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Stewarding the inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: leveraging the urinalysis to understand true antibiotic overuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2025

Whitney HartlageOpen the ORCID record for Whitney Hartlage[Opens in a new window],
Alyssa Y. CastilloOpen the ORCID record for Alyssa Y. Castillo[Opens in a new window],
Zahra Kassamali EscobarOpen the ORCID record for Zahra Kassamali Escobar[Opens in a new window],
Maria Bajenov,
Natalia Martinez-Paz,
John B. LynchOpen the ORCID record for John B. Lynch[Opens in a new window],
Chloe Bryson-Cahn and
Jeannie D. ChanOpen the ORCID record for Jeannie D. Chan[Opens in a new window]
Whitney Hartlage*
Affiliation:
Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USAUniversity of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Alyssa Y. Castillo
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USADivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
Zahra Kassamali Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USAFred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USASchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Maria Bajenov
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Natalia Martinez-Paz
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
John B. Lynch
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USADivision of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Chloe Bryson-Cahn
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USADivision of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Jeannie D. Chan
Affiliation:
University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine, Seattle, WA, USASchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USADivision of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Whitney Hartlage; Email: whithart@uw.edu

Abstract

We evaluated 249 asymptomatic patients receiving antibiotics for urinary infection: 222 had asymptomatic pyuria and/or nitrituria (ASPN) and 133 had asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB, growth ≥105 colony forming units/ml). ASPN identified 40% more cases of unnecessary antibiotics compared to ASB and may be a more comprehensive measure of unnecessary antibiotic use.

Information

Type
Concise Communication
Information
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , 2026, e49
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Background

The appropriate diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important focus in antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP). Reference Claeys and Johnson1 An accurate diagnosis requires both consistent genitourinary symptoms and bacteriuria, and antibiotics are recommended. Reference Gupta, Hooton and Naber2,Reference Nicolle, Gupta and Bradley3 In contrast, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)—defined as bacterial growth ≥105 colony forming units/ml without genitourinary symptoms—does not merit treatment outside the settings of pregnancy, some genitourinary surgeries, and the immediate post-kidney transplant period. Reference Nicolle, Gupta and Bradley3 Nevertheless, treatment of ASB remains common and represents an important source of antibiotic overuse. Reference Nicolle, Gupta and Bradley3,Reference Hartlage, Bryson-Cahn and Castillo4

ASPs have historically focused on monitoring and reducing treatment of ASB as a strategy to curb inappropriate antibiotic use. However, using the definition of ASB to measure inappropriate antibiotic use has important shortcomings: (1) clinicians often make empiric treatment decisions based on urinalysis results alone, as urine culture data is rarely available during initial patient encounters (especially in rural or critical access hospitals (CAHs), where turnaround times are up to 7 days), and (2) the definition of ASB excludes patients without significant bacteriuria. Reference Liu, MacDonald and Jain5 We hypothesized that patients with a positive urinalysis and urine culture with low or no growth—who are notably excluded from the strict definition of ASB—may still receive antibiotics, and that measurements of antibiotic use for ASB alone may underrepresent the true prevalence of unnecessary antibiotic use for presumed UTI.

We characterize the overlap and differences in inappropriate antibiotic use among patients with ASB and asymptomatic patients with pyuria/nitrituria (hereafter referred to as “ASPN”). Our intent is to clarify if ASPN would provide a more comprehensive measurement of antibiotic overuse to better inform and optimize stewardship efforts.

Methods

The University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine (UW CSiM) is a collaboration between infectious diseases and ASP experts from UW Medicine and 87 community, rural, and CAHs. Ten CAHs enrolled in a cohort-based, intensive quality improvement program focused on UTI. Between September 8, 2022, and May 30, 2023, participating hospitals identified patients who underwent urine testing at their respective facility. Abstractors at each CAH retrospectively performed chart review and submitted de-identified data with patient demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory and microbiology results, and antibiotics using a REDCap electronic data collection tool. Reference Harris, Taylor, Thielke, Payne, Gonzalez and Conde6 UW CSiM faculty analyzed the results. The UW Institutional Review Board designated this study as quality improvement and not research.

Included patients were 18+ years and had urine testing performed (both a urinalysis and urine culture or urine culture alone) during an ambulatory, Emergency Department (ED), or inpatient encounter. Patients were excluded if they met ≥2 criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), received antibiotics for a concomitant infection, underwent urinalysis testing alone, or met criteria for treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria (including pregnancy or upcoming genitourinary surgery). The presence of UTI was defined by urinary urgency or frequency, dysuria, costovertebral angle pain or tenderness, suprapubic pain, temperature > 38.0°C, or altered mental status plus a systemic sign of possible infection (leukocytosis >10,000 cells/mm3 and/or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg,). Reference Gupta, Hooton and Naber2,7 Patients who underwent urine testing without signs or symptoms of UTI described above were categorized as “asymptomatic”. ASPN was defined as the presence of positive leukocyte esterase or WBC >10 or positive nitrites on urinalysis without signs or symptoms of UTI. ASB was defined as a urine culture with >100,000 colony forming units (CFU)/ml of 1 or more species of bacteria without any documented UTI symptoms, regardless of urinalysis results.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic treatment in asymptomatic patients with ASB and ASPN.

Results

Ten CAHs submitted a total of 1,036 cases. We excluded 212 due to presence of ≥2 SIRS criteria (n = 164), concomitant bacterial infection (n = 29), age <18 (n = 11), and pregnancy (n = 8). Of 824 patients included, 347 (42%) lacked signs/symptoms of UTI, 282 (34%) had ASPN, and 153 (19%) had ASB (Table 1).

Table 1.

