This particularly important source for the early history of the eleventh-century reform papacy is at long last available in an excellent critical edition accompanied by a German translation. The text of the vita of Pope Leo ix has been known since the editio princeps of 1615 by Jacques Sirmond, but has been more prominent in historiographical debates than in historical narratives because secondary revisions by the anonymous author as well as a focus on visions and miracles made it impossible to separate fact from fiction. Hans-Georg Krause for the first time clearly differentiated between the two parts of the vita, the first begun in 1049/50 after Bruno's election to the papacy as Leo ix, that is, during his lifetime, and the second composed shortly after the death of the pontiff in 1054 with an apologetic purpose. This continuation also included significant revisions of the early sections of the vita that had focused on Bruno's deeds as bishop of the imperial diocese of Toul. These revisions include in particular the famous account of Bruno's designation as pope by Emperor Henry iii at Worms in December 1048. The author claims that Bruno-Leo made his acceptance dependent on the unanimous consent of all the clergy and people of Rome. In the light of other contemporary sources the editor can show persuasively that this description is untenable (p. 16) and reflects the later evolution of the ideology of the ecclesiastical reform movement. Manuscript evidence serves to settle another contentious and very relevant issue in the context of the Gregorian reform. Was Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, the former monk of Moyenmoutier (diocese Toul ) the author as has been argued quite recently, or was it Wibert of Toul, Bruno's archdeacon? Krause's careful analysis of Sirmond's edition reveals that his exemplar had been without the name of an author (pp. 1–2 n. 3). The reason for Sirmond's addition of a name remains an open question. Internal as well as paleographical evidence displayed by the Krause persuasively eliminates Humbert as author as well. The vita of Leo ix remains an anonymous work from the region of Toul. Fifty-one manuscripts were used for this painstakingly precise and fully annotated edition that clearly distinguishes the first and the second versions of the work. Pope Leo ix was memorialised immediately after his death as a saint. This explains the large number of manuscripts, for his vita was transmitted as part of several legendaries, including the Great Austrian Legendary. These manuscripts are included in the stemma (p. 63) and the edition, creating a very complicated web of references. An English translation of the vita can be found in Ian S. Robinson's The papal reform of the eleventh century (Manchester 2004), 97–157.