Introduction
Since the onset of 4G and 5G, wireless communication has undergone significant advancements with high-speed broadband data streaming globally. Multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) antenna was developed to enhance channel capacity (CC) and data rates, and it also improves resilience against signal degradation from channel fading, enabling higher data throughput [Reference Nam, Ng, Sayana, Li, Zhang, Kim and Lee1]. While various 4G MIMO antenna arrays operating in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands (2.3/2.5 GHz) have been proposed [Reference Hussain, Alreshaid, Podilchak and Sharawi2–Reference Sharawi, Numan, Khan and Aloi5], they often suffer from limitations such as poor isolation and large sizes, which restrict the number of MIMO elements in mobile devices. In recent years, the Federal Communications Commission has allocated various unlicensed bands above 3 GHz for 5G communication under the 3GPP framework, emphasizing high data rates (∼Gbps), ultrareliable low latency (<1 ms), and massive machine-type communication, supporting up to 10,000 Internet of Things (IoT) devices [Reference Kumar, Dixit, Malekar, Raut and Shevada6, Reference Hong, Jiang, Yu, Hou, Wang, Guo, Hu, Kuai, Yu, Jiang and Chen7]. Incorporating multiple antennas in the limited space of a system circuit board (SCB) leads to inevitable coupling, which negatively impacts MIMO performance by reducing diversity, deteriorating CC, and increasing specific absorption rate (SAR). Coupling arises from surface current propagation on the ground plane and space wave interaction in the near field [Reference Wang, Li and Sievenpiper8, Reference Deng and Zhu9]. Techniques to improve MIMO isolation include decoupling structures and diversity methods. Surface wave is commonly attenuated using electromagnetic (EM) bandgaps, metamaterials, and defected ground structures [Reference Yang, Liu, Xu and Gong10–Reference Islam, Das, Ali, Bose, Kumari, Prakash and Kumar17], while space wave coupling is reduced with metamaterial absorbers and frequency-selective surfaces [Reference Garg and Jain18–Reference Dey, Keerthi and Dey20]. Additional methods like neutralization lines and LC networks create out-of-phase coupling paths [Reference Li, Jiang and Yeung21–Reference Wu, Chiu and Ma23]. However, these approaches often require large decoupling structures, making them impractical for mobile devices. Although spatial, polarization, and pattern diversity are effective alternatives, they present implementation challenges due to space constraints [Reference Hu, Chen and Chu24–Reference Xu and Deng26]. At 3.5 GHz, an eight-element MIMO array achieves over 15 dB isolation through pattern diversity stemming from varying electrical lengths of the radiators [Reference Ding, Zhang, Xue and Sim27]. The self-decoupling from distinct patterns of three antenna pairs operating at 5.5 GHz enables the development of a 10-port massive MIMO antenna for 5G mobile terminals [Reference Dey, Vel, Asok and Dey28]. A low-correlation self-isolated MIMO array at 3.5 GHz features a T-shaped feed and stubs-loaded inverted U-shaped monopole radiator [Reference Zhao and Ren29]. Various massive MIMO antennas designed for the LTE-42 band (3.4–3.6 GHz) exhibit isolation ranging from 10 to 17.5 dB [Reference Li, Sim, Luo and Yang30–Reference Alja’afreh, Altarawneh, Alshamaileh, E’qab, Hussain, Sharawi, Xing and Xu32], but these single-band designs do not meet the requirements of 5G multiband systems. A hybrid isolation improvement, consisting of decoupling capacitors and a T-shaped mode transformer, was demonstrated for suppressing all possible mutual coupling between inverted-F antenna (IFA) pairs within the n78 band [Reference Sui and Huang33]. Lumped capacitors were also embedded in the ground plane of the MIMO array to establish self-isolation for different antenna types, e.g., IFA, monopole, and loop antennas [Reference Sui, Dou and Mei34]. Additionally, composite lumped capacitors were introduced for independent frequency-selective decoupling in dual-band MIMO antennas [Reference Sui, Cheng, Fang, Li, Zhu and Yuan35]. Although the required area for the decoupling structure was significantly reduced, the complexity and tolerance of the lumped capacitors may limit their practical usage. Different dual-band MIMO arrays for the 5G mobile handset were showcased in references [Reference Li, Sim, Luo and Yang36–Reference Wang, Zhang, Luo and Yang45]. Three different antenna units of couple-fed open-end slot (OES) geometry are arranged over an 80 × 150 mm2 area of an SCB to realize 8 × 8 MIMO array for the lower band (LTE 42/43) and 6 × 6 MIMO array for the higher band (LTE 46) [Reference Li, Sim, Luo and Yang36]. Later designs employed T-shaped and L-shaped slots for dual-band operation, but these slot geometries on the SCB occupy significant space and are affected by the presence of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, batteries, and human tissue [Reference Li, Sim, Luo and Yang37, Reference Li38]. To address this issue, various dual-band MIMO arrays have been reported with antenna units integrated into the narrow side frame, which forms the metallic chassis of the smartphone. Common dual-band antenna units include folded monopoles and