $C=R^{W_n}$ .

Proof Clearly, $C \subset R^{W_n}$ . We claim $R^{W_n} \subset C$ . By definition, $(R^{W_n})_0 \subset C$ and $(R^{W_n})_1 \subset C$ . Now,

$$ \begin{align*} s_1s_1' &= \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*) \right) \left( \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i+1} + \alpha_{2i}^*) \right) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1} + \alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i}^* + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i+1} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^*) \\ &= \sum_{i=0}^{\frac{n-2}{2}} (\alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i+1} + \alpha_{2i+1}^*\alpha_{2i}^* + 2\alpha_{2i}\alpha_{2i}^*) \\ &= s_2 + 2\mathbb O(1,1)^{\mathrm{even}}. \end{align*} $$

Thus, $\mathbb O(1,1)^{\mathrm {even}} \in C$ . A similar proof with $s_1's_1$ shows that $\mathbb O(1,1)^{\mathrm {odd}} \in C$ so that $(R^{W_n})_2 \subset C$ . The remainder of the proof follows similarly to Lemma 3.6 with proper respect shown toward parity. In particular, we use (5) and (6).▪

Theorem 3.13 The Auslander map is not an isomorphism for the pair $(R,W_n)$ .

Proof Denote the trivial paths of Q by $f_0,f_1$ . There is a map $\phi :{\Bbb k} Q \to R^{W_n}$ defined by setting

$$\begin{align*}f_0 \mapsto s_0, f_1 \mapsto s_0', u_1 \mapsto s_1, u_2 \mapsto s_1', v_1 \mapsto s_2, v_2 \mapsto s_2'. \end{align*}$$

It is easy to verify that this determines a well-defined surjective map ${\Bbb k} Q \to R^{W_n}$ and

$$\begin{align*}K=(v_1u_1-u_1v_2, v_2u_2-u_2v_1)\end{align*}$$

belongs to $\ker \phi $ . By comparing the matrix-valued Hilbert series, it is clear that ${\Bbb k} Q/K \cong R^{W_n}$ .

The remainder of the proof follows analogously to Theorem 3.7. In particular, R is a free $R^{W_n}$ -module with basis $S=\{ e_0,\ldots ,e_{n-1},\alpha _0,\ldots ,\alpha _{n-1} \}$ , and this gives rise to a map in $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{R^{W_n}} R$ of negative degree.▪

Theorems 3.7 and 3.13 give instances of fixed rings of preprojective algebras which are graded Calabi–Yau. These examples are novel from those presented by Weispfenning in that they do not fix pointwise the degree zero part of $\Pi _{\widetilde {A_{n-1}}}$ .

Corollary 3.14 Let $G=D_n$ or $G=W_n$ . Then $\mathsf {p}(R,G)=1$ .

Proof Let $p=\alpha _0\alpha _1\cdots \alpha _{n-1}$ and $q=\alpha _{n-1}^*\alpha _{n-2}^* \cdots \alpha _0^*$ . Set

$$\begin{align*}f_1 = e_0 \# 1 + e_0\# r_0 = e_0 (f_G) e_0 \in (f_G).\end{align*}$$

Then $(p-q) \# 1 = pf_1 - f_1q \in (f_G)$ . Consequently, $\mathsf {p}(R,W_n) \geq 1$ . By Theorems 2.3, 3.7, and 3.13, $\mathsf {p}(R,G) < 2$ . Thus, $\mathsf {p}(R,G)=1$ by Bergman’s Gap Theorem [Reference Bergman5].▪