The title of this collection of eighteen papers, first delivered at the annual meetings of the Dutch-Flemish research group Biblia Sacra between 2005 and 2007, refers to the two conflicting attitudes to the Bible which became particularly apparent at the time of the Reformation. Should the Bible be circulated in the vernacular among the laity or should it be restricted to theologians? Certain articles touch on this theme – the piece by Paolo Sartori on the debate about the extent of Jerome's authorship of the Vulgate, Jean-François Cottier's study of Erasmus' paraphrases, the paper by Wim François on the opposition to the diffusion of the Bible in the vernacular led by Noel Beda and Petrus Sutor in Paris, Bettye Chambers's analysis of sixteenth-century French Bibles, and the more general survey of Bibles printed between 1477 and 1520 by August Den Hollander, who emphasises the role of the laity in the production of religious books in the vernacular. But most of the papers deal with disparate aspects of the Bibles and the spirituality of the period. In her opening piece on the Delft Bible of 1477 (the first book to be printed in Dutch) Katty De Bundel thus studies the translation of Ezekiel and argues that, like most of the other books, it was the work of Petrus Naghel, while Herbert Migsch examines the Delft text of Jeremiah and claims that it was based on the Latin of the Gutenberg Bible. The collection ends with Mark Elliott's survey of the commentaries on Leviticus xvi by Cornelius a Lapide, Henry Ainsworth, Johann Piscator and Abraham Calov in the seventeenth century. Some of the contributions have considerable merit. Gwendolyn Verbraak's paper on the octavo editions of Tyndale's Bible published in Antwerp in 1536 is a good example of the application of the method of typological investigation perfected by the late Paul Valkema Blouw at Amsterdam University Library. She concludes that the printer was probably Merten de Keyser. Youri Desplenter has provided a solid piece on sixteenth-century Dutch translations of liturgical songs in which he shows that members of the Catholic clergy too used the printing press in order to reach an uneducated readership, and M. W. F. Stone has written a long and illuminating article on Ruard Tapper which modifies the standard image of the theological faculty of Louvain as being entirely dominated by the theology of Augustine. In a stimulating study of Philips Galle's depictions of the sacraments and the works of mercy James Clifton convincingly demonstrates the influence on Galle of Coornhert, while both Walter Melion and Ralph Dekonick focus their discussion of emblems on the Jesuit Jerónimo Nadal. Despite the quality of many papers, however, the collection is uneven, and a number of the articles in English would have benefited from more linguistic and editorial assistance.