This timely work is an informative, empirical look at how the norms of visibility and inclusion of LGBT persons have grown and spread throughout Europe. With a keen eye to political history and the subtleties of national and religious identity, Ayoub discusses the causal factors that have led to the variation in the rights and protections for LGBT persons across countries. His meticulous research sheds valuable light not only on the successes and obstacles of LGBT rights movements but on the course of norm penetration more broadly.

While some of Ayoub's hypotheses may seem intuitive, the detailed results are richly informative for those interested in human rights, the LGBT rights movement, and norm evolution as a whole. Many of the book's granular findings pertain to the relationship between a group's identity and its perception of threats. For example, while increased visibility of LGBT persons tends to correlate with increased acceptance among the casually religious, such increases can lead to backlash among deeply religious or nationalistic groups, at least initially. This aligns with Ayoub's proposal that religion in and of itself does not prohibit the development of LGBT movements, but rather can impede progress depending on its role in popular nationalism. For some countries in Europe, the church has served as a check against the government, while in others its role has been strongly tied to authoritarianism. In essence, the historic position of the church, and its relationship with liberal values, can have a profound effect on levels of LGBT acceptance within a state.

Likewise, cross-border solidarity can affect the likelihood of LGBT acceptance, depending on the degree to which local populations fear foreign influence. In Poland, for example, a legacy of foreign invasion has caused society to be more skeptical of cross-border LGBT solidarity and wary of norms it sees as being exported from Berlin. Slovenia, on the other hand, has benefited from older ties to transnational rights groups, many of which were formed during the civil rights movement that contributed to the demise of communism in Yugoslavia. To be sure, there is still a resistance to nonheterosexuality in Slovenia, but it is not framed as a defense of national identity as it is in Poland.

More than just a sophisticated case study, When States Come Out is a resource for anyone seeking to promote human rights at the civil society and state levels.