This volume is remarkable in its scope. The work explores the relationship between Israel's Scriptures and the New Testament, a subject which, as the editors themselves recognise, has been the recipient of ‘intense attention … since at least the sixteenth century’ (p. 2). Within this crowded field, the editors aspire not only to represent ‘the status quaestionis’, but also to press ‘toward new avenues of research’ (p. 2). Were this not ambitious enough, the volume's central focus on the Old and New Testaments is complemented by detailed bracketing sections on the reception of Israel's Scriptures within Second Temple Judaism and across early Christianity beyond the New Testament. It is little wonder that, like a modern-day Septuagint, this project required the involvement of forty-three renowned scholars from across the globe. The resulting 1,000-page volume is, without doubt, a triumph. Easy to navigate, enjoyable to read and thought-provoking in its insights, both editors and contributors are to be congratulated on this outstanding publication.

The volume is divided into five sections. The first, ‘Contexts’, explores how Israel's Scriptures were interpreted within early Judaism. Was it clear which texts constituted ‘Scripture’ by the time of Jesus? How do later Old Testament books allude to their earlier counterparts? Can the composition of the Septuagint shed light on how different texts were received throughout Israel's complex post-exilic history? What does the preservation and reception of the Old Testament in the Dead Sea Scrolls suggest about its reception at Qumran? These more familiar questions are supplemented by three essays on the treatment of Israel's Scriptures within early Jewish literature and the writings of Philo and Josephus. Each of the essays in this section is skilfully crafted, avoiding a teleological treatment of the topics as mere stepping stones to early Christian exegesis, whilst neatly tying their findings into the volume's main focus by highlighting areas of hermeneutical overlap with the New Testament. These opening essays are particularly timely given the growing scholarly awareness of the complex relationship between early Christianity and the diverse world of Second Temple Judaism. It was enlightening to see this relationship further explored through the lens of early Jewish scriptural reception.

The second section, ‘Israel's Scriptures in the New Testament’, moves book by book through the New Testament, surveying the major use of the Old Testament in each. The use of uniform terminology to distinguish between unmarked citations, verbal allusions and conceptual allusions provides a level of consistency across the otherwise varied seventeen essays in this section. Despite the mass of material to be covered, it was pleasing to see not only clear summaries of previous scholarship but, in almost all cases, intriguing propositions for further study. To highlight just one such example, Elizabeth Evans Shively's willingness to question the common assumption that Scripture functions atomistically throughout the Gospel of Mark, proposing instead that Isaiah provides a consistent argument structure for the Gospel's use of the Old Testament, was as welcome as it was novel.

Sections iii and iv, ‘Themes and Topics from Israel's Scriptures in the New Testament’ and ‘Tracing Israel's Scriptures’, shift the focus from the citing text to the source text. Following on from section ii's march through the whole New Testament, there is inevitably some redundancy in this second, albeit thematic, survey of the relationship between Old and New – a fact which the editors themselves acknowledge. With single essays allocated to such expansive themes as ‘God’ or ‘Figures of ancient Israel in the New Testament’, these central contributions are certainly the most ambitious in their scope. The resulting studies are, however, superbly crafted, demonstrating an ability to handle material not just with textual but with theological finesse. Amongst the plethora of strong contributions, John R. Levison and Garrick V. Allen particularly impressed with their capacity to handpick points of interest for the reader from an almost overwhelming mass of biblical material. As in the first section, there was a nuanced awareness of the (dis)similarities between Second Temple Jewish and early Christian uses of Scripture, factoring in not only which exegetical strategies were in play, but even how much weight was placed upon these strategies across disparate texts (e.g. p. 635).

The fifth and final section, ‘Israel's Scriptures in Early Christianity outside the New Testament’, is presented by the editors as ‘one of the most distinctive features of this collection’ (p. 14). Whilst clearly not exhaustive, the five essays in this section present a clear and varied window into early Christian reception of Israel's Scriptures, from the apocryphal gospels and apocalypses to Marcion and the Critical Tradition. Robin M. Jensen's closing essay on ‘early Christian pictorial art’ provided an apt, if somewhat surprising, end to the volume. A survey of the shift in Christian artwork from the third to sixth centuries, with the initially more prominent Old Testament motifs being gradually replaced by New Testament imagery, was convincingly linked to the shifting status of Christianity from persecuted minority to ‘imperially patronised institution’ (p. 1050) – a fitting reminder of the often overlooked impact of political and social factors on the reception of Israel's Scriptures.

It is a struggle to find any fault with this work. Even its size and scope, which could tend towards the unwieldy, are counteracted by the comprehensive indices and clear logical flow. Its readability is further enhanced by the concise conclusions at the close of each essay, allowing for quick comparisons between the many contributions. Given the number of complex topics covered in quick succession, it is inevitable that some depth is sacrificed, a fact noted by a few of the contributors in their essay introductions. The ability displayed throughout, however, to select the most salient material preserves the momentum of the volume without any of the essays feeling superficial. Without a doubt, the volume succeeds in its two-fold aim of representing the status quaestionis and pressing the field toward new avenues of research. Concise surveys of key works and clear bibliographies in each essay grant even those unfamiliar with the subject area an accessible point of entry, whilst well-developed arguments provide numerous avenues for further scholarly discussion. Henze and Lincicum are to be warmly congratulated on a volume that will undoubtedly form a significant point of reference for any future study on the use of Israel's Scriptures in early Christian writings.