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Impact of Obesity on Patient Characteristics and Clostridioides difficile Infection Outcomes in Davidson County, Tennessee, 2016–2023

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Sarah Petersen
Affiliation:
Tennessee Department of Health
Natalie Stanley
Affiliation:
Tennessee Department of Health
Samantha Mathieson
Affiliation:
TN Department of Health
Malakai Miller
Affiliation:
Tennessee Department of Health

Abstract

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Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common healthcare-associated infection. Despite its well-characterized nature, literature remains divided on the impact of obesity on CDI. Through the Emerging Infections Program’s CDI surveillance, we investigated the influence of obesity — with and without comorbidities, on CDI compared to non-obese patients residing in Davidson County, Tennessee. Methods: Fully abstracted CDI cases, defined as the first positive stool test for persons at least 1 year old, residing in Davidson County, Tennessee from 2016–2023, were examined. Study groups included BMI ≥ 30 with no comorbidities (BMI30), BMI ≥ 30 with at least 1 comorbidity (BMI30C), and BMI < 30 (BMI<30). Pairwise comparisons of characteristics and outcomes were made via logistic regression custom hypothesis tests for categorical variables and Tukey-Kramer test for continuous variables. All outcomes were adjusted for age; stepwise logistic regression determined significantly associated patient characteristics for further adjustments. Statistics were conducted using SAS 9.4. Results: There were 623 patients identified (BMI30: n=45, BMI30C: n=136, BMI<30: n=442). BMI30 had the highest proportion of female patients (BMI30: 77.8%, BMI30C: 61.0%, BMI<30: 59.5%) and were the youngest group (BMI30: 47.0 years, BMI30C: 57.8 years, BMI<30: 59.0 years). BMI30C were more likely to be Black than BMI<30 (BMI30C: 36.0%, BMI<30: 16.7%). BMI30C were more likely than BMI<30 to be diagnosed with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, or a chronic ulcer/wound of the skin. BMI30 were the most likely to be community-onset (adjusted: BMI30: 78.9%, BMI30C: 59.4%, BMI<30: 66.8%) and least likely to be community-onset healthcare facility associated (adjusted: BMI30: 15.5%, BMI30C: 34.4%, BMI<30: 27.7%). BMI30C were more likely to have diarrhea (≥3 unformed stools in one day) than BMI<30 (BMI30C: 64.9%, BMI<30: 51.2). BMI30 were least likely to be admitted (adjusted: BMI30: 44.0%, BMI30C: 71.8%, BMI<30: 68.1%). Among admitted patients, there were no significant differences in ICU admissions or length of stay. There were no significant differences in 90-day mortality, number of cases, proton pump inhibitor, H2 blocker, or antibiotic use in any groups. Detailed statistics are available in tables 1–3. Conclusion: Variances in symptoms, case classification, and admissions, paired with similarities in mortality and length of stay between groups, demonstrate that providers should consider a patient’s unique health history when managing CDI, rather than adopting a uniform approach for all obese patients. Future studies with more diverse patient populations could guide clinicians in bettering the treatment and prevention of CDI in at-risk populations.

A table comparing patient characteristics and comorbidities across different BMI groups.

A table comparing case characteristics and outcomes based on BMI categories.

A table comparing case characteristics and outcomes based on BMI categories.

Information

Type
C. difficile
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America