This is a comparative study of confessional coexistence in the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth during the longue durée between the Reformation and the Enlightenment. The author seeks to address the question whether the interconfessional relations that pertained in the Commonwealth of nobles conformed to early modern western European models found in similarly decentralised polities. The work is divided into four long sections. Part i provides an extensive discussion of terminology and periodisation and then introduces late medieval discussions of religious toleration. The second section examines the intellectual history of how the Reformation, particularly the magisterial reformers, understood various conceptions of religious coexistence. Part iii examines ‘religious relations’ in the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, and the final section analyses religious culture in the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth in extensive detail. The author's conclusion is largely positive and celebratory: the Commonwealth enjoyed a degree of coexistence among confessions ‘approaching equality’ (p. 581). He also asserts the same of the Dutch Republic, a rather Whiggish conclusion that has been largely debunked. Certainly Catholics in the Republic suffered demonstrable legal, political and social inequality throughout the early modern period. Kriegseisen appears not to have consulted some of the most recent historiography on the subject, including work by Judith Pollmann and Charles Parker, which may be why his characterisations of the Republic come across as dated. Indeed his broader discussion of confessional coexistence in Europe more generally suffers from the same historiographic lacuna: recent work on the practice of religious coexistence, such as the synthesis by Benjamin Kaplan and the important essay collections edited by Thomas Safley and by C. Scott Dixon appear not to have been consulted. Students of early modern central European religious history will no doubt find this work of value, but its usefulness as comparative history is debatable at best.