capacitively coupled open-loop branches [Reference Jiang, Cui, Liu, Hu and Xi39–Reference Guo, Cui, Li and Sun42]. Neutralization lines have been used in some of the dual-band MIMO arrays at the cost of design complexity, but isolation between adjacent antennas did not reach a satisfactory level [Reference Serghiou, Khalily, Singh, Araghi and Tafazolli41, Reference Guo, Cui, Li and Sun42]. Obtaining high isolation simultaneously at the lower and higher operating bands without using an additional decoupling circuit is still considered to be a challenging task. In some of the works, multiband resonances are created from a combination of an OES in the ground plane of SCB and the monopole printed on the narrow side frame, but limitations of low isolation and high SAR value still exist [Reference Zou, Li, Sim and Yang43–Reference Wang, Zhang, Luo and Yang45]. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the OES and monopole loop branch together printed on the metal side-frame of a mobile smartphone for realizing dual-band antenna units of MIMO array have never been reported in earlier works.
This paper presents a novel eight-port dual-band MIMO array for sub-6 GHz 5G smartphones featuring high inter-element isolation. The radiating units of the array are designed entirely on the narrow metal side frames, leaving the entire space of the SCB for other electronic components. Each antenna unit consists of an open-end staircase slot and a directly fed parasitic open-loop branch. High isolation is achieved through a self-decoupling approach that incorporates an inverted U-shaped metal strip with each radiating element. The designed MIMO array resonates at frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz, achieving a minimum measured isolation over 22.96 and 25 dB, respectively. The array exhibits low SAR values when analyzed with human hand and head phantoms. The “Design principle of dual-band MIMO” section discusses the construction and design principles of the MIMO element, while the “Simulation and measured results of eight-element MIMO” section details the simulated and measured return loss, isolation, and radiation characteristics of the proposed array. The “Diversity parameters and SAR analysis” section presents the effects of the user’s hand and analyzes the SAR of the MIMO antenna. The “Effect of battery and LCD display” section presents the impact of the battery and display screen on the MIMO’s performance, followed by the performance comparison of the suggested dual-band array with similar work reported previously.
Design principle of dual-band MIMO
Description of antenna geometry
Figure 1 shows the schematics of the proposed eight-port dual-band MIMO antenna, with a corresponding 3D perspective view, front view and side views (in ±y directions) presented separately. The architecture of the MIMO antenna is comprised of a SCB with a size of 150 × 75 mm2 and two narrow metal frames (each of size 5.8 × 150 mm2) along the long side edges. The SCB and metal frames are printed on FR-4 dielectric materials having thicknesses of 0.8 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. The substrate used in this work has a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. For the designed MIMO array, radiating elements 1–4 (denoted as Ant 1 to Ant 4) are placed on the long side edge at the right, whereas elements 5–8 (denoted as Ant 5 to Ant 8) are placed on the long side edge at the left (see Fig. 1[a]). Two clearance areas with each size of 8 × 75 mm2 are left empty on the narrow sides of SCB to place the 2G/3G/4G or Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) antenna.
Architecture of the dual-band massive eight-port MIMO antenna (a) 3D isometric view (b) front view of system circuit board (c) front and rear view of metal frame.
The recommended MIMO antenna exhibits two resonances at 3.5 and 5 GHz with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 3:1 bandwidth (BW) covering the LTE band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz) and 5G new radio bands of N79 (4.4–5 GHz). The extended geometry of each MIMO element and the antenna’s physical parameters are depicted in Fig. 1(c–d). In this work, the coupled resonator concept is implemented to obtain the dual resonance frequency of the antenna. The basic geometry comprises an OES with staircase configuration and a parasitic open-loop resonator (POLR) printed on two opposite faces of the metal side frame. The OES is energized using a U-shaped feed, whose parameters are properly optimized to obtain good impedance matching. One end of the POLR is connected with the U-shaped feed while the remaining end is shorted to the inner face of the narrow metal side frame using a plated through hole. The spacing between the two nearest antennas along long side edges is 16.9 mm or approximately 0.2 fractions of the wavelength at a lower resonant. For improving the isolation between antennas, an inverted U-shaped metal strip is gap coupled with POLR to realize the self-decoupling technique. The eight-port MIMO array is designed and numerically simulated using a full wave EM solver Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator). The final values of the physical parameters are mentioned in Table 1, where all units are given in millimeters.
