Antenna design and simulation results

Let us start with the dual-band notched monopole antenna design. The configuration of the antennas and the corresponding meta-surfaces are demonstrated in Fig. 1. The UWB monopole antenna employed here would have a broadband operating frequency from 3 to 9 GHz. The structural parameters of the monopole antenna are w = 44 mm, w _l = 1.4 mm, l _a = 50 mm, l _b = 20 mm, l _m = 20 mm, R _r = 10.7 mm, h _r = 20.4 mm, r ₁ = 3.7 mm, d ₁ = 0.4 mm, t _a = 0.6 mm, t _m = 0.1 mm, and the period of meta-cell is p ₁ = 8 mm with the radius of 2.65 and 1.9  mm for the composite ring. It is fabricated on the FR4 substrate with ɛ_r = 4.4 and the loss tangent of 0.02. We intend to attach a meta-surface on the bottom side of the monopole antenna to generate a dual-band notched filtering radiations through strong coupling effects instead of conventional strategy of directly etching the radiation patch or the antenna ground plane. In this way, we can implement reconfigurable band-notched properties of the monopole by simply replacing different meta-surfaces.

Fig. 1.

Configuration of the dual-band notched monopole antenna. (a) Original UWB monopole antenna. (b) The dual-band notched meta-surface and the unit cell.

The meta-cells on meta-surface are chosen as the SRRs with the resonant frequency simply tuned through the SRR perimeter [Reference Singh and Kumawat24, Reference Yadav, Yadav and Alphones25]:

(1)$$f \approx {c\over 2 \times L_{tol} \times \sqrt{\varepsilon_{eff}}}$$

where f refers to the resonant frequency, c refers to the speed of light in vacuum, L _tol refers to SRR perimeter, ɛ_eff refers to the effective permittivity of dielectric substrate and surrounding air. The dual-band notched meta-surface in Fig. 1 consists of eight identical structural SRRs with different orientations fabricated on a 0.1 mm thick FR4 substrate. To create a notched band centered at 3.6 GHz, the inner-ring of the SRRs was extended inwards to form a composite ring structure and the outer-ring of the SRRs creates a notched band centered around 5.1  GHz. By adjusting the total length of the inner and outer rings, the dual-band notched characteristic of the meta-surface can be adjusted separately.

However, the resonance behaviors of the meta-cell are sensitive to the SRR orientations in relative to the direction of the E-fields [Reference Marqués, Medina and Rafii-El-Idrissi26] and thus, we would better optimize the rotating angles of SRRs to obtain the best coupling effects when integrated with the monopole antenna. To be more specific, the resonance responses of SRRs would be strongest when the direction of the E-field is perpendicular to the split. In addition, such resonance responses are shown to be different as the operating frequency changes. We can observe in Fig. 2 that electromagnetic fields with more than 60-degree incident angels would create almost the same resonance intensity in the lower frequency, while 60-degree and 90-degree incidences beyond 5 GHz would perform differently. With such resonant behaviors of the employed SRRs, we carefully arrange the orientation of the meta-cells according to the E-field distributions of the monopole antenna at 3.6 and 5.1 GHz to let the orientation of splits exactly perpendicular to the E-fields at 5.1 GHz, and can also maintain larger than 60-degree at 3.6 GHz to achieve the best coupling for the desired band-notched performance.

Fig. 2.

Design of dual-band notched meta-surface. (a) Simulation Model and (b) the transmission coefficients of dual-band notched meta-surfaces with different oriented meta-cells. E-field distributions on the surface of the planar monopole antenna disc at (c) 3.6 GHz, and (d) 5.1  GHz.

To investigate the dual-band notched behavior of the proposed meta-surface, an equivalent LC circuit model is proposed in Fig. 3. The representation of an antenna as a lumped-element circuit with two parallel RLC resonators, where the first resonator is designed to operate around 3.3 GHz and the second around 5.15 GHz. The equivalent model calculates the quality factor (Q ₀) of the notched bands. The circuit also provides the concept of modeling the distributed element into its corresponding equivalent lumped entities. The values of the lumped elements calculation are carried out using the following equations [Reference Fertas, Ghanem, Azrar and Aksas27, Reference Rahman, Khan and Imran28]:

(2)$$Q_0 = {\,f\over BW},\; \quad Q_0 = 2 \pi f_0 R C,\; f_0 = {1\over 2 \pi \sqrt{LC}},\; $$

where f ₀ is the resonant notched frequency, R is the resistor, L is the inductor, C is the capacitor of RLC circuit. For the dual-band notched antenna, the values of the lumped elements are L ₁ = 251.6 nH, C ₁ = 9.18 pF, R ₁ = 310 Ω, L ₂ = 176.4 nH, C ₂ = 5.42 pF, R ₁ = 400 Ω, .

Fig. 3.

The LC resonant circuit model of proposed dual-band notched meta-surface.

The full-wave simulation (Ansoft HFSS v.18.0) is carried out to verify our design in Fig. 4. We can observe that VSWR of the monopole antenna loaded with meta-surface would have the dual-band notched radiations around 3.3 and 5.15 GHz as we devised, while the antenna without the meta-surface would operate smoothly over the wide frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz. Figure 4(a) demonstrates the surface current distributions of the SRRs and we can observe that both inner- and outer-rings resonate at 3.3 GHz while only the inner-ring resonates at 5.5 GHz. Thus we can adjust the length of the inner-ring to control the band-notched characteristics at high frequency and change the length of the inner- and outer-rings to control the band-notched characteristics at low frequency. The real and imaginary parts of the input impedance of the presented antenna with and without meta-surface are shown in Fig. 4(c). We can observe that the real and imaginary parts of the input impedance of the antenna without notch bands are close to 50 and 0 characteristic line and demonstrate a good impedance matching resulting in a ultra-wide operating band. On the other hand, at around 3.3 and 5.15 GHz the real and imaginary parts of the input impedance of the antenna with notch bands are, respectively, much away from 50 and 0 characteristic line and exhibit higher impedances resulting in a mismatching. Due to this mismatching, two notch bands are created at around 3.3 and 5.15 GHz. We continue to demonstrate the radiation performances at the frequency between the two notched frequencies in order to examine whether such a meta-surface would influence the radiation performance of the original monopole antenna. We can observe that the radiation patterns are fairly good omnidirectional in H-plane and dumbbell-shaped in E-plane. Clearly, the radiation patterns at un-notched frequencies are scarcely deteriorated when meta-surface is added.

