Kenneth Reference MaMa (2007) very aptly emphasises the significance of attachment theory in relation to the therapeutic relationship, which has important implications regarding the treatment and prognosis of psychiatric disorders. Although an offspring of psychoanalysis, attachment theory has been conspicuously neglected for a long time by the main proponents of Freud and Klein. Reference FonagyFonagy (2001) has attempted to integrate the overlapping areas of attachment theory and psychoanalysis, and deserves credit for reawakening interest in Bowlby's work. Although some of the criticisms of attachment theory are not unfounded, there is evidence that concepts of the theory can be used in making significant predictions regarding relationships, styles of coping with stressful situations, and communication between couples (Reference Brennan and ShaverBrennan & Shaver, 1994). Similarly, Reference HolmesHolmes (2000) has suggested that attachment theory can help with clinical listening and identifying, and intervening with different narrative styles in therapy.

However, it is essential that we guard ourselves against becoming overoptimistic about attachment theory. We need to remind ourselves that, although important, Bowlby's observations were based on children who had been separated from their primary caregivers during the Second World War (Reference LemmaLemma, 2003). In other words, attachment theory was based on behaviours that occurred during stressful situations rather than under normal circumstances. As Reference FieldField (1996) has pointed out, a wider and in-depth understanding of attachment requires observation of interactions between mother and infant during natural and non-stressful situations.

I concur with Dr Ma that more rigorous research is required in the areas highlighted in his two articles (Reference MaMa, 2006, Reference Ma2007). The idea of using attachment theory for service configuration seems to me very overambitious.