2 Formulation of the problem

Throughout the paper, we use the Cartesian coordinates $(x_{\ast },y_{\ast },z_{\ast })$ . Consider incompressible viscous–resistive MHD equations for the velocity field $\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }$ , the magnetic field $\boldsymbol{b}_{\ast }$ , the current density $\boldsymbol{j}_{\ast }$ and the pressure $p_{\ast }$ :

(2.1a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle (\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{t_{\ast }}+\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast })\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }=\frac{1}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}(-\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }p_{\ast }+\boldsymbol{j}_{\ast }\times \boldsymbol{b}_{\ast })+\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }^{2}\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.1b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{t_{\ast }}\boldsymbol{b}_{\ast }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }\times (\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }\times \boldsymbol{b}_{\ast }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\boldsymbol{j}_{\ast }), & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.1c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.1d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \boldsymbol{j}_{\ast }=\frac{1}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{0}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }\times \boldsymbol{b}_{\ast }), & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}_{\ast }=(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x_{\ast }},\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y_{\ast }},\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z_{\ast }})$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{0}$

We assume that the flow is predominantly driven by some unidirectional hydrodynamic base flow, and take $U_{0},L_{0}$ to be the typical velocity magnitude and the spatial scale of it. Using the length scale $L_{0}$ and the velocity scale $U_{0}$ , we define the non-dimensional variables as

(2.2a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\boldsymbol{v}_{\ast }=U_{0}\boldsymbol{v},\quad \boldsymbol{b}_{\ast }=\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{0}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}U_{0}\boldsymbol{b},\quad p_{\ast }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}U_{0}^{2}p,\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.2d,e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}(x_{\ast },y_{\ast },z_{\ast })=L_{0}(x,y,z),\quad t_{\ast }=(L_{0}/U_{0})t,\end{eqnarray}$$

to get the non-dimensional version of the governing equations

(2.3a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \frac{\text{D}\boldsymbol{v}}{\text{D}t}-(\boldsymbol{b}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735})\boldsymbol{b}=-\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}q+\frac{1}{R}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FB}^{2}\boldsymbol{v}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.3b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \frac{\text{D}\boldsymbol{b}}{\text{D}t}-(\boldsymbol{b}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735})\boldsymbol{v}=\frac{1}{R_{m}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FB}^{2}\boldsymbol{b}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(2.3c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{v}=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}=(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x},\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y},\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})$ , $\text{D}/\text{D}t=(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{t}+\boldsymbol{v}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735})$ and

(2.3d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle q=p+\frac{|\boldsymbol{b}|^{2}}{2} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

is the total pressure. From the induction equation (2.3b ), we can show that if the solenoidal condition $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{b}=0$ holds at a certain instant, then it should be satisfied for all $t$ .

The flow is governed by the hydrodynamic Reynolds number $R$ and the magnetic Reynolds number $R_{m}$

(2.4a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle R=\frac{U_{0}L_{0}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}},\quad R_{m}=\frac{U_{0}L_{0}\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{0}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The ratio of these parameters is known as the magnetic Prandtl number

(2.5) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle P_{m}=R_{m}/R. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The theory to be developed can be applied to quite a wide range of shear flows but here, for the sake of simplicity and definiteness, we consider the plane Couette flow. Following the convention of the shear flow study, we take $x,y,z$ directions to be streamwise, wall-normal and spanwise directions, respectively, assuming the periodicity of the flow in $x,z$ and the presence of no-slip and perfectly insulating walls at $y=\pm 1$ . The system has a laminar base flow solution $\boldsymbol{v}=U_{b}(y)\boldsymbol{e}_{x}$ with $U_{b}=y$ , while our main interest is in other nonlinear solutions.

If the no-slip conditions are replaced by certain generalised periodic conditions, the system becomes a ‘shearing box’ frequently used in the local analyses of hydrodynamical and astrophysical flows (Brandenburg et al. Reference Brandenburg, Nordlund, Stein and Torkelsson1995; Hawley, Gammie & Balbus Reference Hawley, Gammie and Balbus1995; Pumir Reference Pumir1996; Rincon et al. Reference Rincon, Ogilvie, Proctor and Cossu2008; Riols et al. Reference Riols, Rincon, Cossu, Lesur, Longaretti, Ogilvie and Herault2013; Sekimoto, Dong & Jiménez Reference Sekimoto, Dong and Jiménez2016). The system admits time periodic solutions that tend to travelling waves as the Reynolds number gets large. Hall (Reference Hall2018) recently extended the vortex wave interaction theory to represent a family of vertically periodic vortex arrays in turbulent flows, and it is likely that the theory can be used to describe the limiting shearing box solution. In order to extend the theory, modification is only necessary for the boundary conditions of the asymptotic system. The similar extension in the MHD version is fairly easy, as we shall see later. Note that our notation is different from the common notation used in the astrophysics community, where the azimuthal (streamwise), radial (vertical) and axial (spanwise) directions of the computational box are denoted by $y,x,z$ , respectively (e.g. Riols et al. Reference Riols, Rincon, Cossu, Lesur, Longaretti, Ogilvie and Herault2013).

3 The vortex/Alfvén wave interaction theory

Now let us construct the large $R$ asymptotic theory for the nonlinear three-dimensional MHD states. We assume that the nonlinear state is a travelling wave propagating in $x$ with a phase speed $s$ . Here and hereafter, we apply the Galilean transform to convert the travelling wave to the steady state. Redefining the coordinate $x$ , the governing equations (2.3) can be written in component form

(3.1a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle [(\boldsymbol{v}-s\boldsymbol{e}_{x})\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ v\\ w\end{array}\right]-[\boldsymbol{b}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\\ c\end{array}\right]=-\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}q_{x}\\ q_{y}\\ q_{z}\end{array}\right]+R^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FB}^{2}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ v\\ w\end{array}\right] & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.1b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle [(\boldsymbol{v}-s\boldsymbol{e}_{x})\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\\ c\end{array}\right]-[\boldsymbol{b}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ v\\ w\end{array}\right]=R_{m}^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FB}^{2}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\\ c\end{array}\right] & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.1c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle u_{x}+v_{y}+w_{z}=0,\quad a_{x}+b_{y}+c_{z}=0,\end{eqnarray}$$

where $\boldsymbol{v}=[u,v,w],\boldsymbol{b}=[a,b,c]$ . In the following large $R$ asymptotic analysis, we assume that $P_{m}\sim O(1)$ or larger. The analyses for small $P_{m}$ cases are given in appendix B (valid when $P_{m}$ is $O(R^{-1})$ or smaller, but needs a very large external magnetic field to maintain the three-dimensional magnetic field).

The use of the analogy with the Hall–Smith theory yields the asymptotic expansion

(3.2) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ v\\ w\\ a\\ b\\ c\\ q\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}U_{b}+P_{m}^{-1}\overline{u}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{v}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{w}\\ \overline{a}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{b}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{c}\\ R^{-1}R_{m}^{-1}\overline{q}\end{array}\right]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}R^{-1/2}R_{m}^{-1/2}\left\{\text{e}^{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}x}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{u}\\ \widetilde{v}\\ \widetilde{w}\\ \widetilde{a}\\ \widetilde{b}\\ \widetilde{c}\\ \widetilde{q}\end{array}\right]+\text{c.c.}\right\}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Here, the coefficients $\overline{\boldsymbol{v}},\overline{\boldsymbol{b}},\overline{q}$ are real functions of $y,z$ , and we call them the vortex components. The coefficients $\widetilde{\boldsymbol{v}},\widetilde{\boldsymbol{b}},\widetilde{q}$ depend on $y,z$ as well but they are complex and are called the wave components. The c.c. stands for complex conjugate. Note that in (3.2), we only display the terms relevant to deriving the leading-order equations. The full asymptotic expansion must, of course, contain the higher-order vortex or wave terms with higher streamwise harmonics, but after we derive the leading-order system, we can check that the presence of those higher-order terms does not modify the leading-order system. The parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ is the wave amplitude to be fixed in terms of $R$ later and is, meanwhile, assumed to be of $O(1)$ or smaller.