Parametrically optimized dimensions of each antenna unit of the proposed dual-band MIMO array in millimeter
Analysis of MIMO elements
To obtain better physical insight into the designed antenna, a single element of the MIMO (Ant 1) is placed at one corner of the large SCB. The resonance characteristic of Ant 1 is analyzed without the presence of a mutual coupling effect. Figure 2 depicts the layout of the single antenna element, which is designed based on the coupled resonance principle. The staircase OES and the POLR are energized using a U-shaped feed, which is connected to a microstrip line (printed on the back face of SCB) using a metal rod of diameter dv. The SMA connector is attached to the microstrip line with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω to launch the EM signal into it. In the proposed architecture, the slot mode of OES and patch mode of POLR are combined to realize the dual frequency operation. For the single MIMO element, the magnitude of the simulated reflection coefficient (|S11|) is shown in Fig. 3(a). The antenna resonates at 3.5 and 5.02 GHz with return losses of 22.32 and 22.68 dB, respectively. The VSWR 3:1 BW (which is equivalent to |S11| = −6 dB) of the antenna covers the frequencies 3.42–3.56 GHz and 4.92–5.12 GHz. Figure 3(b) presents the variation in the antenna’s realized gain and total efficiency over the two bands. The gain and efficiency of the antenna are 2.68 dBi and 41.8% at the first resonant of 3.81 dBi and 47.4% at the second resonant. Figure 3(b) also reveals the sharp roll-off in the realized gain on both sides of the dual resonances, causing a filtering response to be obtained at both bands, which allows the dual-band MIMO antenna to be susceptible to EM interference at out-of-the-band resonances.
Schematic of the single MIMO element and its extended view on the SCB without the presence of mutual coupling effects from other antennas.
Simulated (a) retrun loss (b) gain and total efficiency variation of single antenna element on the SCB.
Figure 4 shows the surface current on the U-shaped feed and POLR at two resonances. The maximum current, especially on the left branch of the POLR, is seen at the 1st frequency, whereas the minimal current is found at the 2nd frequency. The current on the POLR exhibits sinusoidal variation over a half cycle, which means the current is maximum at the two ends of the loop resonator with a current null at the centre. The resonant frequency (f rL) of the POLR can be determined using (1)
\begin{equation}{f_{rL}} = \frac{c}{{2{l_{eff}}\sqrt {{\varepsilon _{eff}}} }} = \frac{c}{{{l_{eff}}\sqrt {2\left( {1 + {\varepsilon _r}} \right)} }}\end{equation}Surface current on the U-shaped feed and open-loop resonator at two resonances of the antenna (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5.02 GHz.
Where c is the signal velocity in free space, ε r is the dielectric constant of the substrate whose value is 4.4 in the designed structure. 
${\varepsilon _{eff}} = \left( {1 + {\varepsilon _r}} \right)/2$ is the effective relative permittivity at the air-dielectric interface [Reference Pozar46]. The l eff is the total effective length of the loop resonator, whose approximate value is given as (2)
\begin{equation}{l_{eff}} = {l_{c1}} + 2{l_{c3}} + {l_{c2}} + {l_{t1}} - {w_{t1}} - {g_a}\end{equation} At 3.5 GHz, the l eff is equal to 27.85 mm or nearly 0.53 times the guide wavelength. Figure 5 depicts the electric field on the ground plane of the metal side frame at two resonances. Unlike the first frequency, the electric field is found transverse to the OES at the 2nd frequency. For the electric field component 
$\left( {{{\bar E}_z}} \right)$ on the OES, the equivalent magnetic current density 
$\left( {{{\bar J}_m}} \right)$ can be determined from (3)
\begin{equation}{\bar J_m} = - \hat y \times {\bar E_z}\end{equation}Electric field vector on the open-end staircase slot at two resonances of the antenna (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5.02 GHz.
The magnetic current is seen to be longitudinal to the slot length, and its magnitude at two resonances is presented in Fig. 6. The magnetic current density shows that at the 2nd resonance, the OES radiates in the broadside direction along ±y-axis.
Magnitudes of magnetic current density on the open-end staircase slot at two resonances of the antenna (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5.02 GHz.
Whereas negligible magnetic current is present on the slot at 1st resonance, which means the OES weakly radiates at the 1st resonance frequency.
