Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-c52kr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-07T09:03:53.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Capronia paranectrioides (Herpotrichiellaceae, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2013

Javier ETAYO ,
Adam FLAKUS  and
Martin KUKWA
Javier ETAYO
Affiliation:
Navarro Villoslada 16, 3° dcha., E-31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Adam FLAKUS*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland. Email: a.flakus@botany.pl
Martin KUKWA
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 58, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The new lichenicolous Capronia paranectrioides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of Erioderma leylandii, is described from Bolivia. The species is characterized by pale brown, submuriform and bicaudate ascospores, subglobose to barrel-shaped perithecia and I+ red, K/I+ pale blue hymenial gelatine. It is the first known Capronia species producing ascospores with long apical appendages.

Keywords

AndesbiodiversityNeotropicsSouth Americataxonomy

Information

Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 45 , Issue 5 , September 2013 , pp. 623 - 626
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2013 

Introduction

The genus Capronia Sacc. is characterized by black, usually setose, perithecioid ascomata with periphysate ostioles, an absence of pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate, usually 8- to multi-spored asci of the Herpotrichiella-type and septate to muriform, hyaline to pale grey or brown ascospores (Halici et al. Reference Halici, Hawksworth, Candan and Türk2010). It comprises c. 70 species, which mostly grow on decaying wood, bark and leaves, but some are also associated with fungi or lichens (Untereiner et al. Reference Untereiner, Gueidan, Orr and Diederich2011; Friebes Reference Friebes2012). So far, 17 species (two still unnamed; see Etayo Reference Etayo2002: 92 and Etayo Reference Etayo2010: 35) obligately growing on lichens have been recognized (e.g., Etayo & Sancho Reference Etayo and Sancho2008; Halici et al. Reference Halici, Hawksworth, Candan and Türk2010; Flakus & Kukwa Reference Flakus and Kukwa2012a ; Zhurbenko Reference Zhurbenko2012). In this paper, we introduce a new species of the genus Capronia with very unusual ascospores, with both ends protruding into long appendages (caudae).

This work is a further contribution to the knowledge of the lichenicolous fungi of Bolivia, which is the result of our current study focusing on the taxonomy and diversity of lichens and allied fungi in that country (e.g., Flakus & Wilk Reference Flakus and Wilk2006; Flakus & Kukwa Reference Flakus and Kukwa2007, Reference Flakus and Kukwa2012a , Reference Flakus and Kukwa b ; Flakus et al. Reference Flakus, Ahti, Kukwa and Wilk2008, Reference Flakus, Etayo, Schiefelbein, Ahti, Jabłońska, Oset, Bach, Rodriguez Flakus and Kukwa2012; Flakus Reference Flakus2009; Kukwa & Flakus Reference Kukwa and Flakus2009; Kukwa et al. Reference Kukwa, Etayo and Flakus2012; Etayo et al. Reference Etayo, Flakus and Kukwa2013).

Material and Methods

The material is deposited in KRAM, LPB and hb. Etayo. Morphology and anatomy were examined using Nikon SMZ800 and Nikon Eclipse 80i (DIC) microscopes. The anatomy was studied on material mounted in water, KOH solution (K), lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB), and for ascus structure Lugol's iodine solution without (I) or with pretreatment with KOH (K/I). Measurements of ascospores and other structures were made in water.

The New Species

Capronia paranectrioides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov.

MycoBank No.: MB 803885

Differs from other Capronia species by pale brown, submuriform and bicaudate ascospores, and I+ red, K/I+ pale blue hamathecial gelatine.

Type: Bolivia, Dept. La Paz, Nor Yungas Province, Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Cotapata, 30′ walking of Unduavi by Sillu Tincara pre-Columbian route, transition Páramo Yungueño–Yungas cloud forest, on epiphytic Erioderma leylandii, 3518 m, 16°17′22″S, 67°53′29″W, 25 May 2011, J. Etayo 28054, A. Flakus, M. Kukwa, O. Plata & U. Schiefelbein (LPB—holotype; KRAM, hb. Etayo—isotypes).

(Fig. 1A–F)

Fig. 1.

Capronia paranectrioides (holotype). A, habit of perithecioid ascomata on the upper surface of Erioderma; B, cross-section of ascoma showing pseudoparenchymatous exciple composed of several cell layers (mounted in LPCB); C, periphysoids (mounted in LPCB); D, 8-spored ascus; E, ascospores (mounted in tap water); F, ascospores (mounted in LPCB). Scales: A=200 µm; B=50 µm; C=25 µm; D–F=10 µm. In colour online.