Substituting (3.2) into (3.1) and then neglecting some small terms, we have the vortex equations

(3.3a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle [P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{u}\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{q}_{y}\\ \overline{q}_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{v}+(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{a}\\ P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{b}\\ P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{c}\end{array}\right]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad -\,\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \{(|\widetilde{v}|^{2}-|\widetilde{b}|^{2})_{y}+(\widetilde{v}\widetilde{w}^{\ast }-\widetilde{b}\widetilde{c}^{\ast })_{z}\}+\text{c.c.}\\ \{(|\widetilde{w}|^{2}-|\widetilde{c}|^{2})_{z}+(\widetilde{v}\widetilde{w}^{\ast }-\widetilde{b}\widetilde{c}^{\ast })_{y}\}+\text{c.c.}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.3b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle [(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{a}\\ \overline{b}\\ \overline{c}\end{array}\right]-[\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{b}+P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{u}\\ \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}P_{m}(\widetilde{c}\widetilde{v}^{\ast }-\widetilde{b}\widetilde{w}^{\ast })_{z}+\text{c.c.}\\ -\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}P_{m}(\widetilde{c}\widetilde{v}^{\ast }-\widetilde{b}\widetilde{w}^{\ast })_{y}+\text{c.c.}\end{array}\right],\qquad\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.3c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{v}_{y}+\overline{w}_{z}=0,\quad \overline{b}_{y}+\overline{c}_{z}=0,\end{eqnarray}$$

from the $x$ -averaged part, and the wave equations

(3.3e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle \left\{U\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{u}\\ \widetilde{v}\\ \widetilde{w}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{v}U_{y}+\widetilde{w}U_{z}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\right\}\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad -\,\left\{\overline{a}\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{a}\\ \widetilde{b}\\ \widetilde{c}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{b}\overline{a}_{y}+\widetilde{c}\overline{a}_{z}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\right\}+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{q}\\ \widetilde{q}_{y}\\ \widetilde{q}_{z}\end{array}\right]=R^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{u}\\ \widetilde{v}\\ \widetilde{w}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.3f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle \left\{U\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{a}\\ \widetilde{b}\\ \widetilde{c}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{v}\overline{a}_{y}+\widetilde{w}\overline{a}_{z}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\right\}\hspace{199.16928pt}\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad -\,\left\{\overline{a}\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{u}\\ \widetilde{v}\\ \widetilde{w}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{b}U_{y}+\widetilde{c}U_{z}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\right\}=R_{m}^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{a}\\ \widetilde{b}\\ \widetilde{c}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.3g,h ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{u}+\widetilde{v}_{y}+\widetilde{w}_{z}=0,\quad \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{a}+\widetilde{b}_{y}+\widetilde{c}_{z}=0,\end{eqnarray}$$

from the fluctuating part in $x$ . Here $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}=\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}^{2}$ , $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}$ and

(3.4) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle U=U_{b}+P_{m}^{-1}\overline{u}-s & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

is the Doppler-shifted hydrodynamic streak. In the above equations, we have retained the diffusion terms in (3.3e ), (3.3f ) because those terms become important within the thin ‘dissipative layers’ surrounding the singularity, which we shall explain shortly. Outside the layers, we can formally neglect these diffusion terms.

In order to elucidate the motivation of the scaling (3.2), it is convenient to adopt the terminology introduced by Waleffe (Reference Waleffe1997) for both of the hydrodynamic and magnetic components; we call the $x$ - and $(y,z)$ -components of the vortex part the streak and roll, respectively. Note that the roll–streak (or vortex) and the wave parts correspond to the mean field and fluctuations in dynamo theory, respectively. The $O(R_{m}^{-1})$ roll scale is chosen so that viscous–convective balance in the roll-streak equations is achieved. On the other hand, the wave part is predominantly convected by the streak component (including the base flow), and, therefore, this part can be approximated by ideal flows almost everywhere. The wave equations can be regarded as the linear stability problem of the streak, and thus, only the monochromatic wave neutral to the streak can be excited to leading order (this is the reason why there is only one Fourier mode in (3.2)). From the form of the roll equations, we can find the mechanism by which the wave field causes the feedback to the roll field. In the momentum equations, the feedback terms are produced by the advection terms and the Lorentz force terms, hereafter called the wave Reynolds stress and the Maxwell stress, respectively (see (3.3a )). The similar feedback terms in the induction equations are called the wave electromotive force terms (see (3.3b )).

If the diffusion terms are neglected, the wave equations (3.3e )–(3.3g,h ) are combined to yield the single pressure equation

(3.5) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\right)_{y}+\left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{z}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\right)_{z}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\frac{\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}=0,\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=U^{2}-\overline{a}^{2}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The pressure equation is the natural generalisation of the one derived in the previous resonant absorption studies (Sakurai et al. Reference Sakurai, Goossens and Hollweg1991; Goossens et al. Reference Goossens, Ruderman and Hollweg1995) for one-dimensional background flows. These works are concerned with compressible flows; so, the incompressible limit must be compared with the above equation – see the review by Goossens et al. (Reference Goossens, Erdélyi and Ruderman2011) also. Given the hydrodynamic and magnetic streaks, equation (3.5) constitutes the linear eigenvalue problem for the eigenvalue $s$ . The pressure eigensolution may become singular when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ vanishes, namely when the Doppler-shifted hydrodynamic and magnetic streak energies are equipartitioned (i.e. $U^{2}=\overline{a}^{2}$ ). Hereinafter, we denote the singular positions as $y=f_{\pm }(z)$ and assume that $U\pm \overline{a}=0$ is satisfied there. Those two types of singularities correspond to the Alfvén resonant points discussed in the resonant absorption theory.

Once $\widetilde{q}$ is solved, we can express the other wave components as

(3.6a-d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{v}=-\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}U}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}},\quad \widetilde{w}=-\frac{\widetilde{q}_{z}U}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}},\quad \widetilde{b}=-\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}\overline{a}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}},\quad \widetilde{c}=-\frac{\widetilde{q}_{z}\overline{a}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}},\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.6e,f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{u}=-\frac{1}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}U_{y}+\widetilde{q}_{z}U_{z}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}}+U\widetilde{q}\right),\quad \widetilde{a}=-\frac{1}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}\overline{a}_{y}+\widetilde{q}_{z}\overline{a}_{z}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}}+\overline{a}\widetilde{q}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$

Here, we remark that the behaviour of the cross-stream components of the magnetic wave is simply related to the hydrodynamic counterpart as

(3.7) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle (\widetilde{b},\widetilde{c})=\frac{\overline{a}}{U}(\widetilde{v},\widetilde{w}). & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

This is due to the absence of diffusion in the wave induction equations and the analogue to Alfvén’s frozen-in theorem. Hereafter, we say that the magnetic wave is ‘frozen’ to the hydrodynamic wave when (3.7) holds.

On making use of the inviscid wave solutions (3.6) to (3.3), we have the outer roll-streak equations

(3.8a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle [P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{u}\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{q}_{y}\\ \overline{q}_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{v}+(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{a}\\ P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{b}\\ P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{c}\end{array}\right]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad -\,\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{-1}|\widetilde{q}_{y}|^{2})_{y}+(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{-1}\widetilde{q}_{y}\widetilde{q}_{z}^{\ast })_{z}\}+\text{c.c.}\\ \{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{-1}|\widetilde{q}_{z}|^{2})_{z}+(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{-1}\widetilde{q}_{y}\widetilde{q}_{z}^{\ast })_{y}\}+\text{c.c.}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.8b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle [(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{a}\\ \overline{b}\\ \overline{c}\end{array}\right]-[\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{b}+P_{m}^{-1}(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{u}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right],\qquad\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.8c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{v}_{y}+\overline{w}_{z}=0,\quad \overline{b}_{y}+\overline{c}_{z}=0.\end{eqnarray}$$

There is actually no wave electromotive force terms in the above outer induction equations. The reason is that, as remarked earlier, the cross-streamwise components of hydrodynamic and magnetic inviscid wave solutions must behave in a similar way except for the factor proportional to $U$ or $\overline{a}$ ; see (3.6a ). The frozen wave ensures the cancellation of the two nonlinear terms in the roll parts of the induction equations. In other words, if there is a feedback effect from the wave to the magnetic roll, the wave must be resistive.

Thus in the next sections we analyse the dissipative layer surrounding the singular curve of the wave problem to find possible discontinuities in the roll field. That ‘jump’ represents the feedback mechanism from the wave to the roll-streak flow, and together with this condition, the wave equation (3.5) and the vortex equations (3.8) form a closure. For plane Couette flow, the wave equation (3.5) can be solved together with the boundary conditions $\widetilde{q}_{y}=0$ at $y=\pm 1$ , which ensures that the walls are impermeable. (Near wall boundary layers must be inserted to satisfy the other boundary conditions but the dynamics in the layer is passive so the analysis of it is not necessary.) The roll-streak part is fully viscous so the no-slip conditions on the wall must be applied.

As mentioned earlier, the present framework can also be used to describe the large Reynolds number limit of some shearing box solutions by modifying the boundary conditions. The conditions for the roll-streak flow can be found straightforwardly because, excluding the base part, they should be periodic in $y$ . At first glance the condition for the wave part is not simple because there are many waves of different speeds in the problem. However Hall (Reference Hall2018) showed that the stability problem of each wave can be decoupled at the asymptotic limit, and the amplitude of it should decay rapidly away from the critical point; hence $|\widetilde{q}|\rightarrow 0$ as $|y|\rightarrow \infty$ is the appropriate boundary conditions for the wave component.

Figure 2.