The physical parameters of OES and POLR can be varied to tune the two operating frequencies independently. Figure 7 reveals the simulated reflection coefficients for different widths (wd) of POLR and different lengths (ls1) of OES. One can notice that the first resonance shifts toward a higher frequency with an increase in wd from 0.5–1.3 mm. This can be understood as the increase in the width of the metal strip decreases the inductance of the loop resonator, causing a high-frequency shift of the first resonant frequency. The tuning range of the 1st resonant is achieved over a BW of 320 MHz between 3.22 and 3.54 GHz. It is observed that the change in wd has a negligible effect on the 2nd resonance. Similarly, the increase in the slot length ls1 from 10 to 12 mm lowers the 2nd resonant from 5.38 to 5.04 GHz with a tuning range of 340 MHz. The increase in ls1 enhances the effective current path of the slot mode in the staircase geometry, attributing to the lower frequency shift of the 2nd resonance.
Simulated reflection coefficient of the single MIMO element with change in physical parameters (a) at various widths (wd) of open-loop resonator (b) at various lengths (ls1) of open-end staircase slot.
Simulation and measured results of eight-element MIMO
Fabricated MIMO antenna with self-decoupling
Figure 8 shows photographs of the fabricated eight-port dual-band MIMO array, including the back view of the SCB and the front and rear views of the narrow metal side frame. The microstrip feeds and ground plane are engraved on the front and rear faces of a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate. The staircase slots of the MIMO units and POLR-loaded U-shaped feed are patterned on a 0.5 mm thick narrow FR-4 substrate, forming the smartphone’s metal frames. These frames are fixed to the SCB using epoxy resin. Isometric views of the final prototype are displayed in Fig. 8(d–e). SMA connectors are soldered to the eight microstrip feed lines, which protrude through the SCB. The U-shaped feed connects to the microstrip line with a 0.2 mm diameter copper wire. Narrow rectangular slits measuring 3.1 × 0.75 mm2 are etched on the inner face of the metal frame to isolate the shorting pin from the vertical ground plane. Figure 9 presents the experimental setup of the MIMO array inside the anechoic chamber, with the distance between the array and the transmitting broadband horn antenna maintained at 100 cm for far-field radiation and gain measurements.
Fabricated photographs of dual-band eight-element MIMO array (a) back layer of SCB consisting of the microstrip feed lines along the long side edges (b) outer face of the narrow metal side frame consisting of POLRs and inverted U-shaped decoupling strips (c) inner face of the narrow metal side frame consisting of staircase OESs. Perspective view of the MIMO array integrated with metal chassis along the edges (d) front-side facing (e) back-side facing.
Measurement setup of the dual-band eight-element MIMO array inside an anechoic chamber.
Electric field magnitude on the U-shaped feed and POLR at two operating frequencies of MIMO array (a) and (c) without inverted U-metal strip (b) and (d) with inverted U-metal strip.
In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna units, an inverted U-shaped metal strip is capacitively coupled with the POLR, contributing to the self-decoupling of the MIMO array. Figure 10 illustrates the electric field magnitude on the U-shaped feeding and POLR at the two operating frequencies to gain a physical understanding of the decoupling technique. Here, the antenna on the left side (Ant 4) has been excited, whereas the other antennas of the MIMO array, including Ant 3, are terminated with 50 Ω resistance. Without an inverted U-shaped strip, the notable electric field intensity is detected on the U-shaped feed and POLR of the passive element (Ant 3). Unlike the higher frequency, the coupled field on the passive radiating unit is observed to be significant at the lower frequency, implying low isolation between the two adjacent antennas. This coupling electric field between the units can be remarkably reduced when an inverted U-metal strip is integrated with each antenna structure, causing high isolation between the elements. The improvement in isolation has been achieved because the U-shaped strip acts as a reflector for the surface current, preventing it from coupling with nearby antenna units [Reference Thummaluru, Ameen and Chaudhary47]. Also, due to the nonresonant characteristics of the strip, it provides isolation improvement at both operating frequencies.