Ascomata perithecioid, ostiolate, dispersed on the host thallus to aggregated, superficial, black, subglobose to barrel-shaped with slightly applanate apex, habitually not collapsing, when dry, with abundant setae in upper half to almost glabrous, 150–220 µm diam. Setae simple, non or rarely septate, smooth-walled, dark brown, obtuse to slightly pointed at the apex and with thickened base, sometimes with constrictions near septa, 30–95×3·0–4·5 µm. Exciple 25–35 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of c. 6–11 layers of thin-walled cells, the outermost layers brown to dark brown, of angular to elongate cells (c. 5–9×3–4 µm), the inner layers pale brown to hyaline (I+ yellow-orange), of more elongate cells in cross-section. Hamathecium gelatinized, hyaline, I+ red, K/I+ pale blue, pseudoparaphyses absent. Periphysoids slightly clavate, hyaline, 1–4-septate, apically usually faintly branched, 11–25×3–6(–9) µm. Asci 8-spored, clavate, fissitunicate, wall apically thickened, ascus apex I−, K/I−, ascus wall K/I+ faintly pale blue, 70–80×14–15 µm. Ascospores pale brown with pigment uniformly distributed, broadly ellipsoidal with acuminate apices prolonging into (3–)5–9(–14) µm long and often curved caudae, submuriform, mature 8–11-celled, with 3–5 transverse and 1–2 longitudinal septa with slight constriction near the septa, without perispore, smooth-walled, 15–29×8–10(–11) µm (measured without caudae); ascospores measured together with cilia 35–50 µm long.

Conidiomata not observed.

Host

The species inhabits the upper thallus surface of corticolous Erioderma leylandii. As the fungus does not cause damage to the host thallus, we assume it is a parasymbiont.

Etymology

The new species is named after the characteristic submuriform ascospores with both ends prolongated in long caudae, thus resembling the hypocrealen genus Paranectria Sacc. (e.g. Hawksworth Reference Hawksworth1982; Ertz Reference Ertz, Nash, Ryan, Diederich, Gries and Bungartz2004; Zhurbenko Reference Zhurbenko2009).

Distribution and habitat

So far, the species is known from high Andean forests in Bolivia and Peru. The type locality, where it grows in the transitional vegetation between Páramo Yungueño and Yungas cloud forest is very diverse in terms of lichenicolous fungi, and other species will be treated elsewhere.

Notes

Capronia paranectrioides is the first known member of the genus growing on Erioderma. It differs from all other species predominantly by its bicaudate ascospores (Hawksworth Reference Hawksworth1980, Reference Hawksworth1990; Kondratyuk & Galloway Reference Kondratyuk and Galloway1995; Etayo Reference Etayo1996, Reference Etayo2002, Reference Etayo2003, Reference Etayo2010; Aptroot et al. Reference Aptroot, Diederich, Sérusiaux and Sipman1997; Etayo & Diederich Reference Etayo and Diederich1998; Etayo & van den Boom Reference Etayo and van den Boom2006; Etayo & Sancho Reference Etayo and Sancho2008; Halici et al. Reference Halici, Hawksworth, Candan and Türk2010; Flakus & Kukwa Reference Flakus and Kukwa2012a ; Friebes Reference Friebes2012; Zhurbenko Reference Zhurbenko2012). Another of the unusual features characterizing the new species is the positive amyloid reaction of the hymenium (I+ red and K/I+ blue). So far only two lichenicolous taxa, C. leopoldiana Etayo and C. thamnoliae Zhurb., share this character with C. paranectrioides, but their ascospores are not caudate (Etayo & Sancho Reference Etayo and Sancho2008; Zhurbenko Reference Zhurbenko2012). The reaction, although not always tested, has also been noticed among non-lichenicolous species (Winka et al. Reference Winka, Eriksson and Bang1998; Untereiner Reference Untereiner2000; Friebes Reference Friebes2012). Those species may represent a separate genus due to the atypical reaction of the hamathecial gelatine, but other characters fit the concept of Capronia well, thus we have decided to keep them within this genus. Nevertheless, further molecular data could show the taxa with amyloid hamathecial gelatine to represent a separate phylogenetic lineage, as Capronia is already known to be polyphyletic (Untereiner et al. Reference Untereiner, Gueidan, Orr and Diederich2011).

This type of ascospore is very similar to that of Paranectria, but that hypocrealean genus can easily be distinguished by its pinkish to orange peridium and hyaline ascospores (e.g., Hawksworth Reference Hawksworth1982; Zhurbenko Reference Zhurbenko2009).

Additional specimen examined. Peru: Cuzco: Prov. Paucartambo, road Paucartambo-Pillcopata, 1 km NE of the turn to Tres Cruces, on Erioderma, c. 13°7′S, c. 71°37′W, c. 3500 m, 1981, R. Santesson, A. Tehler & G. Thor P106: 6 (UPS).

We are greatly indebted to Rosa I. Meneses Q., the Director of Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, for generous cooperation, and also to Paul Diederich (Luxemburg) and an anonymous reviewer for valuable and constructive comments on the manuscript. We also thank U. Schiefelbein (Rostock) and O. Plata (La Paz) for their help during fieldwork and Professor Rolf Santesson (Uppsala) for making the Peruvían speciman available for our study. This research received support from the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) in Poland under the LIDER Programme for the years 2010–2013 (no. 92/L–1/09).