Schematic of type 1 interaction studied in § 3.2. The body-fitted coordinate $(n,l)$ is shown for the upper resonant curve $y=f_{+}(z)$ . The dissipative layer thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ is defined in (3.24). Type 2 interaction occurs when the distance between the two resonant curves becomes $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})$ ; see § 3.3.

3.1 Body-fitted coordinate

One of the major aims of the resonant absorption theory is to find the connection formulae, that tell us how to connect the outer solutions across the resonant point. Here, similar formulae must be found from the inner analysis to find the jump that completes the nonlinear system at large $R$ with the outer problem. However, the singularity now occurs on a curve in the $y$ – $z$ plane rather than a point so it is convenient to use ‘body-fitted’ coordinates attached to the resonant curve (Slattery Reference Slattery1999). Let us consider a curve $y=f(z)$ and write the length measured along straight lines that are normal to this curve as $n$ , and the arc length measured along the curve as $l$ ; see figure 2. Any location in the $y$ – $z$ plane can be specified by the position vector

(3.9) $$\begin{eqnarray}\boldsymbol{r}=\boldsymbol{r}_{0}+n\boldsymbol{e}_{n},\end{eqnarray}$$

where $\boldsymbol{r}_{0}=f\boldsymbol{e}_{y}+z\boldsymbol{e}_{z}$ is a point on the curve $y=f(z)$ , specified by the arc length $l$ . (Here $\boldsymbol{e}_{n},\boldsymbol{e}_{y},\boldsymbol{e}_{z}$ and $\boldsymbol{e}_{x},\boldsymbol{e}_{l}$ to be used later are all unit vectors.) We further note that by definition of the $n$ – $l$ coordinates,

(3.10a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \boldsymbol{e}_{n}=\frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}l}(\boldsymbol{e}_{y}-f^{\prime }\boldsymbol{e}_{z}),\quad \frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}l}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+{f^{\prime }}^{2}}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Hence a straightforward calculation yields the Lamé coefficients $|(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\boldsymbol{r}/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}n)|=1$ and $|(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\boldsymbol{r}/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l)|=g$ , where

(3.11a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle g(n,l)=1+\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}n,\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D712}(l)=-\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{(1+{f^{\prime }}^{2})^{3/2}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Note that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$ is the curvature of the critical curve $y=f(z)$ . Given these Lamé coefficients, we can use the standard orthogonal curvilinear coordinate theory to derive the body-fitted coordinate expression of the equations. Writing the velocity and magnetic field vectors as

(3.12) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \boldsymbol{v}=u(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{x}+{\mathcal{V}}(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{n}+{\mathcal{W}}(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{l}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.13) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \boldsymbol{b}=a(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{x}+{\mathcal{B}}(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{n}+{\mathcal{C}}(x,n,l)\boldsymbol{e}_{l}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

we can transform the governing equations (3.1) into

(3.14a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle \left[(u-s)\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x}+{\mathcal{V}}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{n}+\frac{{\mathcal{W}}}{g}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{l}\right]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ {\mathcal{V}}\\ {\mathcal{W}}\end{array}\right]-\left[a\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x}+{\mathcal{B}}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{n}+\frac{{\mathcal{C}}}{g}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{l}\right]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ {\mathcal{B}}\\ {\mathcal{C}}\end{array}\right]+\frac{g_{n}}{g}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ ({\mathcal{C}}^{2}-{\mathcal{W}}^{2})\\ ({\mathcal{V}}{\mathcal{W}}-{\mathcal{B}}{\mathcal{C}})\end{array}\right]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad =-\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}q_{x}\\ q_{n}\\ g^{-1}q_{l}\end{array}\right]+R^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}L_{1}u\\ L_{2}{\mathcal{V}}-L_{3}{\mathcal{W}}\\ L_{2}{\mathcal{W}}+L_{3}{\mathcal{V}}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.14b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle \left[(u-s)\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x}+{\mathcal{V}}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{n}+\frac{{\mathcal{W}}}{g}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{l}\right]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ {\mathcal{B}}\\ {\mathcal{C}}\end{array}\right]-\left[a\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{x}+{\mathcal{B}}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{n}+\frac{{\mathcal{C}}}{g}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{l}\right]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ {\mathcal{V}}\\ {\mathcal{W}}\end{array}\right]+\frac{g_{n}}{g}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ 0\\ ({\mathcal{B}}{\mathcal{W}}-{\mathcal{V}}{\mathcal{C}})\end{array}\right]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad =R_{m}^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}L_{1}a\\ L_{2}{\mathcal{B}}-L_{3}{\mathcal{C}}\\ L_{2}{\mathcal{C}}+L_{3}{\mathcal{B}}\end{array}\right],\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.14c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}u_{x}+g^{-1}(g{\mathcal{V}})_{n}+g^{-1}{\mathcal{W}}_{l}=0,\quad a_{x}+g^{-1}(g{\mathcal{B}})_{n}+g^{-1}{\mathcal{C}}_{l}=0,\end{eqnarray}$$

where

(3.14e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle L_{1}(~)=(~)_{xx}+g^{-1}(g(~)_{n})_{n}+g^{-1}(g^{-1}(~)_{l})_{l}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.14f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle L_{2}(~)=(~)_{xx}+(g^{-1}(g(~))_{n})_{n}+g^{-1}(g^{-1}(~)_{l})_{l}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.14g ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle L_{3}(~)=g^{-1}(g^{-1}(g(~))_{n})_{l}-(g^{-1}(~)_{l})_{n}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Then for ${\mathcal{V}},{\mathcal{W}},{\mathcal{B}},{\mathcal{C}}$ we can also apply the vortex–wave decomposition

(3.15) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}{\mathcal{V}}\\ {\mathcal{W}}\\ {\mathcal{B}}\\ {\mathcal{C}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}R_{m}^{-1}\overline{{\mathcal{V}}}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{{\mathcal{W}}}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{{\mathcal{B}}}\\ R_{m}^{-1}\overline{{\mathcal{C}}}\end{array}\right]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}R^{-1/2}R_{m}^{-1/2}\left\{\text{e}^{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}x}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\\ \widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}\\ \widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\\ \widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}\end{array}\right]+\text{c.c.}\right\} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

to find the body-fitted coordinate version of the vortex and wave equations. The local behaviour of the outer solution near the resonant curve gives the matching conditions needed to solve the solutions within the dissipative layer. Near the resonant curve, the wave behaves in a singular way, so its amplitude must be increased. It is this amplified inner wave that creates derivative jumps in the outer roll components. The aim of the next two subsections is to derive the analytic form of the jump, by the generalisation of the connection formulae obtained in the previous resonant point analysis. The wave Reynolds–Maxwell stress and the roll stress within the dissipative layer must be in balance, and this condition gives the appropriate size of the wave amplitude $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ in terms of our intrinsic small parameter $1/R$ . We shall show that the magnitude of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ changes depending on the distance between the two resonant layers.

3.2 Type 1: the connection formulae for the case $(f_{+}-f_{-})\sim O(1)$

In this section, we assume the distance between the two resonant curves is $O(1)$ ; this case is called type 1 interaction and the schematic of it is shown in figure 2. Using the body-fitted coordinate near the resonant curve $y=f_{\pm }(z)$ , we can Taylor expand the streak as

(3.16a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle U=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}(l)n+\cdots \,,\quad \overline{a}=\mp \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}(l)n+\cdots \,. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

This means that we can write

(3.17a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(l)n+\cdots \,,\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\pm \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}), & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where we assume $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(l)\neq 0$ for all $l$ . Of course $n=0$ is the resonant curve, and here, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ vanishes as required. The singularity there must be resolved within the thin dissipative layers surrounding $y=f_{\pm }(z)$ , where we retain some diffusion effects. The flows inside and outside of the dissipative layer, analysed separately, are then connected through the matching conditions.