Simulated and measured return loss and isolation
The reflection and transmission coefficients of the dual-band MIMO antenna are measured using the Keysigt vector network analyzer (VNA) of model PNA N5224B. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the eight-port MIMO array are presented in Fig. 11(a). Due to symmetry in the MIMO geometry, only the reflection coefficients of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are presented here. Although the simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the array are found in good agreement, the minor discrepancy observed may be due to reasons like (a) error introduced during fabrication due to tolerances in minimum metal trace width and spacing between two adjacent traces, (b) effect of small air-gap and epoxy layer that exist between SCB and two metal side-frames along long edges, and (c) minor change in the dielectric constant of FR-4 substrate with temperature and humidity. The designed MIMO exhibits dual resonances at 3.5 and 5.02 GHz in simulation. The return loss that was achieved for Ant 1, Ant 2, Ant 3, and Ant 4 at the lower resonance is found to be 15.9, 16, 15.4, and 20.9 dB; and at the higher resonance, the values are 19.7, 20.8, 20.5, and 17.9 dB. In the measurement, two resonant frequencies are obtained at 3.485 and 5.005 GHz for Ant 1, 3.485 and 4.89 GHz for Ant 2, 3.525 and 4.93 GHz for Ant 3, and 3.485 and 4.97 GHz for Ant 4. The common VSWR 3:1 BW of the MIMO are observed to be over the range of 3.41–3.58 GHz (170 MHz or 4.9%) and 4.94–5.12 GHz (180 MHz or 3.6%) in the simulation. In comparison, the measured response of the MIMO array exhibits the impedance BW between 3.4–3.57 GHz (4.9%) in the lower band and 4.74–5.1 GHz (7.3%) in the higher band. The transmission coefficients (isolation) between the MIMO units are also calculated in full-wave simulation and have been measured using VNA, as revealed in Fig. 11(b). To illustrate the self-decoupling between the elements, the simulated isolation between two nearby antennas without the inverted U-strip is also included. For the self-decoupled array, the simulated minimum isolation between elements is found to be >18.83 dB in the 1st band and >27.68 dB in the 2nd band. As compared to the unloaded strip, the MIMO array exhibits an improvement in isolation of 4.85 and 3.42 dB in the lower and higher resonance, respectively. The measured transmission response of the array exhibits isolation of >22.96 dB in the 1st band and >25 dB in the 2nd band, respectively.
Simulated and measured (a) reflection coefficient (b) transmission coefficient of the dual-band 8 × 8 MIMO array.
Radiation patterns, gain and total efficiency
The radiation pattern of the proposed dual-band MIMO array was measured for the unit elements Ant 1, Ant 2, Ant 3, and Ant 4. The radiation pattern was measured in two principal planes (xz and yz), for which only one of the elements has been excited, and the remaining ports of the array are terminated with a broadband 50 Ω load impedance. Figures 12 and 13 display the 2D polar radiation patterns of the MIMO array in the two orthogonal planes (xz and yz) at the two resonances near 3.5 and 5 GHz. The measured radiation patterns are found to be consistent with those of the simulated response, except for a minor disagreement in the xz-plane. This discrepancy may arise due to errors revealed in the measurement setup inside the anechoic chamber or due to the presence of an air gap and misalignment between the metal side frame and the SCB. In the xz-plane, the pattern shows bi-directional radiation in the shape of a figure of eight, whereas, in the yz-plane, the pattern is found to be in the endfire direction outward to the staircase OES. It can also be concluded from Figs. 12 and 13 that the polarization of the MIMO element at the two operating frequencies appears to be dual-orthogonal linearly polarized. The simulated and measured gain and total efficiency of the MIMO array are depicted in Fig. 14(a–b). At the lower frequency, the peak realized gain of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are 2.91, 2.49, 2.39, and 3.9 dBi in simulation against the measured values of 2.68, 2, 1.76, and 3.57 dBi. Whereas at the higher operating frequency, the simulated gains of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are 3.81, 4.26, 4.42, and 4.14 dBi, respectively and that of 3.48, 3.98, 3.9, 3.67 dBi as found in the measurement. At the 1st and 2nd operating frequencies, the simulated maximum total efficiencies of the array are 37.98% and 40.2%. The measured efficiency of the array is determined using the Wheeler cap method as given in [Reference Dey and Koul16]. The efficiencies of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are calculated as 43.6%, 45.3%, 41.8%, and 42.4% near 3.5 GHz and 42.9%, 40.5%, 42.2%, and 39.9% near 5 GHz. The slightly lower efficiency as compared to earlier reported dual-band MIMO array is attributed to the higher dielectric losses of the FR-4 substrate. It can be shown that for the loss-less substrate of metal side-frames, peak efficiencies of Ant 1, Ant 2, Ant 3, and Ant 4 reach 50.8%, 46.9%, 44.7%, and 63.9% at the lower frequency and that of 60.9%, 61%, 60.9%, and 64.1% at the higher frequency.
Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the dual-band MIMO array at the lower resonance (a) xz-plane (b) yz-plane.
Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the dual-band MIMO array at the higher resonance (a) xz-plane (b) yz-plane.
Simulated and measured (a) peak realized gain and (b) total efficiency of the dual-band eight-element MIMO array.
