Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-j7cmm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-06T04:05:14.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Is there a role for flexible oesophagogastroscopy in upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2009

T J Beech ,
M I Trotter ,
A L McDermott ,
W Mandal  and
A J Batch
T J Beech*
Affiliation:
ENT department, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
M I Trotter
Affiliation:
ENT department, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
A L McDermott
Affiliation:
ENT department, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
W Mandal
Affiliation:
ENT department, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
A J Batch
Affiliation:
ENT department, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Mr T J Beech, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK. E-mail: tjb690@hotmail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction:

There is growing evidence to suggest that reflux (both laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal) has a role in the development of upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma. This study discusses the role of identifying reflux in this patient group, and its prevalence.

Methods:

Prospective review of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing flexible oesophagogastroscopy as part of their diagnostic investigation.

Results:

Forty-five consecutive patients were identified. All patients were found to have evidence of oesophagitis, with 28 having oesophageal erosions and two Barrett's oesophagitis.

Conclusion:

Flexible oesophagogastroscopy is a useful test in patients with upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma.

Keywords

Gastro-esophageal RefluxHead And Neck NeoplasmsEndoscopesGastrointestinal

Information

Type
Main Articles
Information
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , Volume 124 , Issue 4 , April 2010 , pp. 417 - 419
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2009

Introduction

There is growing evidence that reflux (both laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal) has a role to play in the pathogenesis of upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Reference Bacciu, Mercante, Ingegnoli, Ferri, Muzzetto and Leandro1–Reference Freije, Beatty, Campbell, Woodson, Schultz and Toohill5 In addition, some authors have suggested that controlling reflux can reduce the risk of recurrence of upper aerodigestive tract SCC.Reference Qadeer, Lopez, Wood, Esclamado, Strome and Vaezi6 Furthermore, reflux symptoms may be exacerbated by chemotherapeutic agents given in the treatment of upper aerodigestive tract SCC.Reference Biacabe, Gleich, Laccourreye, Hartl, Bouchoucha and Brasnu7

With these factors in mind, identifying and treating reflux in patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC may potentially be as important as encouraging this patient group to stop smoking or drinking alcohol.

We assessed whether patients presenting with upper aerodigestive tract SCC had reflux, using flexible oesophagogastroscopy (a widely used investigation for reflux). Here, we present our results and discuss whether this is a useful test in this patient group.

Methods and materials

We undertook a prospective review of all patients with newly diagnosed upper aerodigestive tract SCC presenting between February 2005 and August 2007. All these patients underwent flexible oesophagogastroscopy as part of their pre-treatment investigation. Appropriate consent was obtained. The results of the procedure were interpreted by the same clinician throughout. Oesophagitis was graded as shown in Table I, using a variation of the Savary–Miller classification.Reference Savary and Miller8

Table I

Oesophagitis grading*

* Variation of the Savary–Miller classification.Reference Savary and Miller8 FOG = flexible oesophagogastroscopy

Results

We included 45 consecutive, prospectively recruited patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC. The group comprised 13 men and two women, with an age range of 36 to 81 years (mean age, 63 years).

All patients who underwent flexible oesophagogastroscopy had evidence of oesophagitis: 15 patients had grade one oesophagitis, 16 grade two, 12 grade three and two grade five (Figure 1). One patient had evidence of gastritis. Three patients had evidence of oesophagitis despite taking a proton pump inhibitor twice daily (one had grade three oesophagitis and two grade two oesophagitis). No complications were reported as a result of the procedure.

Fig. 1

Flexible oesophagogastroscopy findings.

Discussion

Reflux is common in patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC. In our study, all patients had evidence of oesophagitis of varying degrees. In comparison, 10–14 per cent of patients with reflux symptoms, and without upper aerodigestive tract SCC, have been found to have oesophagitis on flexible oesophagogastroscopy.Reference Bochud, Gonvers, Vader, Dubois, Burnand and Froehlich9 Thus, our patients showed quite an astonishing rate of oesophagitis. However, we acknowledge that, in our oesophagitis grading system, our grade one was subjective and has been shown to have great inter-observer variability, and is thus of limited value.Reference Amano, Ishimura, Furuta, Okita, Masaharu and Azumi10 Even after discounting this finding, we were still left with 30 patients out of 45 having evidence of oesophagitis.

  • • There is growing evidence that reflux is a factor in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

  • • This paper reports the results of flexible oesophagogastroscopy in patients with head and neck SCC

  • • Flexible oesophagogastroscopy for reflux diagnosis may be useful in the management of head and neck SCC patients

Is reflux investigation in patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC important? Qadeer et al. suggested that managing reflux in patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC may reduce recurrence of this malignancy.Reference Qadeer, Lopez, Wood, Esclamado, Strome and Vaezi6 This concept is beginning to make more sense with the accumulation of evidence supporting the role of reflux as an independent risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract SCC.Reference Bacciu, Mercante, Ingegnoli, Ferri, Muzzetto and Leandro1–Reference Freije, Beatty, Campbell, Woodson, Schultz and Toohill5