Now let us analyse the singular behaviour of the outer wave solution at the edge of the dissipative layer. In the body-fitted coordinates, the inviscid wave equation (3.5) becomes

(3.18) $$\begin{eqnarray}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}n^{2}}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}{g}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}n}+\frac{1}{g^{2}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l^{2}}-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}^{\prime }n}{g^{3}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}-\frac{1}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}n}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}n}+\frac{1}{g^{2}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\widetilde{q}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}\right)=0.\end{eqnarray}$$

Since $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}\sim O(n)$ when $n$ is small, the above equation suggests the Frobenius expansion

(3.19) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{q}=\widetilde{q}_{0}(l)+\widetilde{q}_{2L}(l)n^{2}(\ln |n|+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})+\widetilde{q}_{2}(l)n^{2}+\cdots \,, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where

(3.20) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}=\left\{\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\quad \text{if }n>0,\\ \unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\quad \text{if }n<0.\end{array}\right. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The quantity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ appearing in (3.20) is the jump associated with the logarithmic singularity and physically represents the phase shift of the wave across the resonant curve. The jump is induced by the diffusion, so the value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ should be estimated by the solution within the dissipative layer (it will be found later that the wave in the layer is linear and the modulus of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is the well-known value of $\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}$ ). We can fix the coefficients $\widetilde{q}_{0},\widetilde{q}_{2}$ from the boundary conditions, and all the other coefficients in the expansion can be fixed in terms of those two coefficients. In particular, on substituting (3.19) into (3.18), we can find

(3.21) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{q}_{2L}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }-\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }\right). & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

From the body-fitted coordinate expressions of (3.6) and (3.19), we can find the small $n$ asymptotic behaviours of the other wave components

(3.22a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{u},\widetilde{a}\sim O(n^{-1}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}},\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\sim O(\ln |n|),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}},\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}\sim O(n^{-1}). & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

More precisely, the cross-stream components expand as

(3.23a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}=-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}2\widetilde{q}_{2L}\ln |n|+2(\widetilde{q}_{2}+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}\widetilde{q}_{2L})}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}+\cdots \,, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.23b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}=\pm \frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}2\widetilde{q}_{2L}\ln |n|+2(\widetilde{q}_{2}+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}\widetilde{q}_{2L})}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}+\cdots \,, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.23c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}=-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}n}+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}=\pm \frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}n}+\cdots \,.\end{eqnarray}$$

Using the stretched normal coordinate $N=n/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ with the dissipative layer thickness

(3.24) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}=R^{-1/3}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

the inner expansions consistent with (3.19), (3.22) can be found as

(3.25a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{q}=\widetilde{Q}_{0}(N,l)+(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{2}\ln \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})\widetilde{Q}_{2L}(N,l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{2}\widetilde{Q}_{2}(N,l)+\cdots \,, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.25b,c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{u}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{U}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{a}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{A}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.25d,e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}=(\ln \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})\widetilde{V}_{0L}(N,l)+\widetilde{V}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}=(\ln \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})\widetilde{B}_{0L}(N,l)+\widetilde{B}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\qquad\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.25f,g ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{W}_{0}(N,l)+\widetilde{W}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{C}_{0}(N,l)+\widetilde{C}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,.\end{eqnarray}$$

The dissipative layer thickness is chosen in such a way that the diffusion terms influence the inner flow.

The inner wave equations are obtained by substituting (3.16), (3.25) into the body-fitted coordinate version of the wave equations. We must analyse the equations up to the first order. From the $n$ -components we can find that

(3.26a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{Q}_{0N}=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.26b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{V}_{0}\pm \widetilde{B}_{0}=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

whilst the $l$ -components yield

(3.26c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{W}_{0}\pm \widetilde{C}_{0}=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.26d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}(\widetilde{W}_{1}\pm \widetilde{C}_{1})+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}N(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\widetilde{W}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}\widetilde{C}_{0})=-\widetilde{Q}_{0l}+\widetilde{W}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.26e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \pm \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}(\widetilde{W}_{1}\pm \widetilde{C}_{1})+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}N(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\widetilde{C}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}\widetilde{W}_{0})=P_{m}^{-1}\widetilde{C}_{0NN}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

From (3.26b ) and (3.26c ), we see that the zeroth-order components remain frozen within the dissipative layer.

Equations (3.26c )–(3.26e ) can then be combined to yield the single equation for $\widetilde{W}_{0}$

(3.27) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}}N\widetilde{W}_{0}=-\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }+(1+P_{m}^{-1})\widetilde{W}_{0NN}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Here $\widetilde{Q}_{0}$ is a function of $l$ only from (3.26a ) and the prime denotes an ordinary differentiation. The equation is linear and the solution $\widetilde{W}_{0}$ can be found analytically. Note that the $l$ -component of the wave is the most singular and it is the only component necessary to estimate the jump in the roll components.

We note in passing that in our three-dimensional theory we can safely assume that there are no significant effects from the nonlinear terms with respect to the waves, unlike two-dimensional flows. For two-dimensional cases, the resonant absorption theories have been extended to include the wave nonlinearity within the dissipation layer. The nonlinear effects around the Alfvén resonant point is analysed by Ruderman & Goossens (Reference Ruderman and Goossens1993), Clack, Ballai & Ruderman (Reference Clack, Ballai and Ruderman2009) and Ruderman, Goossens & Andries (Reference Ruderman, Goossens and Andries2010); see the review by Ballai & Ruderman (Reference Ballai and Ruderman2011) also. (The absorption theories usually concerns compressible flows where the singularity also occurs at the cusp wave resonant point. The corresponding nonlinear equations within the dissipation layer can be found in Ruderman, Hollweg & Goossens (Reference Ruderman, Hollweg and Goossens1997), Ballai & Erdélyi (Reference Ballai and Erdélyi1998), Clack & Ballai (Reference Clack and Ballai2008).) In those works it was found that we need a certain size of wave amplitude to balance the nonlinear term. However, in our case, the appropriate wave amplitude must be fixed in order to drive the roll component, as we shall see shortly. Therefore, we cannot vary it to balance the nonlinear terms in the dissipative layer wave equations as in the previous studies. The outer wave amplitude to be shown is of $O(R^{-1})$ or smaller, from which we can safely conclude that the dissipation layer is linear. A similar conclusion was obtained in purely hydrodynamic studies. Hall & Smith (Reference Hall and Smith1991) found that the inner wave equations in their theory should be always linear for the same reason, although if the flow is two-dimensional, the so-called nonlinear critical layer is possible (Smith & Bodonyi Reference Smith and Bodonyi1982; Deguchi & Walton Reference Deguchi and Walton2018).

Using the new variable

(3.28) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D701}=\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0})\left(\frac{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|}{|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}|(1+P_{m}^{-1})}\right)^{1/3}N, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

the equation (3.27) can be transformed into

(3.29) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{2}}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}\right)\widetilde{W}_{0}=\left(\frac{|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}|}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|}\right)^{2/3}\frac{Q_{0}^{\prime }}{(1+P_{m}^{-1})^{1/3}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The solution of this equation that matches the outer solution can be found as

(3.30) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{W}_{0}=\left(\frac{|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}|}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|}\right)^{2/3}\frac{Q_{0}^{\prime }}{(1+P_{m}^{-1})^{1/3}}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}), & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where

(3.31) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})\equiv -\text{i}^{2/3}\int _{0}^{\infty }\text{e}^{-(t^{3}/3)-\text{i}^{2/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}t}\,\text{d}t & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

satisfies $S^{\prime \prime }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}S=1$ and $S\rightarrow -\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{-1}$ in the far-field limit ( $|\text{i}^{-1/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}|\rightarrow \infty$ ).

The integral of $S$ with respect to $N$

(3.32) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})\equiv \int _{0}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\ast })\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\ast }=\int _{0}^{\infty }\frac{\text{e}^{-\text{i}^{2/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}t}-1}{t}\text{e}^{-(t^{3}/3)}\,\text{d}t. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

produces a logarithmic function with a constant jump for large $|N|$

(3.33) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle -\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}\rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\ln N_{\ast }+c_{00}+\cdots \quad \text{as }N_{\ast }\rightarrow \infty ,\\ \ln |N_{\ast }|-\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0})+c_{00}+\cdots \quad \text{as }N_{\ast }\rightarrow -\infty ,\end{array}\right. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where $c_{00}$ is a constant (see § A.1). In short, the logarithm and jump are exactly what we saw in the pressure expansion (3.19). Thus, in order to match the solution, the value of the logarithmic phase shift in (3.20) must be

(3.34) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D703}=-\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}). & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The analogues result was obtained by Sakurai et al. (Reference Sakurai, Goossens and Hollweg1991) and Goossens et al. (Reference Goossens, Ruderman and Hollweg1995) in the solar physics community, although it has long been recognised in hydrodynamic studies; see Lin (Reference Lin1945, Reference Lin1955), Haberman (Reference Haberman1972) for example.

The other wave components can be explicitly solved, but since they are not necessary to find the jumps in the roll components, we omit further inner wave analysis here.

The inner roll fields expand as

(3.35a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{q}=\overline{Q}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \overline{{\mathcal{V}}}=\overline{V}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\overline{V}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \overline{{\mathcal{B}}}=\overline{B}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\overline{B}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.35d,e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{{\mathcal{W}}}=\overline{W}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\overline{W}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \overline{{\mathcal{C}}}=\overline{C}_{0}(l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\overline{C}_{1}(N,l)+\cdots \,.\end{eqnarray}$$

The outer roll velocity and magnetic fields should be continuous across the dissipative layer, but the normal derivative of the tangential components, namely the leading-order vorticity and current, might suffer jumps.