Diversity parameters and SAR analysis
Envelope correlation coefficient and CC
The diversity and multiplexing analysis of the dual-band MIMO array focuses on evaluating the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and ergodic CC. Figure 15 depicts the ECC and CC of the eight-element MIMO array. The ECC quantifies the correlation between individual antenna elements, with lower values indicating higher diversity gain (DG), which is advantageous in MIMO systems. It is crucial to ensure ECC values remain below certain thresholds for optimal system operation. The ECC between two antennas is calculated using the complex radiation far-field patterns, as shown in (4) [Reference Li38]
\begin{equation}ECC = \rho _{ij}^2 = \frac{{{{\left| {\mathop{\iint\mkern-19.5mu \bigcirc}
{{{\bar F}_i}(\theta ,\varphi ).{{\bar F}_j}(\theta ,\varphi )\sin \theta d\theta d\varphi } } \right|}^2}}}{{\mathop{\iint\mkern-19.5mu \bigcirc}
{{{\left| {{{\bar F}_i}(\theta ,\varphi )} \right|}^2}\sin \theta d\theta d\varphi } \mathop{\iint\mkern-19.5mu \bigcirc}
{{{\left| {{{\bar F}_j}(\theta ,\varphi )} \right|}^2}\sin \theta d\theta d\varphi } }}\end{equation}Simulated (a) envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (b) ergodic channel capacity of the dual-band 8 × 8 MIMO antenna array.
In the above equation, ECC is considered as the square of the correlation coefficient 
$({\rho _{_{ij}}})$. Here 
$\overline {{F_j}} \left( {\theta ,\phi } \right)$ in (4) signifies the radiated electric field. Considering coupling between all the ports of the designed dual-band MIMO antenna, the simulated ECC has a maximum value of <0.174 in the lower band and <0.069 in the higher band (see Fig. 15[a]). The obtained value is below the limit of 0.3 for the MIMO diversity operation in the sub-6 GHz 5G range. Within the two operating bands, the DG of the suggested MIMO antenna was found above 9.85 and 9.98, as determined using 
$DG = 10\sqrt {1 - EC{C^2}} $.
The CC, representing the maximum achievable data transmission rate, is determined by considering system parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), antenna efficiency, and environmental conditions. For the designed dual-band 8 × 8 MIMO antenna, the Kronecker model has been employed to determine ergodic CC as given by (5) [Reference Li38]
\begin{equation}CC = {\log _2}\left[ {\det \left( {I + \frac{{SNR}}{{{N_T}}}{H_c}*{H_c}^T} \right)} \right]\end{equation} In the above relation, I is an NT × NT identity matrix, where NT is the number of antennas in the transmitter (Tx). The SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver (Rx). The channel is considered independent identically distributed (iid) complex Gaussian variables with zero mean and unit variance. All the antennas in the Tx terminal are assumed to be uncorrelated and have 100% efficiency. The channel matrix (Hc) can be calculated from the correlation coefficient (
${\rho _{RX}}$) and total efficiency (
${\eta _{RX}}$) of the receiving MIMO antennas using (6)
\begin{equation}{H_c} = \sqrt {{\rho _{scale,RX}}} {H_{iid}},\;{\text{with}}\;\;{\rho _{scale,RX}} = \sqrt {{\eta _{RX}}} {\rho _{RX}}\sqrt {{\eta _{RX}}} \end{equation}Here H iid is the complex random variable. One should notice that the operator (.)T is the Hermitian transpose of the channel matrix. The CC obtained using (5) and (6) is averaged over 10000 arbitrary Rayleigh fading conditions. The simulated CC of the eight-port dual-band MIMO array is given in Fig. 15(b) and compared with that of an ideal 8 × 8 MIMO antenna for a fixed SNR value of 20 dB. The designed array exhibits a maximum CC of 35.5 and 39.1 bps/Hz in the two operating frequencies, which is very close to the theoretical upper limit of 44 bps/Hz for the eight-element MIMO antenna.
In multipath fading, the incoming signals at the different ports of the dual-band MIMO antenna face random phase variation. The signal at one port will couple to the other ports due to mutual coupling and can affect the impedance matching of the MIMO elements. The total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is the matric that correctly characterizes the BW of the MIMO array in the presence of inter-port coupling and is defined as the square root of the total reflected power to the total incident power. For N-port MIMO antenna TARC is given by (7) [Reference Sharawi48].
\begin{equation}TARC = {N^{ - 0.5}}\sqrt {{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left| {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^N {|{S_{ik}}|\exp \left[ {j\left( {\angle {S_{ik}} + {\theta _{k - 1}}} \right)} \right]} } \right|} }^2}} \end{equation}Where Sik = |Sik|∠Sik is the complex scattering parameter for the 8 × 8 MIMO array. The incident wave on each port has a random phase of “θk” whose value can be between 0 and 2π. Note that the reference phase (θ0) at port-1 is considered zero. Figure 16 depicts the simulated TARC of the dual-band MIMO antenna, exhibiting a reflection coefficient of below −6 dB over the operating range of 3.41–3.58 GHz and 4.94–5.12 GHz.
