To the Editor— In recent years, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens, while Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) has been the main carbapenem-resistant mechanism among CRE.Reference van Duin and Doi ^{1 ,} Reference Munoz-Price, Poirel and Bonomo ²

Polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin) have been widely applied because they are among the few agents that remain effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and KPC producers.Reference Lee and Burgess ³ Although their clinical usefulness is increasing in most treatment strategies, the emergence of colistin resistance has been detected worldwide.Reference Giacobbe, Del Bono and Trecarichi ^{4 –} Reference Rodrigues Perez and Dias ⁶

To date, risk factors for KPC infection (eg, from prior intestinal colonization) have been extensively studied, but the definitive role of the presence of KPC producers from airways has remained uncertain.Reference Sbrana, Malacarne and Bassetti ⁷ The widespread dissemination of colistin resistance among KPC producers has strong implications regarding colistin’s utility, mainly in the setting of continuous selective pressure from the high-level use of the same, mostly in intensive care units. Therefore, a retrospective survey from January to June, 2016, including adult intensive care patients in a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, was conducted to assess the cumulative prevalence of KPC-producers, Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from endotracheal secretions of mechanically ventilated patients. Additionally, for these bacterial isolates, including >1 per patient from the same clinical site, susceptibility to colistin was evaluated to monitor how quickly colistin resistance could spread over the time.

Identification of bacterial species as well as carbapenem and colistin resistance was initially detected using an automated broth microdilution system (MicroScan; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA), followed by confirmation with Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). For enterobacterial species, a synergistic test was applied using phenyl-boronic acid to detect KPC and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to detect New Delhi metallobetalactamase, followed by gene detection by PCR analysis as described elsewhere.Reference Rodrigues Perez ⁸

In total, 94 distinct patients were enrolled during the study period. Among the species considered in this study, only Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa and KPC-2–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-2-Kp) were detected. Cumulative prevalences for these isolates are shown in Figure 1A. Notably, the cumulative prevalences remained stable for A. baumannii (27.9%±2.74) and P. aeruginosa (28.9%±3.74) over the study period. No colistin resistance was observed over the follow-up period despite the high consumption of this class of drugs in this nosocomial setting over the same period of this survey (data not shown). In contrast, KPC-2-Kp (14.3%±5.27) showed a significant increase in prevalence during this period, ranging from 10.5% in January to 20.2% in June (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.4–10.1).

FIGURE 1

Cumulative prevalence of KPC-2-Kp, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa recovered from endotracheal secretions (A) and increase in colistin resistance among respiratory KPC-2-Kp isolates (B) during the period study.

A total of 25 KPC-2-Kp isolates, recovered from 94 patients, were included over the study period: 4 isolates presenting no colistin resistant were recovered in the initial period (January) and 11 colistin-resistant isolates (11 of 25, 44%) were found in the final period (January to June). The linear trend shows that colistin resistance among KPC-2-Kp is increasing drastically at a steady rate (Figure 1B).

In this study, endotracheal secretions presenting ≥10⁵ CFU/mL were selected to better reflect the influence of the use of colistin. Colistin is used to treat carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, which contribute ~33.5% and 97.5% of carbapenem resistance, respectively; these isolates were more prevalent from respiratory secretions of ICU patients during the same evaluated period. As previously reported by Lee et al,Reference Lee, Patel, Huprikar, Calfee and Jenkins ⁹ the emergence of colistin resistance among KPC-2-Kp isolates, which was also found in this study, may be explained by acquisition and development of resistance in the same isolate initially susceptible, or reinfection with a resistant isolate from a heterogeneous bacterial population under antibiotic selective pressure, as previously shown for fosfomycinReference Perez ¹⁰ or polymyxin B when rectal surveillance KPC-2-Kp isolates were evaluated.Reference Rodrigues Perez and Dias ⁶ Although the impact of the presence of KPC on patient outcome has not been evaluated in this study, interest in the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of airway infections is growing, particularly concerning multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as KPC-producers, in the effort to reduce rates of inappropriate empirical therapy.Reference Sbrana, Malacarne and Bassetti ⁷

An ideal control is one that, in addition to preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in the environment, can also stagnate (and eliminate, if possible) its antimicrobial resistance levels. This is a fact. However, controlling these 2 fronts is not easy, and finding the balance between them to promote patient safety may be the greatest challenge of our time.

In conclusion, an increase in prevalence of KPC-2-Kp at a clinical site originally with low prevalence is reported in this study. Moreover, this increase seems to be supported by a high rate of colistin resistance among these KPC-2-Kp isolates, highlighting the urgent need for implementation of a strict stewardship program for prudent use of colistin to oppose this emerging resistance.