The interrogation in the title of this volume might seem ambiguous, as to whether it applies to one, the other or both of the terms in quotation marks. A similar ambiguity would appear to affect the range and purpose of the contributions, drawn from a 2011 symposium. The first-named editor provides his own approach, stressing the hardly controversial idea that Cardinal Albizzi, a key opponent of Jansenists, was capable of some dubious manoeuvres. The related contribution of the second editor, concerning the 1653 Bull Cum occasione, proves to be largely an outline of promised research on its genesis. The editors apply a German tradition of thoroughness in the other pieces, to the extent of allowing basic biographical information on such fundamental figures as Augustine, Luther or Jansenius, for example, to be repeated in frequent footnotes. From authors who write mostly in German (alongside chapters in English or French) come one study of Augustine, one of Luther, one of Calvin, before the main body of the work begins. In the latter, many contributors seem aware of the idea that Jansenism was not only protean in its manifestations over time and space, but possibly a construct by opposing forces in the first place. Yet their historiographic resources remain firmly rooted in the often dated entries within magisterial, many-volume, often German, reference works. The general effect of this is a reification of Jansenism, as an undoubted theological tradition. The transformative contextual understanding provided by the late Bruno Neveu receives only two brief references in the whole book. Similarly the innovative study by Paolo Broggio, La teologia e la politica: controversie dottrinali, curia romana e monarchia spagnola tra cinque e seicento (published in 2009, so prior to 2011 let alone 2014) receives only a single footnote mention. Thus the exact argument and precise purpose of this book remain puzzling.