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Unpacking OPAT Risk: Factors Associated with Adverse Clinical Outcomes in an Academic OPAT Program

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Maureen Belizaire
Affiliation:
Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine
HeeEun Kang
Affiliation:
Loyola University Medical Center
Nina Clark
Affiliation:
Loyola University Medical Center

Abstract

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Introduction: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) allows patients to receive intravenous antibiotics safely outside the hospital and is an important strategy to reduce inpatient hospital stays, healthcare costs, and exposure to nosocomial pathogens. However, OPAT carries risks, including adverse drug events, repeat healthcare encounters, and treatment complications. Prior studies suggest certain populations such as Black/African American patients may be at higher risk for adverse outcomes, underscoring the need to evaluate OPAT program performance. We aimed to characterize clinical outcomes among patients enrolled in the Loyola University Medical Center (LUMC) OPAT program and identify factors associated with adverse events. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of adults enrolled in the LUMC OPAT program between 10/01/24 – 12/31/24. Patients were identified through OPAT flowsheets, a specialized Epic flowsheet created to follow patients enrolled in OPAT. Inclusion criteria were age ?18 years and completion of OPAT at LUMC. Patients who did not complete OPAT at LUMC, lacked documentation, or followed with non-LUMC ID were excluded. Cases were defined as those who suffered an OPAT complication, defined as any of the following: 30-day OPAT or infection related ER visit and hospital admissions, medication adverse events, and vascular access complications. Controls were patients who did not have an OPAT complication. Data collected encompassed patient demographics, comorbidities, and OPAT related clinical characteristics. Univariable and multivariable analysis was conducted using R, statistical significance set to p<0.05. Results: Of 97 patients identified, 74 met the inclusion criteria (Figure 1). 27 (36%) experienced an OPAT complication (Table 1). OPAT complications were more common in patients who were younger (median age 52 vs 64 years, p<0.01) and receiving OPAT at home (63% vs 32%, p=0.04). In multivariable analysis, younger age, and non-English speaking status were strongly associated with OPAT complications. Conclusion: Younger age and non-English speaking status were significantly associated with OPAT complications. Receiving OPAT at home demonstrated a trend toward increased risk. Race, ethnicity, zip code, insurance status, and underlying comorbidities were not associated with complications. Microorganism and vascular access type did not differ significantly between groups. A larger study is planned to confirm associations identified from this study, and to develop interventions to help improve outcomes for at-risk populations.

A flowchart illustrating the enrollment and outcomes of patients in an OPAT program at LUMC.

A table summarizing complications related to OPAT and their frequencies.

A table comparing characteristics and outcomes of patients in two groups: those with complications and those without complications.

A table showing odds ratios of primary outcomes with confidence intervals and p-values.

Information

Type
Quality Improvement
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America