Here, note that there is no jump in the normal derivative of the normal components because from the solenoidal conditions, we have $\overline{W}_{0}^{\prime }+\overline{V}_{1N}=0,\overline{C}_{0}^{\prime }+\overline{B}_{1N}=0$ . Note that the condition $[\overline{V}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=[\overline{B}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=0$ (where $[~]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=[~]_{N=-\infty }^{\infty }$ ) can be written in the outer variable expression $[\overline{{\mathcal{V}}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=[\overline{{\mathcal{B}}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=0$ (where $[~]_{-}^{+}=[~]_{n=0-}^{0+}$ ).

The vorticity and current jumps can be found from the roll equations. Substituting the inner expansions (3.25) and (3.35) into the body-fitted coordinate forms of the roll equations and integrating them over $N\in (\infty ,-\infty )$ ,

(3.36a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}\left\{[|\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}|^{2}-|\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}|^{2}]_{-}^{+}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }2(\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{W}_{1}-\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{C}_{1})\,\text{d}N\right\}+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{Q}_{0}]_{-\infty }^{\infty },\qquad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.36b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}\left\{[\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}^{\ast }-\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}^{\ast }]_{-}^{+}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }2(\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{W}_{1}-\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{C}_{1})\,\text{d}N\right\}+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{W}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty },\qquad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.36c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle ~\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}P_{m}[\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}^{\ast }-\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}^{\ast }]_{-}^{+}+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{C}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where the superscript asterisks are used to express the complex conjugate. The first two equations are derived from the $n$ - and $l$ -components of the hydrodynamic roll equations, and the third equation comes from the $l$ -component of the magnetic roll equations (analysis of the other equations are not necessary to find the jumps). In order to derive the above equations, it is important to note that terms such as $(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})$ should vanish in view of the frozen condition (3.26c ). In order to balance both sides of the equations, we must choose

(3.37) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=1, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

which is larger than $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=R^{-1/6}$ in Hall & Smith (Reference Hall and Smith1991).

We can further show that the integral of $(\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{W}_{1}-\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast }\widetilde{C}_{1})+\text{c.c.}$ appearing in (3.36) should also vanish. The behaviour of the inner wave forcing can be found in figure 3 where

(3.38) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle J_{N_{0}}(N,l)=\int _{-N_{0}}^{N}\{\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }(N_{\ast },l)\widetilde{W}_{1}(N_{\ast },l)-\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast }(N_{\ast },l)\widetilde{C}_{1}(N_{\ast },l)\}\,\text{d}N_{\ast }+\text{c.c.} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

is numerically computed for $N_{0}=20$ . The lower panel of the figure indeed shows that the jump vanishes at far field and this is due to the frozen property of the leading-order inner wave as shown in the upper panel. The proof showing $J(l)\equiv \lim _{N\rightarrow \infty }J_{N}(N,l)=0$ is given in § A.2.

Figure 3.

The upper panel shows the inner wave solution for type 1 interaction (3.30). The representative parameters $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a},\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime },P_{m})=(1,1,2,1,1,1/5)$ are chosen for $y=f_{+}(z)$ . The lower panel is the force from the inner wave to the hydrodynamic roll component (3.38).

Thus the contribution to the left-hand sides of (3.36) is purely from the outer wave terms. Those terms can easily be worked out by first transforming the wave into the pressure form (a relation similar to (3.6) holds along the body-fitted coordinate, replacing $(y,z)$ by $(n,l)$ ) and then substituting the pressure expansion (3.19) with the phase shift given in (3.34):

(3.39) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle ~[\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}^{\ast }-\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}^{\ast }]_{-}^{+}+\text{c.c.}=\left[\frac{q_{n}q_{l}^{\ast }+q_{l}q_{n}^{\ast }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\right]_{-}^{+}=\frac{2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0})}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|}\text{Im}(\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \ast }\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \ast }\widetilde{q}_{0}), & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

and $[|\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}|^{2}-|\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}|^{2}]_{-}^{+}+\text{c.c.}=[\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}^{\ast }-\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}^{\ast }]_{-}^{+}+\text{c.c.}=0$ . Therefore,

(3.40a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle [\overline{Q}_{0}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=[\overline{C}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=0,\quad [\overline{W}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\text{Im}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{-2}\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime \ast }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime \ast }\widetilde{Q}_{0})}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\pm \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}|}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Reverting back to the outer variables, the jump conditions at $y=f_{\pm }(z)$ can be found as

(3.41a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle [\overline{q}]_{-}^{+}=[\{(\overline{b},\overline{c})\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\boldsymbol{e}_{l}\}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=0,\quad [\{(\overline{v},\overline{w})\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\boldsymbol{e}_{l}\}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=\left.\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\text{Im}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{-2}\widetilde{q}_{l}^{\ast }\widetilde{q}_{ll}-\widetilde{q}_{l}^{\ast }\widetilde{q})}{U|U_{n}\pm \overline{a}_{n}|}\right|_{y=f_{\pm }} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(and $[\{(\overline{v},\overline{w})\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\boldsymbol{e}_{n}\}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=[\overline{b}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=[\overline{c}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=0$ as shown above). The wave equation (3.5), the vortex equations (3.8) and the above jump conditions form a closed set of equations. The choice of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=1$ means that the wave Reynolds–Maxwell stress in the outer region (the terms proportional to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}$ in (3.8a )) is not negligible. That asymptotic structure is quite different from the vortex/Rayleigh wave interaction where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{1/2}\ll 1$ should be chosen, and hence, the outer wave Reynolds stress is negligible (Hall & Smith Reference Hall and Smith1991). However, in the next section, we shall show that if the two resonant curves $y=f_{\pm }(z)$ are close enough, the nature of the singularity becomes similar to the Hall–Smith theory, and the purely hydrodynamic case can indeed be recovered at the vanishing magnetic field limit.

3.3 Type 2: the connection formulae for the case $(f_{+}-f_{-})\sim O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})$

When the distance between the two resonant curves $y=f_{+}(z)$ and $y=f_{-}(z)$ becomes comparable to the dissipative layer thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ defined in (3.24) or less, we must consider another type of inner expansion; we refer to that interaction problem as type 2.

It is convenient to introduce the curve $y=f(z)$ near the two resonant curves, assuming that $(\overline{a}U_{n}-U\overline{a}_{n})|_{n=0}$ is satisfied there. In the vicinity of this curve, the fluid and magnetic streaks admit a small $n$ expansion

(3.42a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle U=\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}n)+\cdots \,,\quad \overline{a}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}n)+\cdots \,, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}$ are functions of the tangential coordinate $l$ attached to the curve $y=f(z)$ .

If we define the new variable $\widehat{n}=n+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}$ , then $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}\sim O(\widehat{n}^{2})$ when $\widehat{n}$ is small. This means that the pressure Frobenius expansion for small $\widehat{n}$ can be written as

(3.43) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{q}=\widetilde{q}_{0}(l)+\widetilde{q}_{2}(l)\widehat{n}^{2}+\widetilde{q}_{3L}(l)\widehat{n}^{3}(\ln |\widehat{n}|+\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})+\widetilde{q}_{3}(l)\widehat{n}^{3}+\cdots \,. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

When we compare this expansion and (3.19), we see that now the logarithmic singularity occurs at a higher order than type 1.

Here, the coefficients $\widetilde{q}_{0}$ and $\widetilde{q}_{3}$ are the constants to be determined by the boundary conditions, and the substitution of the expansions $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}(l)\widehat{n}^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}(l)\widehat{n}^{3}+\cdots \,,$ and (3.43) to (3.18) yields

(3.44a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{q}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}\right), & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.44b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{q}_{3L}=\frac{1}{3}\left\{\left(\frac{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}}-2\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\right)\widetilde{q}_{2}+2\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }+\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}^{\prime }\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}}\left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{\prime }}-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}}-2\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\right)\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }\right\}.\qquad \quad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The expansion (3.43) and the body-fitted coordinate expression of (3.6) implies the small $\widehat{n}$ asymptotic behaviours

(3.45a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{u},\widetilde{a}\sim O(\widehat{n}^{-1}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}},\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\sim O(\widehat{n}^{0}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}},\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}\sim O(\widehat{n}^{-1}).\end{eqnarray}$$

The above limiting forms suggest that the leading-order inner expansions for $\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}$ and $\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}$ are unchanged from the previous case (3.25f,g ) to the leading order, but with the inner variable $N=\widehat{n}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ , where the thickness remains $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}=R^{-1/3}$ . The normal component of the hydrodynamic wave equation again gives the pressure of the form $\widetilde{q}=\widetilde{Q}_{0}(l)+\cdots \,$ , and then the $l$ -component of the momentum and induction wave equations can be found as

(3.46a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}N(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\widetilde{W}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}\widetilde{C}_{0})=-\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }+\widetilde{W}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.46b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}N(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}\widetilde{C}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}\widetilde{W}_{0})=P_{m}^{-1}\widetilde{C}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

to leading order. Multiplying the second equation by $hP_{m}$ with a function $h(l)$ and adding it to the first equation, we have