Furthermore, diagnosing and treating reflux in upper aerodigestive tract SCC patients may potentially reduce symptoms related to cancer treatment. One study showed that chemotherapy, and in particular cisplatin, may aggravate reflux.Reference Biacabe, Gleich, Laccourreye, Hartl, Bouchoucha and Brasnu7 It has even been suggested that patients who use proton pump inhibitors to reduce such reflux symptoms are less likely to delay chemotherapy or to have their treatment dose reduced.Reference Steer and Harper11

Once reflux is diagnosed in this patient group, correct treatment is important. The starting point for reflux treatment, according to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, is a trial of a proton pump inhibitor, to assess for effective management of symptoms. However, if other disease is present, or if reflux is severe, then endoscopy should be the investigation of choice. If endoscopy (i.e. flexible oesophagogastroscopy) is negative despite ongoing symptoms, the next step is a 24-hour pH study.Reference DeVault and Castell12

In this study, we used the term reflux to encompass laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and gastroesophageal reflux. This is obviously not without its flaws, as these two disease entities do have differences. Laryngopharyngeal reflux has different symptoms and is often identified as being more resistant to conventional reflux treatment.Reference Koufmann13 The ideal method for diagnosing LPR is 24-hour intra-oesophageal pH monitoring.Reference Koufmann13 Flexible oesophagogastroscopy will detect LPR (i.e. signs of oesophagitis); however, it is less sensitive.Reference Koufmann, Wiener, Wu and Castell14 (Thus, our 15 patients with grade one oesophagitis, discounted as not having definite oesophagitis, may still have had positive findings on 24-hour pH testing.) The disadvantage of 24-hour pH testing is that it is not widely accepted by patients – a refusal rate of 12 per cent has been quoted.Reference Koufmann13 In addition, pH monitoring is still not widely accessible. The advantage of flexible oesophagogastroscopy is that it can be used to assess the upper aerodigestive tract in head and neck cancer as an investigative tool, as in our study.

Conclusion

Reflux appears to be common in patients with upper aerodigestive tract SCC. However, it is treatable, and such treatment may prevent recurrence of malignant disease and alleviate the symptoms of upper aerodigestive tract SCC chemotherapy. Flexible oesophagogastroscopy is a good tool in the investigation of reflux.

Footnotes

Presented as a poster at the Third World Congress of the International Federation of Head and Neck Oncological Societies, May 2008, Venue Zagreb, Croatia.

References

1 Bacciu, A, Mercante, G, Ingegnoli, A, Ferri, T, Muzzetto, P, Leandro, G et al. Effects of gastroesophageal reflux disease in laryngeal carcinoma. Clin Otolaryngol 2004;29:545–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2 Mercante, G, Bacciu, A, Ferri, T, Bacciu, S. Gastroesophageal reflux as a possible co-promoting factor in the development of the squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, of the larynx and of the pharynx. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Belgica 2003;57:113–17Google ScholarPubMed
3 Assimakopoulos, D, Patrikakos, G. The role of gastroesophageal reflux in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2002;23:351–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4 Galli, J, Cammarota, G, Calo, L, Agostino, S, D'Ugo, D, Cianci, R et al. The role of acid and alkaline reflux in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1861–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5 Freije, JE, Beatty, TW, Campbell, BH, Woodson, BT, Schultz, CJ, Toohill, RJ. Carcinoma of the larynx in patients with gastroeosophageal reflux. Am J Otolaryngol 1996;17:386–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Qadeer, MA, Lopez, R, Wood, BG, Esclamado, R, Strome, M, Vaezi, MF. Does acid suppressive therapy reduce the risk of laryngeal cancer recurrence? Laryngoscope 2005;115:1877–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Biacabe, B, Gleich, LL, Laccourreye, O, Hartl, DM, Bouchoucha, M, Brasnu, D. Silent gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with pharyngolaryngeal cancer: further results. Head Neck 1998;20:510–143.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 Savary, M, Miller, G. The Esophagus: Handbook and Atlas of Endoscopy. Solothurn, Switzerland: Verlag Gassman, 1978;135–42Google Scholar
9 Bochud, M, Gonvers, JJ, Vader, JP, Dubois, RW, Burnand, B, Froehlich, F. Appropriateness of gastroscopy: gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Endoscopy 1999;31:596–603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10 Amano, Y, Ishimura, N, Furuta, K, Okita, K, Masaharu, M, Azumi, T et al. Interobserver agreement on classifying endoscopic diagnoses of nonerosive esophagitis. Endoscopy 2006;38:1032–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11 Steer, CB, Harper, PG. Gastro-oesophageal complications in patients receiving cancer therapy: the role of proton pump inhibitors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:S17–21Google ScholarPubMed
12 DeVault, KR, Castell, DO. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Arch Int Med 1995;155:2165– 73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Koufmann, JA. The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the development of laryngeal injury. Laryngoscope 1991;101(suppl 53):1–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14 Koufmann, JA, Wiener, GJ, Wu, WC, Castell, DO. Reflux laryngitis and its sequelae: the diagnostic role of ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring. J Voice 1988;2:78–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figure 0

Table I Oesophagitis grading*

Figure 1

Fig. 1 Flexible oesophagogastroscopy findings.