Simulated total active reflection coefficient (TARC) of the MIMO array.
SAR analysis
SAR is an absorbed EM power by the unit mass of the body tissue when it is exposed to radiation and it is represented in the unit of W/kg or mW/g. For mobile operation at microwave frequency, the maximum allowable limits of SAR on the human body are 1.6 and 2 W/kg when the averaging of electric field intensity is performed over 1 and 10 gm of tissue, respectively. Figures 17 and 18 reveal the average SAR on the human hand for two popular cases of single-hand mode (SHM) and dual-hand mode (DHM) at the two center frequencies. These two modes are related to the mobile operations, e.g. internet browsing and online video gaming. All eight elements of the MIMO array were excited with a power of 10 dBm each. The SAR on the human hand is found to be well below the acceptable limit. At 3.5 and 5 GHz, the peak SAR values are 0.253 and 0.232 W/kg for SHM; on the contrary, the values are 0.518 and 0.579 W/kg for DHM. The effect of microwave radiation on the human head is analyzed during calling mode for an input power of 10 dBm per unit element of the array. The SAR on the human head model is shown in Fig. 19 at two frequencies, 3.5 and 5 GHz. At the lower band, the SAR is obtained <0.667 W/kg within the major area of the hand and head phantom, whereas it is <0.2 W/kg for the higher band. It is noteworthy that, despite the reflection of waves from the human body tissue, the impedance matching of the antenna units remains well below −10 dB for SHM and DHM operations.
Simulated SAR distribution on user’s hand for SHM operation (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5 GHz.
Simulated SAR distribution on user’s hand for DHM operation (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5 GHz.
Simulated SAR distribution on the human hand and head phantom models for calling mode (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5 GHz.
Effect of battery and LCD display
The effect of the battery, LCD screen, and front and back covers on the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient response of the array has been investigated. The battery having a cuboidal size of 118 × 40 × 4 mm3 is placed on the side of the system ground plane. The material for the battery is considered copper, which has a conductivity of 5.8 × 107 S/m. On the contrary the LCD panel of thickness 1 mm is placed on the opposite side of the battery, which covers a lateral size of 134 × 70 mm2. To account for the encapsulation inside the smartphone, the dual-band MIMO antenna is covered by front and rear covers of plastic material. Figure 20(a) presents the schematic of the eight-element MIMO array covered by different parts of the smartphone. Material properties of the various parts are listed in Table 2, which shows that the LCD and camera lens are made of glass material, and the front and back covers of the phone are made of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic material [Reference Dey and Dey49]. Figure 20(b) shows the simulated reflection and transmission coefficients of the MIMO array, considering the effects of smartphone casing, battery and LCD screen. The impedance matching of the array slightly deteriorates at the lower resonance, with a minimum value of return loss achieved as 11.82 dB for Ant 3. The MIMO antenna exhibits a slightly better transmission coefficient response with isolation between adjacent units is >20.37 dB in the lower band, and it is >24.98 dB in the higher band.
(a) Smartphone model of the proposed dual-band eight-element MIMO antenna (b) simulated reflection and transmission coefficients including the effect of battery, LCD screen, front and rear covers.
Material properties of the smartphone model
Table 3 represents the performance comparison of the designed MIMO antenna with earlier reported single and dual-band massive MIMO arrays. The salient feature of the present work is obtaining high isolation simultaneously at the two operating frequencies by integrating the decoupling circuit with antenna geometry. The isolation between the adjacent units of the proposed dual-band MIMO antenna is achieved to be better than all the similar works listed in Table 3. Although MIMO arrays in references [Reference Jiang, Cui, Liu, Hu and Xi39–Reference Serghiou, Khalily, Singh, Araghi and Tafazolli41] exhibit low mutual coupling between the elements, but additional coupling reduction circuit is placed between the radiating units. The ground branch in reference [Reference Jiang, Cui, Liu, Hu and Xi39] occupies a large area of the SCB, making it unlikely to be used in a practical scenario. Also, the CC of reference [Reference Ren and Zhao40] is much lower compared to the proposed work, which is due to the implementation of a lower MIMO order; apart from that, the element’s size of the array is also higher than the suggested dual-band radiating unit.