(3.47) $$\begin{eqnarray}\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}N\{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}-P_{m}h\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a})\widetilde{W}_{0}+(P_{m}h\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a})\widetilde{C}_{0}\}=-\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }+(\widetilde{W}_{0NN}+h\widetilde{C}_{0NN}).\end{eqnarray}$$

If we choose $h(l)$ so that

(3.48) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \frac{P_{m}h\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}-P_{m}h\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}}=h, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

namely

(3.49) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle h_{\pm }=\frac{1}{2}\left\{-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}}(1-P_{m}^{-1})\pm \sqrt{\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}^{2}}(1-P_{m}^{-1})^{2}+4P_{m}^{-1}}\right\}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

then (3.47) becomes

(3.50) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{2}}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}\right)(\widetilde{W}_{0}+h_{\pm }\widetilde{C}_{0})=\frac{Q_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\pm }|)^{2/3}}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where

(3.51a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\pm }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}-P_{m}h_{\pm }\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a},\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\pm }=\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\pm })(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\pm }|)^{1/3}N. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Therefore, the solution can again be solved in terms of the function $S$ defined in (3.31):

(3.52) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{W}_{0}+h_{\pm }\widetilde{C}_{0}=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\pm })}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\pm }|)^{2/3}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Here, we assumed $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}|\neq |\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}|$ for all $l$ (if that assumption is violated, then either $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{+}$ or $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{-}$ vanishes so the solution above breaks down). Hence the $l$ -component of the inner wave solutions are explicitly solved as

(3.53a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{W}_{0}=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{h_{+}-h_{-}}\left(\frac{h_{+}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{-}|)^{2/3}}-\frac{h_{-}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{+}|)^{2/3}}\right), & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.53b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{C}_{0}=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{h_{+}-h_{-}}\left(\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{+}|)^{2/3}}-\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{-}|)^{2/3}}\right). & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The typical behaviour of the solutions is shown in figure 4(a).

Figure 4.

A similar plot to figure 3 but for type 2 interaction. The upper panel is the plot of the inner wave solution (3.53). The lower panel shows the corresponding wave forcing to the hydrodynamic roll component (3.56). The limiting value calculated by (3.57) is shown by the dashed line.

Similar to the previous section, we can now derive the roll vorticity/current jump using the inner wave solutions. As before, $[\overline{{\mathcal{V}}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=[\overline{{\mathcal{B}}}_{n}]_{-}^{+}=0$ from the solenoidal conditions; additionally, we need to examine the inner roll equations to find the jump occurring in the $l$ -components. Applying the inner roll expansions shown in (3.35) to the roll equations, the jump conditions can be found as

(3.54a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})\,\text{d}N+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{Q}_{0}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.54b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})\,\text{d}N+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{W}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.54c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}P_{m}\left\{[\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}^{\ast }-\widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}^{\ast }]_{-}^{+}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(\widetilde{B}_{0}\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }-\widetilde{V}_{0}\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast })\,\text{d}N\right\}+\text{c.c.}+\cdots =[\overline{C}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }.\qquad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The above results are an analogue to (3.36) for type 1 but here $(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})$ does not vanish as the leading-order inner magnetic wave is not frozen. Therefore, in order to balance the roll shear and the forcing terms from the waves, we must choose the smaller wave amplitude

(3.55) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{1/2} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

than the previous case.

The numerical computation of

(3.56) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle J_{N_{0}}(N,l)=\int _{-N_{0}}^{N}\{|\widetilde{W}_{0}(N_{\ast },l)|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}(N_{\ast },l)|^{2}\}dN_{\ast }+\text{c.c.} & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

for $N_{0}=20$ shown in the lower panel of figure 4 suggests that there is indeed a contribution from the inner wave to the jump in the roll vorticity. The limiting behaviour $J(l)\equiv \lim _{N\rightarrow \infty }J_{N}(N,l)$ can be found analytically (see § A.3):

(3.57) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle J=\frac{2|\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }|^{2}G_{0}(0)}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{+}|)^{5/3}(h_{+}-h_{-})^{2}}\left\{(h_{+}^{2}-1)r^{5/3}+(h_{-}^{2}-1)+\frac{2^{4/3}(1-h_{+}h_{-})r}{|1+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}r|^{1/3}}\right\}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where

(3.58) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle G_{0}(0)=\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}(2/3)^{2/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}(1/3)\approx 6.4227 & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(the function $G_{0}(X)$ is to be defined in (4.18)). The limiting value calculated by (3.57) for the special case is indicated in the lower panel of figure 4 by the dashed line.

Given $J$ , the jump conditions are obtained as

(3.59a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}[\overline{V}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=[\overline{B}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=[\overline{C}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=0,\quad [\overline{Q}_{0}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}J,\quad [\overline{W}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }=J^{\prime }.\end{eqnarray}$$

The jump conditions, rewritten in terms of the outer variables, the wave equation (3.5), and the vortex equations (3.8) constitute a closure: now, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ is chosen to be small so the term proportional to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2}$ is negligible in (3.8a ).

To close this section, we shall make a few remarks. First, the analytic expression for $J$ is still valid for the limit of $P_{m}\rightarrow \infty$ :

(3.60) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle J(l)=\frac{2|\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }|^{2}G_{0}(0)}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}|)^{5/3}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}^{2}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}^{2}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The limiting form of the vortex equations can be easily found by simply dropping the terms proportional to $P_{m}^{-1}$ from (3.8). Note that the jump in the leading-order magnetic roll remains zero despite the factor $P_{m}$ in (3.54c ). This is because any non-zero jump should be produced by the resistive part of the wave, which is $O(P_{m}^{-1})$ times smaller than the leading-order wave in the dissipative layer.

Second, if we take the hydrodynamic limit $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{a}\rightarrow 0$ in (3.57), the jump condition reduces to that for the vortex/Rayleigh wave interaction:

(3.61) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle J(l)=\frac{2|\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }|^{2}G_{0}(0)}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{u}|)^{5/3}}. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

This is of course the expected result because, in the absence of the magnetic effect, the entire system should become the reduced Navier–Stokes equations derived by Hall & Smith (Reference Hall and Smith1991).

3.4 The interaction diagram

Here, we shall clarify the physical driving mechanism of the vortex/Alfvén wave interaction states using the derived asymptotic closure. We begin by reviewing the sustainment mechanism of the hydrodynamic roll-streak flow studied, for example, by Waleffe (Reference Waleffe1997). Consider the vortex equations (3.3a ) at finite Reynolds numbers. If we define the roll streamfunction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ so that $\overline{v}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{z},\overline{w}=-\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{y}$ , we have the forced advection–diffusion equation for the hydrodynamic streak and the roll vorticity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=-\unicode[STIX]{x0394}_{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ ,

(3.62) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle P_{m}^{-1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{z}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{y}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{u}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}\overline{u}=\text{the forcing terms}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.63) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle P_{m}^{-1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{z}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{y}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=\text{the forcing terms}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where the forcing terms are from the right-hand sides of (3.3a ). Then, multiplying (3.62) by $\overline{u}$ , (3.63) by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ and integrating over the domain (here we denote the average over $[0,2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}]\times [-1,1]\times [0,2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}]$ by $\langle ~\rangle$ ), we get

(3.64) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \langle \overline{u}_{y}^{2}+\overline{u}_{z}^{2}\rangle =\text{the terms associated with the forcing}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.65) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \langle \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{2}\rangle =\text{the terms associated with the forcing}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

which we integrate by parts, assuming that the boundary parts vanish. This is indeed the case if the domain is bounded by periodic and no-slip boundaries. The above equations imply that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=\overline{u}_{y}=\overline{u}_{z}=0$ everywhere, and we can further show that the perturbation is actually zero identically. Therefore, if there is no forcing term, then there is no non-trivial solution.

Likewise, we can define a ‘streamfunction’ for the magnetic roll (namely the toroidal magnetic potential) as $\overline{b}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{z},\overline{c}=-\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{y}$ . Then we can regard the magnetic streak and roll equations (3.3b ) as the forced advection–diffusion equations

(3.66) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle (\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{z}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{y}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{a}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}\overline{a}=\text{the forcing terms}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.67) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle (\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{z}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}_{y}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=\text{the forcing terms}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Multiplying (3.66) by $\overline{a}$ , (3.67) by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ and integrating them over the domain, we have

(3.68) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \langle \overline{a}_{y}^{2}+\overline{a}_{z}^{2}\rangle =\text{the terms associated with the forcing}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(3.69) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \langle \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{y}^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{z}^{2}\rangle =\text{the terms associated with the forcing}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Here again we have assumed that the boundary terms vanish when they are integrated by parts. (If the domain is surrounded by periodic, perfectly insulating and/or perfectly conducting boundaries, the discussion here is valid.) Thus, similar to the hydrodynamic cases, there is no non-trivial solution if there is no forcing term. This is the large radius limit manifestation of Cowling’s anti-dynamo theorem (Cowling Reference Cowling1934) that motivated the physical interpretation of the MHD self-sustaining process of Rincon et al. (Reference Rincon, Ogilvie and Proctor2007) and Rincon et al. (Reference Rincon, Ogilvie, Proctor and Cossu2008), where the Reynolds–Maxwell stresses and electromotive force by magneto-rotational instability waves are used to drive the roll components. More recently, Herreman (Reference Herreman2018) found a possible relationship between a sustained cycle and some critical layer-like structures in the optimised perturbations of the induction equations at large magnetic Reynolds numbers.

