Methods

The Orthonairovirus genus includes the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus, a zoonotic virus spread by ticks. While the primary reservoir and vector for the virus are ticks, especially those of the Hyalomma genus, human infection usually comes through infected animals. When infected, these animals, commonly cows and goats, might be asymptomatic or subclinical, and contact with their blood and ingesting meat and milk are typical ways for the virus to spread to humans. Patients may experience a variety of symptoms after an incubation period of up to 14 d, from asymptomatic or flu-like signs to multi-organ hemorrhage and ultimate failure. ¹ The reported mortality rate for CCHF is 10% to 30%. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified it as a biosafety level 4 pathogen, alongside other pathogens like the Ebola virus, monkeypox, and smallpox.

In 1944, the first known case of CCHF was discovered. Since then, it has spread throughout the world, and as of 2022, the CCHF virus is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Southeastern Europe. It is predicted that 3 billion people are at risk of infection globally, and 10,000 to 15,000 infections take place each year. ^{1,Reference Vorou, Pierroutsakos and Maltezou2} The Republic of Iraq informed the World Health Organization (WHO) of 212 cases of CCHF from January 1 to May 22, with 115 (54%) being suspected and 97 (46%) being confirmed. Although Asia is the region most frequently affected by CCHF outbreaks, the current epidemic being experienced in Iraq is extremely concerning; 116 (or 80%) of these cases were reported in just 2 months, April and May. There have been 27 deaths reported thus far. Fourteen of these cases were confirmed, while 13 were suspected. ³ The incidence of CCHF is rising as the year goes on, and the WHO has categorized the additional cases as an outbreak. ³

The majority of verified cases from Iraq were discovered in those who had frequent interaction with cattle, such as breeders and butchers. ³ Over Eid-ul-Adha, this fact becomes even more worrisome. Animal sacrifices, mainly cattle, take place during this Muslim holiday. Because of this, there is excessive animal contact before and after the festival in every part of the nation, exposing populations that would not normally be at risk for the disease. Additionally, this disease can continue to spread for a while even after an animal has died, through carcasses, feces, and meat. A total of 90% of CCHF cases in Kabul, according to a 22-mo Afghan study, occurred between June and September, when Eid-ul-Adha is observed. ^{Reference Qaderi, Mardani and Shah4}

Pakistan reported only 4 confirmed cases of CCHF nationwide in the first 5 mo of 2022, specifically 2 in Sindh and 2 in Punjab. ⁵ But there has been a significant increase in instances since the beginning of June, with 6 new cases appearing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ⁶ and 1 new case appearing in Balochistan. ⁷ The severity of some situations necessitates hospitalization to treat the symptoms. ^6,7 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has released advice for the forthcoming season in light of this. ⁵

In Pakistan, CCHF was first noted in 1976. ^{Reference Abbas, Younus and Muhammad8} After 2-yearly peaks from March to October, it has since spread over the entire nation, with 356 confirmed cases between January 2014 and May 2020. ^{Reference Ahmed, Saqlain and Tanveer9} Although the virus has had the greatest impact in the province of Balochistan, the provincial mortality rates have fluctuated and do not appear to follow a pattern. ^{Reference Atif, Saqib and Ikram10}

Estimates for Pakistan’s livestock in 2020 include 49.6 million cattle, 41.2 million buffalo, 78.2 million goats, and 31.2 million sheep. The 4 most significant livestock types in Pakistan comprise the majority of the nation’s agricultural subsector. ¹¹ This feature, coupled with the country of Pakistan’s arid climate and warmth, makes it the ideal setting for the CCHFV to grow and spread. ^{Reference Atif, Saqib and Ikram10} The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has acted as a sobering warning about the value of personal cleanliness and care. It is obvious that prevention must receive more attention before an endemic may become an epidemic. The National Institute of Health in Pakistan has released a warning about the CCHFV and its potential transmission. ⁵ However, both the general population and the government need to take additional action. The necessity of stricter screening with a focus on cattle-borne diseases and early patient diagnosis cannot be overstated. Additionally, the general public’s personal hygiene and attention to detail, including actions like donning more protective clothing and taking a shower after coming into contact with cattle, might lessen the spread. ^1,3 In Pakistan, there is also a major shortage of information on the CCHFV. Although cases have been described, in-depth research on the genotype, its susceptibility to drug therapy, as well as epidemiological aspects, is few. In Iraq, CCHF has advanced from endemic to epidemic status. Pakistan must take precautions to make sure it does not experience the same destiny because it is at great risk.