State-of-the-art performance comparison of the dual-band eight-port MIMO array with earlier reported works
#SIR = stepped impedance resonator, CC = channel capacity.
* Radiation efficiency, AP = antenna pair, OES = open-end slot, POLR = parasitic open-loop resonator, NR = not reported, NA = not applicable.
Conclusion
A new dual-band eight-port MIMO antenna with high isolation characteristics has been designed for future 5G smartphone applications. The unit element of the MIMO array is chosen as a coupled resonating element in the geometry of a staircase OES and a loop branch meandered around a U-shaped feed. The multi-resonance characteristics of the unit element have been showcased by analyzing the surface current on the structure. The designed antenna’s features, like independent frequency tuning of the two operating bands, were detailed by the change in the physical parameters of the slot and POLR. The proposed dual-band MIMO array resonates near 3.5 and 5 GHz with impedance BWs of 170 and 360 MHz, respectively. For the massive 8 × 8 MIMO geometry, the decoupling between adjacent units was obtained by combining the inverted U-shaped strip with each antenna element without the requirement of any additional space in the SCB or in the metal side frames. The recommended array demonstrates high isolation of over 22 dB simultaneously at the two center frequencies, with a minimum improvement of 3.42 dB observed in reversing the coupling compared to the reference MIMO array. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this low mutual coupling is found to be better as compared to all the reported dual-band MIMO antennas of an element size of 8 or more. The proposed MIMO antenna array also exhibits low SAR values at different operating modes, demonstrating its potential application in the future 5G mobile terminal. The efficiency and BW of the dual-band MIMO array can be further improved by implementing the narrow side frames on substrates of lower dielectric constant and loss tangent.
Acknowledgements
One of the authors appreciates the support received from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India and also acknowledges the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society for the 2023 APSF fellowship. This work is supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India, under Project no. TTR/2022/000001.
Competing interests
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Soumik Dey is a student member of IEEE and and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Palakkad. He earned his B.Sc. in Physics (Honours) from Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, in 2012, followed by B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in Radio Physics and Electronics from the University of Calcutta in 2016 and 2018, respectively. From December 2018 to June 2019, he worked as a research staff at IIT Palakkad before beginning his PhD in July 2019. He is a recipient of the DST Inspire Fellowship from the Government of India and the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Fellowship (APSF) in 2023. He also secured the first rank during his M.Tech. Programme at the University of Calcutta. He has published more than 40 research papers in international journals and conferences and filed three Indian patents. Additionally, he served as the vice-chair and chair of the IEEE AP-S Student Branch Chapter at IIT Palakkad from 2022 to 2023. His current research interests include broadband and multiband antennas, frequency-selective surfaces, metamaterials, electromagnetic bandgap structures, MIMO antennas, phased arrays, passive beamforming networks, and substrate-integrated waveguides.
Sukomal Dey received the B.Tech. degree in electronics and communication engineering from the West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, India, in 2006, the M.Tech. degree in mechatronics engineering from the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree from the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, in July 2015. From August 2015 to July 2016, he was a Project Scientist with Industrial Research and Development Centre, IIT Delhi, and also worked on a collaborative research project supported by Synergy Microwave Corp., Paterson, NJ, USA. From August 2016 to June 2018, he was with Radio Frequency Microsystem Lab, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, as a Postdoctorate Research Fellow. Dr. Dey served as an Assistant Professor from June, 2018 to June 2023, and since June 2023, he has been an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India. For his M.Tech. dissertation (one year), he was with Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, India, in 2009. He has authored or coauthored more than 150 research papers, two state-of-the art books, two book chapters, and filed 16 patents. His research interests include electromagnetic metamaterial structures, frequency selective surfaces, microwave imaging, and microwave-integrated circuits, including antennas and RFMEMS. Dr. Dey was the recipient of the Postgraduate Student Award from the Institute of Smart Structure and System, Bangalore, India, in 2012, Best Industry Relevant Ph.D. Thesis Award from the Foundation for Innovation in Technology Transfer, IIT Delhi, in 2016, Distinction in Doctoral Research – 2016 from IIT Delhi, Postdoctoral Fellow Scholarships from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, in 2016 and 2017, respectively, Early Career Research Award from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India, in 2019, Smt. Ranjana Pal Memorial Award (2021) from the Institution of Electronics and Communication Engineers, Technology Translation Award - 2023 from SERB, India and several best paper awards with his students from national and international IEEE conferences. He has been inducted in the technical program committee 4 and 6 of the IEEE MTT Society. Dr. Dey is Senior member of IEEE, Fellow of IETE, India and current Vice-Chairman of the IEEE-MTTs society, Kerala chapter, India.