Figure 5 shows the interaction diagram inspired by these works and the earlier work of Waleffe (Reference Waleffe1997), but here it is fully based on the asymptotically reduced equations for the vortex/Alfvén wave interaction. The arrows in the figure show the interactions below:

1. (i) The arrow from the hydrodynamic roll to the hydrodynamic streak represents the lift-up term $U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{v}$ in the hydrodynamic streak equation (see (3.8a )).

2. (ii) The arrow from the magnetic roll to the magnetic streak represents the term $U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{b}$ in the magnetic streak equation (see (3.8b )). In dynamo terminology this term corresponds to the omega effect.

3. (iii) The arrow from the magnetic roll and the magnetic streak to the hydrodynamic streak represents the roll-streak Lorentz force terms in the hydrodynamic streak equation. The small arrow from the magnetic roll to the hydrodynamic roll also represents the Lorentz force due to the self-interaction of the magnetic rolls.

4. (iv) Both the hydrodynamic and magnetic streaks create the Alfvén wave instability through (3.5), as shown by the arrow from the streak to the wave.

5. (v) The jump conditions (3.41) or (3.59) produce the forcing to the hydrodynamic roll as indicated by the arrow from the wave to the hydrodynamic roll. In type 2, this jump is the sole mechanism of the feedback effect, whilst in type 1, it also occurs in the outer region. In dynamo terminology, these feedbacks correspond to the alpha effect.

The most striking feature of this diagram is that there is no forcing mechanism for the magnetic roll components. This means that the leading-order part of the magnetic roll cannot be maintained without some external field to support it. In the absence of magnetic roll, the omega effect is lost, so we have a small leading-order magnetic streak. This means that the wave instability is now purely hydrodynamic; so we are left merely with a hydrodynamic self-sustained process with no magnetic effect.

Figure 5.

Illustration of the interaction diagram inferred by the vortex/Alfvén wave interaction theory.

We could add a small external magnetic field of $O(R_{m}^{-1})$ to drive the magnetic roll component. However, note that the generated much bigger magnetic streak of $O(1)$ when the $\overline{b}$ component is supported by the external field is not a dynamo in the usual sense, because this is merely the amplification through the omega effect.

Nevertheless, the vortex/Alfvén wave interaction states can be used to generate non-trivial amplification mechanisms of magnetic fields. For example, consider plane Couette flow with a small external uniform spanwise magnetic field of $O(R_{m}^{-1})$ (or more generally, assume that it does not depend on $z$ ). In this case the generation of the $\overline{b}$ component is non-trivial so it is not clear if the omega effect can be driven. The flow remains always linearly stable. However, the nonlinear finite Reynolds number computation in Deguchi (Reference Deguchi2019) indeed found non-trivial streamwise magnetic field amplification. The generation of that magnetic streak must be explained by the entire vortex/Alfvén wave interaction mechanism shown in the figure. More precisely, the $\overline{b}$ component needed for the omega effect is induced by the hydrodynamic roll, which should be maintained by the three-dimensional Alfvén wave.

4 The self-sustained shear-driven dynamo theory

The result derived in the last section does not actually mean that dynamos are not possible in the limit of zero external magnetic fields. This is because the conclusion at the end of § 3 only inhibits the presence of a magnetic field whose size is appropriate to the leading-order vortex/Alfvén interaction. In fact, a dynamo theory is possible for the purely shear-driven cases if we choose slightly smaller sized leading-order magnetic fields. The asymptotic theory here is partially motivated by the numerical finding of such dynamos, to be shown in Deguchi (Reference Deguchi2019).

In order to formulate the asymptotic theory for such self-sustained shear-driven dynamos, S $^{3}$ dynamos for short, we consider the leading order of the roll-streak-wave magnetic field to be smaller than the corresponding hydrodynamic parts by a factor of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{m}\ll 1$ . One may think the dynamo becomes merely kinematic in that case, but later it turned out that the magnetic wave is more amplified than the hydrodynamic wave around the resonant curve to drive the nonlinear dynamo process. That amplification also allows the inner wave electromotive force to cause a finite number of jumps in the outer roll current so that any additional external force is no longer necessary to drive the whole dynamo process, as opposed to case of the previous section.

The outer expansions of the S $^{3}$ dynamos are

(4.1a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}u\\ v\\ w\\ q\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}U_{b}+\overline{u}\\ R^{-1}\overline{v}\\ R^{-1}\overline{w}\\ R^{-2}\overline{q}\end{array}\right]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}R^{-1}\left\{\text{e}^{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}x}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{u}\\ \widetilde{v}\\ \widetilde{w}\\ \widetilde{q}\end{array}\right]+\text{c.c.}\right\}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.1b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\\ c\end{array}\right]=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{m}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{a}\\ R^{-1}\overline{b}\\ R^{-1}\overline{c}\end{array}\right]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{m}R^{-1}\left\{\text{e}^{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}x}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\widetilde{a}\\ \widetilde{b}\\ \widetilde{c}\\ \end{array}\right]+\text{c.c.}\right\}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

$P_{m}=1$

(4.2a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle [(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}^{2})]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{u}\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{q}_{y}\\ \overline{q}_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{v}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right], & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.2b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle [(\overline{v}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{w}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})-(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}^{2}+\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}^{2})]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\overline{a}\\ \overline{b}\\ \overline{c}\end{array}\right]-[\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z}]\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \overline{v}\\ \overline{w}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}U_{b}^{\prime }\overline{b}+(\overline{b}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{y}+\overline{c}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{z})\overline{u}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right],\qquad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.2c,d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{v}_{y}+\overline{w}_{z}=0,\quad \overline{b}_{y}+\overline{c}_{z}=0,\end{eqnarray}$$

and the leading-order outer wave equations

(4.2e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{y}}{U^{2}}\right)_{y}+\left(\frac{\widetilde{q}_{z}}{U^{2}}\right)_{z}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\frac{\widetilde{q}}{U^{2}}=0,\quad U=U_{b}+\overline{u}-s,\end{eqnarray}$$

which becomes singular when $U=0$ . The other wave components can be related to $\widetilde{q}$ through (3.6). The outer Lorentz force terms are completely neglected so no feedback from the magnetic field to the hydrodynamic field can be found in the above equations. However, as we shall see shortly, feedback does exist within the dissipation layer occurring around the resonant curve.

Let us write the location of the resonant curve as $y=f(z)$ and consider the body-fitted coordinate $(n,l)$ attached to that curve. There is one resonant curve in the flow so the behaviour of the outer wave pressure is the same as type 2; see (3.43). The key to the $S^{3}$ dynamo theory is in the behaviours of the wave near the resonant curve

(4.3a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{u}\sim O(n^{-1}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}\sim O(n^{0}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}\sim O(n^{-1}),\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.3d-f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{a}\sim O(n^{-2}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}\sim O(n^{-1}),\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}\sim O(n^{-2}),\end{eqnarray}$$

inferred by the wave pressure expansion and the body-fitted coordinate version of (3.6). The behaviour (4.3) implies that near the resonant curve the small outer wave magnetic field is more amplified than the hydrodynamic counterpart. Thus, if we choose

(4.4) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{m}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ defined at (3.24), then within the dissipative layer, the hydrodynamic and magnetic waves become comparable in size. In that case, the corresponding inner wave expansions can be found as

(4.5a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{q}=\widetilde{Q}_{0}(N,l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{2}\widetilde{Q}_{2}(N,l)+(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{3}\ln \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})\widetilde{Q}_{3L}(N,l)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{3}\widetilde{Q}_{3}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.5b,c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{u}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{U}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{a}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-2}\widetilde{A}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.5d,e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{{\mathcal{V}}}=\widetilde{V}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{B}}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{B}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.5f,g ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{{\mathcal{W}}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1}\widetilde{W}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\quad \widetilde{{\mathcal{C}}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-2}\widetilde{C}_{0}(N,l)+\cdots \,,\end{eqnarray}$$

where $N=n/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ with the thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}=R^{-1/3}$ , whilst the roll field expansions are unchanged from (3.35).