Fig. 4.

Simulation results of dual-band notched monopole antenna. (a) Surface current distributions of the SRRs, where the left is the frequency at 3.3 GHz and the right is the frequency at 5.15 GHz. (b) VSWR and (c) real and imaginary parts of the monopole antenna with and without the meta-surfaces. (d) Normalized E-plane (left) and H-plane (right) radiation patterns of dual-band notched monopole antenna at 4.5 GHz.

Based on the same strategy, we extend our design into the single-band and tri-band notched monopole antenna by using the corresponding meta-surfaces, as shown in Fig. 5. For single-band notched meta-surface, the SRR with two rings has been used to create a notched band around 3.6 GHz. Compared to the dual-band notched meta-surface, the tri-band notched meta-surface has three resonant rings. In order to keep the period of the meta-cell unchanged, the width of the resonant ring is reduced from 0.4 to 0.3 mm. We placed the single-band notched meta-surface consisting of eight SRRs with the structural parameters of p ₂ = 9 mm, r ₂ = 3.5 mm, r ₃ = 2.8 mm, d ₂ = 0.4 mm and tri-band notched meta-surface consisting of 10 SRRs with the structural parameters of p ₃ = 8 mm, r ₄ = 3.78 mm, r ₅ = 2.78 mm, d ₃ = 0.3 mm and the radius of composite ring as 1.73 and 1.13 mm to implement the single-band and tri-band notched monopole antenna. Simulation results indicated that single-band notched frequency occurred around 3.58 GHz and tri-band notched frequencies occurred around 3.57, 5.55, and 7.18 GHz. In addition, the radiation patterns of the single-band and tri-band notched monopole antenna at un-notched frequencies are scarcely deteriorating when meta-surfaces are added.

Fig. 5.

Simulation results for single-band and tri-band notched monopole antenna. VSWR of monopole antennas with (a) single-band notched mate-surface, (b) tri-band notched meta-surface. Simulated E-plane (left) and H-plane (right) radiation patterns of monopole antennas with (c) single-band notched meta-surface at 4 GHz, and (d) tri-band notched meta-surface at 4.5 GHz.

Fabrications and experimental results

To verify the proposed designs, the monopole antenna and three different meta-surfaces are fabricated and measured. Figure 6 shows that the VSWRs of the circuit model, simulation and measurement results for the dual-band notched antenna and all results remain highly consistent. Figure 7 shows that VSWR of band-notched monopole antennas respectively presents single-band, dual-band, and tri-band notched characteristic compared with the VSWR of monopole without meta-surface, which match quite well with the simulation results. Such experimental results of band-notched monopole antennas further verify our designs and fulfill the initial proposal of using replaceable meta-surfaces to realize the reconfigurable band-notched monopole antennas. We test the radiation performance of the monopole antenna and the band-notched monopole antenna with meta-surfaces. Figure 8 demonstrates the radiation characteristics and we can observe that the radiation patterns of band-notched monopole antennas at un-notched frequencies are scarcely deteriorated when meta-surfaces are added. We can observe the ripples in the measured cross-polarized components. This is mainly attributed to the cross-polarization component amplitude that is small resulting in a low signal-noise ratio (SNR) during the antenna test process, thus the interference of noise in the measurement leads to poor cross-polarization component measurement results and produces the ripples. In addition, we simulate and measure the realized peak gain and efficiency of the proposed band-notched antenna as shown in Fig. 9 and both simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the proposed antenna achieved a good peak gain and radiation efficiency except notched bands. At notched bands the gain and radiation efficiency decrease drastically, which indicate the effects of the meta-surface.

Fig. 6.

The VSWRs of the circuit model, simulation, and measurement for the dual-band notched antenna.

Fig. 7.

Band-notched monopole antenna and measurement results. (a) Photographs of the manufactured monopole antenna and meta-surfaces. Measured VSWR of monopole antenna with (b) single-band notched meta-surface, (c) dual-band notched meta-surface, and (d) tri-band notched meta-surface.

Fig. 8.

Measured results of the band-notched monopole antenna with meta-surfaces. Measured E-plane (left) and H-plane (right) radiation patterns of (a) monopole antennas at 4 GHz with (b) single-band notched meta-surface at 4 GHz, (c) dual-band notched meta-surface at 4.5 GHz, and (d) tri-band notched meta-surface at 4.5 GHz.

Fig. 9.

Simulated and Measured results of the antenna gain variation with frequency. (a) Original monopole antennas. The band-notched antenna for (b) single-band, (c) dual-band and (d) tri-band.

The detailed comparisons with the previous publications concerning band-notched antennas are demonstrated in Table 1, where λ_g is the wavelength in the substrate at the minimum operating frequency. Compared with previous publications of band-notched antennas, our proposed band-notched monopole antenna implements the band-notched characteristics by attaching different meta-surfaces on the back of the antenna and demonstrates that the band-notched properties are changeable without compromising the original structure of the antenna.

Table 1.

Performance comparisons between different band-notched antennas