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Occupational tuberculosis exposures and conversion rates can guide deimplementation of annual tuberculosis skin test screening

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2020

Takaaki KobayashiOpen the ORCID record for Takaaki Kobayashi[Opens in a new window],
Holly Meacham,
Mohammed Alsuhaibani,
Stephanie Holley,
Alexandre R. Marra,
Michael B. Edmond,
Daniel J. Diekema,
Patrick G. Hartley and
Jorge L. Salinas
Takaaki Kobayashi*
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Holly Meacham
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Mohammed Alsuhaibani
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United StatesDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Stephanie Holley
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Alexandre R. Marra
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United StatesDivision of Medical Practice, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
Michael B. Edmond
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Daniel J. Diekema
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Patrick G. Hartley
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Jorge L. Salinas
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
*
Author for correspondence: Takaaki Kobayashi, E-mail: Takaaki-kobayashi@uiowa.edu
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Type
Letter to the Editor
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , January 2021, pp. 123 - 124
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Copyright
© 2020 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

To the Editor—Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health problem worldwide. However, TB incidence in the United States has declined, including among healthcare personnel (HCP).Reference Talwar, Tsang and Price1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated their recommendations for TB transmission prevention in healthcare facilities, suggesting discontinuing annual tuberculin skin tests (TSTs).Reference Sosa, Njie and Lobato2,Reference Welbel, French, Bush, DeGuzman and Weinstein3 However, healthcare facilities may continue annual TSTs based on local epidemiology. We assessed TB infection prevention and control parameters such as TB incidence, exposures, and transmission rates to guide the deimplementation of annual TSTs in our facility.

Methods

The University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics (UIHC) is an 811-bed tertiary-care hospital in a state with low TB incidence.4 We calculated the frequency of TB cases, exposures, and TST conversions among HCPs. We retrieved data for patients with an International Classification of Disease, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) code for TB (A15 respiratory TB, A17 TB of the nervous system, A18 TB of other organs, and A19 miliary TB) from January 2016 to October 2019. We supplemented our search with microbiology data: positive culture or nucleic acid amplification test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We categorized TB cases via manual chart review: active, latent, previously treated, unclear history, or no TB. We defined potentially infectious TB as pulmonary cases and extrapulmonary cases that underwent an aerosol-generating procedure. Data on exposure events, exposed HCPs, and TST results were obtained from the employee health clinic. Conversion was defined as an increase in TST response by ≥10 mm within a 2 year period.

Results

During 2016–2019, we identified 207 suspected TB cases: 197 patients based on ICD-10 codes and an additional 10 patients via microbiology data; 48 had active TB (Fig. 1). Upon investigation, 31 (65%) were deemed potentially infectious: 24 had pulmonary TB and 7 had extrapulmonary TB and underwent an aerosol-generating procedure at an infected body site. Among those, 10 cases (32%) led to the exposures of 200 HCP. Baseline and postexposure TSTs were available for 179 of these HCP (88%). Among them, 161 HCP (90%) had a negative TST at baseline, and conversion was seen in only 1 case (0.6%). This HCP was a nursing assistant exposed to a patient with pulmonary TB. However, a concurrent interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) was negative, and no treatment was offered. Among 18 HCP (10%) with a positive TST at baseline, no HCP developed symptoms during the observation period. Regarding timing of postexposure TSTs, 111 HCP (69%) had been followed at 6 months after the exposure.

Fig. 1.

Patient identification. Note. ICD, International Classification of Disease; TB, tuberculosis; HCP, healthcare personnel; TST, tuberculosis skin test; IGRA, interferon-gamma release assay.

Discussion

We used ICD-10 codes, microbiology, and employee health clinic data to examine TB infection control parameters in our institution. Nearly one-third of infectious TB cases led to the exposure of HCPs. However, the TST conversion rate was very low. Two-thirds of HCPs had a post-exposure TST evaluation within 6 months after exposure. Exposure and conversion rates are useful indicators of TB infection control and may guide deimplementation of annual TSTs.

Our finding of one-third of TB cases potentially leading to HCP exposures is lower than previously reported. Kelly et alReference Kelly, D’Agostino, Andrada, Liu and Larson5 reported their TB contact investigation experience in a busy New York City Hospital and found that 58% of pulmonary TB cases led to exposures. Contrary to common belief, suspecting and promptly isolating TB cases may be easier in a low-incidence setting because sociodemographic factors classically associated with TB may be more apparent (eg, place of birth).

Our analysis confirmed a low TST conversion rate (0.6%) at a referral and safety-net hospital in a low-incidence state. A recent systematic review indicated that conversions during serial testing ranged from 0.7% to 4% depending on whether TST or IGRA was used.Reference Sosa, Njie and Lobato2 Deimplementing annual TSTs in facilities located in jurisdictions with a TB incidence higher than the national TB incidence (eg, California, Florida, Texas, or New York City) could be considered after confirming that institutional conversion rates are below the reported ~0.7%–4% for the United States.

Two-thirds of HCPs (69%) had a postexposure TST evaluation within 6 months after exposure. The remaining 31% had a subsequent TST during the annual screening process. Timeliness of TST evaluations after TB exposure is not commonly reported in the literature. Because the risk of developing TB disease is higher in the first 1–2 years following an exposure,Reference Poulsen6,Reference Wallgren7 prompt TST evaluations are important. The CDC recommends a TST 8–10 weeks after the last exposure.Reference Sosa, Njie and Lobato2 Hospitals deimplementing annual TB screening will need to enforce the timeliness of postexposure TST evaluations.

Our study has several limitations. It was a single-center study in a low-incidence setting; exposure and conversion rates may vary in facilities located in higher incidence states. Because our conversion rate was very low, we could not stratify by location (eg, emergency department, TB clinic). Hospitals with higher TB conversion rates may stratify and de-implement annual TSTs in clinical areas with lower conversion rates (eg, administrative personnel, outpatient clinics) and continue in clinical areas with conversion rates higher than expected.

In conclusion, exposure and conversion rates in healthcare facilities are useful indicators of TB infection control. They guided the deimplementation of annual TST in our facility according to the new CDC recommendations. A sustained effort to ensure timely exposure identification and contact investigations will be key to avoiding TB transmission in healthcare facilities.

References

Talwar, A, Tsang, CA, Price, SF, et al. Tuberculosis—United States, 2018. Am J Transplant 2019;19:1582–1588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosa, LE, Njie, GJ, Lobato, MN, et al. Tuberculosis screening, testing, and treatment of US health care personnel: recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:439–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welbel, SF, French, AL, Bush, P, DeGuzman, D, Weinstein, RA. Protecting healthcare workers from tuberculosis: a 10-year experience. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:668–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2018. Centers for Disease Contorl and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2018/default.htm. Published 2018. Accessed May 12, 2020.Google Scholar
Kelly, AM, D’Agostino, JF, Andrada, LV, Liu, J, Larson, E. Delayed tuberculosis diagnosis and costs of contact investigations for hospital exposure: New York City, 2010–2014. Am J Infect Control 2017;45:483–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulsen, A. Some clinical features of tuberculosis. 1. Incubation period. Acta Tuberc Scand 1950;24:311–346.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallgren, A. The time-table of tuberculosis. Tubercle 1948;29:245–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Fig. 1.Patient identification. Note. ICD, International Classification of Disease; TB, tuberculosis; HCP, healthcare personnel; TST, tuberculosis skin test; IGRA, interferon-gamma release assay.