References

Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Sérusiaux, E. & Sipman, H. J. M. (1997) Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 64: 1–220.Google Scholar
Ertz, D. (2004) Paranectria. In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2. (Nash, T. H. III, Ryan, B. D., Diederich, P., Gries, C., & Bungartz, F., eds): 678–679. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. (1996) Contribución al conocimiento de los líquenes y hongos liquenícolas de Mallorca (Islas Baleares, España). Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Provence 47: 111–121.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. (2002) Aportación al conocimiento de los hongos liquenícolas de Colombia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 84: 1–154.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. (2003) Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador. II. Dos nuevas especies sobre Placopsis . Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 60: 19–25.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. (2010) Hongos liquenícolas de Perú. Homenaje a Rolf Santesson. Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Provence 61: 83–128.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. & Diederich, P. (1998) Lichenicolous fungi from the western Pyrenees, France and Spain. IV. Ascomycetes. Lichenologist 30: 103–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etayo, J. & van den Boom, P. P. G. (2006) Some lichenicolous fungi from Guatemala, with the description of a new species. Herzogia 19: 191–197.Google Scholar
Etayo, J. & Sancho, L. G. (2008) Hongos liquenícolas del Sur de Sudamérica, especialmente de Isla Navarino (Chile). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 98: 1–302.Google Scholar
Etayo, J., Flakus, A. & Kukwa, M. (2013) Niesslia echinoides (Niessliaceae, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus on Erioderma from Bolivia. Lichenologist 45: 21–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flakus, A. (2009) Aspidothelium lueckingii: a new lichenized fungus from Bolivia. Nova Hedwigia 88: 139–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flakus, A. & Kukwa, M. (2007) New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America. Lichenologist 39: 463–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flakus, A. & Kukwa, M. (2012 a) New species of lichenicolous fungi from Bolivia. Lichenologist 44: 469–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flakus, A. & Kukwa, M. (2012 b) New records of lichenicolous fungi from Bolivia. Opuscula Philolichenum 11: 36–48.Google Scholar
Flakus, A. & Wilk, K. (2006) Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 99: 307–318.Google Scholar
Flakus, A., Ahti, T., Kukwa, M. & Wilk, K. (2008) New and interesting records of Cladonia and their lichenicolous fungi from the Andean cloud forest in Bolivia. Annales Botanici Fennici 45: 448–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flakus, A., Etayo, J., Schiefelbein, U., Ahti, T., Jabłońska, A., Oset, M., Bach, K., Rodriguez Flakus, P. & Kukwa, M. (2012) Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. 4. Polish Botanical Journal 57: 427–461.Google Scholar
Friebes, G. (2012) A key to the non-lichenicolous species of the genus Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae). Ascomycete.org 4: 55–64.Google Scholar
Halici, M. G., Hawksworth, D. L., Candan, M. & Türk, A. Ö. (2010) A new lichenicolous species of Capronia (Ascomycota, Herpotrichiellaceae), with a key to the known lichenicolous species of the genus. Fungal Diversity 40: 37–40.Google Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L. (1980) Notes on some fungi occurring on Peltigera, with a key to accepted species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74: 363–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L. (1982) Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: IV. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 40: 375–397.Google Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L. (1990) Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: VI. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 46: 391–403.Google Scholar
Kondratyuk, S. Y. & Galloway, D. J. (1995) Some new species of lichenicolous fungi. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 58: 235–244.Google Scholar
Kukwa, M. & Flakus, A. (2009) Lepraria glaucosorediata sp. nov. (Stereocaulacae, lichenized Ascomycota) and other interesting records of Lepraria . Mycotaxon 108: 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kukwa, M., Etayo, J. & Flakus, A. (2012) Plectocarpon stereocaulicola (Roccellaceae, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia. Lichenologist 44: 479–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Untereiner, W. A. (2000) Capronia and its anamorphs: exploring the value of morphological and molecular characters in the systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae . Studies in Mycology 45: 141–149.Google Scholar
Untereiner, W. A., Gueidan, C., Orr, M.-J. & Diederich, P. (2011) The phylogenetic position of the lichenicolous ascomycete Capronia peltigerae . Fungal Diversity 49: 225–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winka, E., Eriksson, O. E. & Bang, A. (1998) Molecular evidence for recognizing the Chaetothyriales. Mycologia 90: 822–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhurbenko, M. P. (2009) New and interesting lichenicolous hypocrealean fungi from the Northern Hemisphere. Sydowia 61: 177–188.Google Scholar
Zhurbenko, M. P. (2012) Lichenicolous fungi growing on Thamnolia, mainly from the Holarctic, with a worldwide key to the known species. Lichenologist 44: 147–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figure 0

Fig. 1. Capronia paranectrioides (holotype). A, habit of perithecioid ascomata on the upper surface of Erioderma; B, cross-section of ascoma showing pseudoparenchymatous exciple composed of several cell layers (mounted in LPCB); C, periphysoids (mounted in LPCB); D, 8-spored ascus; E, ascospores (mounted in tap water); F, ascospores (mounted in LPCB). Scales: A=200 µm; B=50 µm; C=25 µm; D–F=10 µm. In colour online.