Baseline and clinical characteristics

Abbreviations: UTI, Urinary tract infection; ASPN, asymptomatic pyuria and/or nitrituria; ASB, asymptomatic bacteriuria; IQR, Interquartile range; ED, Emergency Department; WBC, white blood cell count; CFU, Colony forming unit.

Among 347 asymptomatic patients, 249 (72%) received antibiotics. Among the 249 treated patients, 222 (89%) had ASPN, 133 (53%) had ASB, and 123 (49%) had both ASPN and ASB. ASPN criteria identified 99 (40%) additional cases of unnecessary antibiotic use compared to ASB (Figure 1). Ten cases (4%) had ASB and not ASPN.

Figure 1.

Measurements of inappropriate antibiotic use for suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) using various study definitions. 1Asymptomatic, treated patients: the overall number of patients asymptomatic for UTI that underwent urine testing and received antibiotic treatment. 2Without asymptomatic pyuria/nitrituria (ASPN) or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB): among the asymptomatic, treated patients, the proportion without ASPN or ASB. 3ASPN: prevalence of ASPN among asymptomatic, treated patients. 4ASPN + ASB: prevalence of ASPN AND ASB among asymptomatic, treated patients. 5ASB: prevalence of ASB among asymptomatic, treated patients.

Discussion

Our analysis demonstrated that ASPN captured a larger proportion of patients inappropriately treated with antibiotics (89%) than the traditional ASB definition (53%). While there was significant overlap between the groups, an additional 99 (40%) patients met criteria for ASPN but not ASB. This suggests the current guideline classification of ASB incompletely captures antibiotic prescribing and that ASPN may be a broader measure to monitor and target unnecessary antibiotic use for UTI.

Although our study does not identify the underlying causes for why ASPN is a more comprehensive measure of inappropriate antibiotic use, we postulate several possible causes. Many clinicians may have an incomplete understanding of the urinalysis test characteristics (low positive predictive value), Reference Advani, North and Turner8,Reference Gupta, O’Brien, Gallegos-Salazar, Strymish and Branch-Elliman9 and may interpret an abnormal urinalysis as “diagnostic” of a UTI; therefore, pyuria or nitrituria may be a strong impetus to initiate antibiotics. In a retrospective cohort of asymptomatic patients with urinalysis performed within a preoperative screening protocol, the presence of pyuria increased the odds of antibiotic prescribing 4-fold. Reference Gupta, O’Brien, Gallegos-Salazar, Strymish and Branch-Elliman9 Secondly, hospital microbiology labs may not define an “abnormal” urine culture strictly as >100,000 CFU/ml of a uropathogen; if less stringent criteria are used, results of low colony count or mixed flora may still be flagged as abnormal, prompting treatment but not meeting a strict ASB definition.

The distinction between ASB and ASPN has little clinical relevance, as asymptomatic patients (regardless of urinalysis or culture results) do not merit antimicrobial treatment. However, this distinction is highly consequential from a surveillance perspective for ASPs aiming to accurately measure inappropriate antibiotic use for UTI and implement impactful interventions to reduce it. We propose that ASPs could maximize their impact by including abnormal urinalysis to prompt case review (rather than only those with positive urine cultures)—which would in turn enable stewards to provide audit and feedback to clinicians who inappropriately treat ASPN, capturing a larger proportion of inappropriate antibiotic use. Careful review of ASPN cases may yield additional insights, including the need for diagnostic stewardship interventions to reduce inappropriate urinalysis collection and clinician education on urinalysis interpretation.

Our study has several limitations. Data were obtained via retrospective chart review and dependent upon accurate documentation of symptoms and exam by the evaluating provider. Second, it is possible that urinalyses may influence prescribing more in CAHs with resource constraints and a longer turn-around-time for urine culture results, limiting generalizability to larger urban hospitals. Lastly, all patients had both a urinalysis and urine culture obtained during their clinical encounter (95%) or a urine culture obtained alone (5%); individuals who underwent urinalysis testing alone (and subsequent empiric treatment) were not included, and our study may underestimate the true rate of ASPN antibiotic prescribing.

In conclusion, a urinalysis with pyuria and/or nitrituria in patients without urinary symptoms is associated with high rates of antibiotic treatment in CAHs. Our study suggests that including patients with ASPN would provide a more comprehensive means of quantifying unnecessary antibiotic prescribing and may better inform ASP efforts. Additional studies are needed to identify the prevalence of ASPN in other settings and measure the impact of stewardship program review and intervention.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the CAH members of the University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine for their participation in this cohort, including John Adams, Jake Chaffee, Sandy Edwards, Cori Farrar, Donney Goutierrez, Sydney Higginbotham, Merilla Hopkins, Mitchell McLeod, Tara Olds, Beth Sutton, Kaylee Twohy, and Lauren Wheeler.

Author contribution

Authors CBC and JDC contributed equally to this manuscript.

Financial support

This work was supported by the University of Washington Center for Stewardship in Medicine.

Competing interests

All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Footnotes

*

Authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

References

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Figure 0

Table 1.Baseline and clinical characteristics

Figure 1

Figure 1.Measurements of inappropriate antibiotic use for suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) using various study definitions. 1Asymptomatic, treated patients: the overall number of patients asymptomatic for UTI that underwent urine testing and received antibiotic treatment. 2Without asymptomatic pyuria/nitrituria (ASPN) or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB): among the asymptomatic, treated patients, the proportion without ASPN or ASB. 3ASPN: prevalence of ASPN among asymptomatic, treated patients. 4ASPN + ASB: prevalence of ASPN AND ASB among asymptomatic, treated patients. 5ASB: prevalence of ASB among asymptomatic, treated patients.