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¹⁷ See Tripathi, Oxford History, for a useful discussion. Most names of firms appearing in this account belonged to bankers.

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³⁴ For example, Owen Roberts of Lahore, interview in Punjab Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, Report of the Punjab Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, 1929–30, vol. 2 (Calcutta, 1930), 994–96Google Scholar; and Innes & Co. of Kakinada, a partnership between an Indian and a European, started c. 1870 as exporter of jute, rice, oilseeds, and jaggery. The firm also owned rice mills. Indian Industrial Commission, Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Indian Industrial Commission, 1916–18, vol. 3 (London, 1918), 88Google Scholar.

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³⁷ United Provinces Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, Report of the United Provinces Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, 1929–30, vol. 2, Evidence (Calcutta, 1930), 3Google Scholar.

³⁸ “Very many firms add banking to their main business, mainly for employing their funds in the slack season.” Sinha, H., Early European Banking in India with Some Reflections on Present Conditions (London, 1927), 244Google Scholar.

³⁹ Messrs. Khialiram Kedarnath, grain and oil merchants, Lachman Sahu Gopal Sahu, grain dealers, Gopi Sahu Munshi Sahu, grain merchant, and Seth Jhunjhunwala, banker, grain merchant and cloth dealer, Bihar and Orissa Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, Report of the Bihar and Orissa Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, 1929–30, vol. 1 (Patna, 1930), 21Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Ibid., 89. The practice of bank advances against grain stores varied between regions.

⁴¹ Indian Central Jute Committee, Report on the Marketing and Transport of Jute in India (Calcutta, 1940), 117Google Scholar.

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⁴³ Report of the United Provinces Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, 1929–30, 83.

⁴⁴ Sinha, Early European Banking, 244.

⁴⁵ Report on the Marketing and Transport of Jute, 89.

⁴⁶ Goswami, “Then Came the Marwaris.”

⁴⁷ A 1906 government report cited in Roy, Tirthankar, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India (Cambridge, U.K., 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar where a fuller range of source citations on the hide merchant can be found.

⁴⁸ Based on Playne, , Southern India, 145–6, 213, 688, 701–3Google Scholar; and Indian Leather Trades and Industries Year-Book (Madras, 1967)Google Scholar.

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⁶² See Jones and Wale, “Merchants as Business Groups,” for a study of James Finlay.

⁶³ Reinhart, George, Volkart Brothers: In Commemoration of the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Foundation (Winterthur, 1926)Google Scholar; Dejung, Christof, “Bridges to the East: European Merchants and Business Practices in India and China,” in Commerce and Culture: Nineteenth-Century Business Elites, ed. Lee, Robert, (Farnham, 2011), 93–116Google Scholar.

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⁶⁸ Ibid., 15.

⁶⁹ Jones, Stephanie, Merchants of the Raj: British Managing Agency Houses in Calcutta Yesterday and Today (Basingstoke, 1992), 72–74Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Roy, Tirthankar, “Madras Handkerchiefs in the Interwar Period,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 39, nos. 2–3 (2002): 285–300Google Scholar and Roy, Traditional Industry; and notes from personal field trips to the Madras handkerchief and carpet manufacturing regions in 1994, 1996, and 2012.

⁷¹ Royal Commission on Labour in India, vol. 2, pt. 2 (London, 1931), 89–90Google Scholar.

⁷² Ibid., 89.

⁷³ W. J. Oakley, “History of Obeetee Private Limited,” mimeo, 1980, and field notes, Sept. 2012.

⁷⁴ See O'Rourke, Kevin H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999)Google Scholar; Giddens, Anthony, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, 1990)Google Scholar; Robertson, Roland, “Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept,” Theory, Culture, and Society 7, no. 1 (1990): 15–30Google Scholar.

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⁷⁷ Jones, Merchants to Multinationals, ch. 1.

⁷⁸ Ibid., on Allahabad, 320.

⁷⁹ Dejung, “Bridges to the East,” explains the reliance on agents with reference to costs of credit operations in an analysis of Volkart's operations in China.

⁸⁰ Misra, Business and Politics.

⁸¹ Jones, Merchants of the Raj, 156, 100.

⁸² Jones, Merchants to Multinationals, on “Business Groups.”

⁸³ Jones, Merchants of the Raj.