As remarked earlier, the scaling (4.4) is motivated so that both of the wave Reynolds and Maxwell stresses contribute to the vorticity jump in the roll field. The leading-order part of the $l$ - and $n$ -components of the hydrodynamic roll equations yield

(4.6a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}l}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})\text{d}N+\text{c.c.}=[\overline{W}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.6b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(|\widetilde{W}_{0}|^{2}-|\widetilde{C}_{0}|^{2})\text{d}N+\text{c.c.}=[\overline{Q}_{0}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where we choose $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{1/2}$ of type 2. As we shall see shortly, the left-hand sides of the above equations are non-vanishing, so the hydrodynamic and magnetic fields are strongly coupled.

On the other hand, for the inner magnetic roll equations, the balance of the magnetic roll stress and the wave electromotive force must be altered from type 2. Now the magnetic roll size is $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})$ smaller from (4.1b ) with (4.4), but the inner magnetic wave size is unchanged from type 2 due to the singular behaviour (4.3). As a result, the $l$ -component of the magnetic roll equations becomes

(4.6c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(\widetilde{B}_{0}\widetilde{W}_{0}^{\ast }-\widetilde{V}_{0}\widetilde{C}_{0}^{\ast })\,\text{d}N+\text{c.c.}=[\overline{C}_{1N}]_{-\infty }^{\infty }. & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The above equation suggests that there is a finite current jump occurring in the magnetic roll component unlike the vortex/Alfvén interaction. Therefore, the dynamo can be driven purely by shear, without any external force on the magnetic roll component.

The derivation of the left-hand sides in (4.6) is more complicated than the previous sections, although the first few steps are similar. Upon making use of expansions (4.5) to the hydrodynamic and magnetic wave equations and neglecting small terms, we have

(4.7a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}N\widetilde{U}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\widetilde{A}_{0})+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\widetilde{V}_{0}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }N\widetilde{W}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime }\widetilde{C}_{0}=-\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{Q}_{0}+\widetilde{U}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle 0=-\widetilde{Q}_{0N}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}N\widetilde{W}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\widetilde{C}_{0})=-\widetilde{Q}_{0l}+\widetilde{W}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7d ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}N\widetilde{A}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\widetilde{U}_{0})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\widetilde{B}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }N\widetilde{C}_{0}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime }\widetilde{W}_{0}=\widetilde{A}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7e ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}N\widetilde{B}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\widetilde{V}_{0})=\widetilde{B}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}N\widetilde{C}_{0}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\widetilde{W}_{0})=\widetilde{C}_{0NN}, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

where, we used the Taylor expansions of the hydrodynamic streak $U=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(l)n+\cdots \,$ and the magnetic streak $\overline{a}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}(l)+\cdots \,$ around $n=0$ . Additionally, from the solenoidal conditions,

(4.7g ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{U}_{0}+\widetilde{V}_{0N}+\widetilde{W}_{0l}=0, & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.7h ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{A}_{0}+\widetilde{B}_{0N}+\widetilde{C}_{0l}=0. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

These equations must be solved subject to the matching conditions at the far field $|N|\rightarrow \infty$ , namely $\widetilde{Q}_{0}\rightarrow \widetilde{q}_{0}$ and

(4.8a-c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{U}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}}\frac{1}{N},\quad \widetilde{V}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\frac{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}},\quad \widetilde{W}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\frac{1}{N},\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.8d-f ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{A}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}}\frac{N_{0}}{N^{2}},\quad \widetilde{B}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime \prime }-\frac{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}\widetilde{q}_{0}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\frac{N_{0}}{N},\quad \widetilde{C}_{0}\rightarrow -\frac{\widetilde{q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\frac{N_{0}}{N^{2}},\end{eqnarray}$$

where $N_{0}(l)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ .

From (4.7b ), the pressure $\widetilde{Q}_{0}$ is a function of $l$ only and equals $\widetilde{q}_{0}$ . Then we can solve for $\widetilde{W}_{0},\widetilde{C}_{0}$ using the $l$ -components of the wave equations (4.7c ), (4.7f ). Those equations can be simplified as

(4.9) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\mp }^{2}}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\mp }\right)(\widetilde{W}_{0}\pm \widetilde{C}_{0})=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

using the new variables

(4.10) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\pm }=\text{sgn}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706})(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{1/3}(N\pm N_{0}). & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

The solutions of (4.9) can be found in terms of the function $S$ defined in (3.31), and we have

(4.11a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{W}_{0}=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})+S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2},\quad \widetilde{C}_{0}=\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})-S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2}.\end{eqnarray}$$

Next from (4.7a ), (4.7d ), (4.7e ) and (4.11) we have the equations

(4.12) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}^{2}}{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\mp }^{2}}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\mp }\right)\left(\widetilde{U}_{0}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\widetilde{B}_{0}\pm \widetilde{A}_{0}\right)=\frac{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }N\pm \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime })\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{4/3}}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{\pm })+\frac{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{Q}_{0}}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}, & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

which give the solutions

(4.13) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{U}_{0}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\widetilde{B}_{0}=\left(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{Q}_{0}-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\right)\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})+S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706})N_{0}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)},\qquad & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.14) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \widetilde{A}_{0}=\left(\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}-\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\widetilde{Q}_{0}\right)\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})-S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

Now $\widetilde{A}_{0},\widetilde{C}_{0}$ given in (4.11), (4.14) can be used to integrate the magnetic solenoidal condition (4.7h ) with respect to $N$ . Selecting the integration constant to satisfy the matching condition, the normal component of the magnetic field can be found as

(4.15) $$\begin{eqnarray}\widetilde{B}_{0}=-\widetilde{Q}_{00}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)}-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)}+\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }N_{0}^{\prime }\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})+S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}},\end{eqnarray}$$

where the function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$ is defined in (3.32).

Finally, the last component $\widetilde{V}_{0}$ matching the outer solution can be found by integrating the continuity equation (4.7g ).

(4.16) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widetilde{V}_{0} & = & \displaystyle -\widetilde{Q}_{00}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})+\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)}-\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})+\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+}S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)}+\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }N_{0}^{\prime }\frac{S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})-S(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{2/3}}\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle -\,\frac{\widetilde{Q}_{00}}{N_{0}}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-}\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})+\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+}\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{4/3}}+\frac{1}{N_{0}}\left(\widetilde{Q}_{00}+\frac{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\right)\frac{S^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{-})-S^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{+})}{2(\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|)^{4/3}}\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle -\,\frac{1}{\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|}\left(2\widetilde{Q}_{00}-\frac{4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}+\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}^{\prime }\widetilde{Q}_{0}^{\prime }}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$

Using the above wave solutions to (4.6) and doing some algebra (see § A.4), the jumps in terms of the outer variables can be found as

(4.17a ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle [\overline{q}]_{n=0_{-}}^{0_{+}} & = & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\left.\left(\frac{2|\widetilde{q}_{l}|^{2}G_{0}}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|U_{n}|)^{5/3}}\right)\right|_{y=f},\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.17b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle [\{(\overline{v},\overline{w})\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\boldsymbol{e}_{l}\}}_{n}]_{n=0_{-}}^{0_{+}} & = & \displaystyle \left.\left(\frac{2|\widetilde{q}_{l}|^{2}G_{0}}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|U_{n}|)^{5/3}}\right)_{l}\right|_{y=f},\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.17c ) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle [\{(\overline{b},\overline{c})\boldsymbol{\cdot }{\boldsymbol{e}_{l}\}}_{n}]_{n=0_{-}}^{0_{+}} & = & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\frac{(\overline{a}/U_{n})}{(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|U_{n}|)^{5/3}}\left.\left(\left\{|\widetilde{q}_{l}|^{2}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}|\widetilde{q}|^{2}\right\}_{l}G_{1}\right.\right.\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \quad \left.\left.+~2|\widetilde{q}_{l}|^{2}\left\{\frac{(\overline{a}|U_{n}|^{-2/3})_{l}}{\overline{a}|U_{n}|^{-2/3}}G_{0}-\frac{(\overline{a}|U_{n}|^{2/3})_{l}}{\overline{a}|U_{n}|^{2/3}}G_{1}\right\}\right)\right|_{y=f},\qquad\end{eqnarray}$$

(4.18a,b ) $$\begin{eqnarray}G_{0}(X)=2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\int _{0}^{\infty }\cos (2Xt)\text{e}^{-(2/3)t^{3}}\,\text{d}t,\quad G_{1}(X)=2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}\int _{0}^{\infty }\frac{1-\cos (2Xt)}{X^{2}}t\text{e}^{-(2/3)t^{3}}\,\text{d}t,\end{eqnarray}$$

are evaluated at $X=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|U_{n}|)^{1/3}(\overline{a}/U_{n})$ . These special functions are numerically evaluated in figure 6.

Figure 6.

The functions $G_{0}$ and $G_{1}$ computed numerically. Note that these are even functions.

Figure 7.

Illustration of the interaction diagram inferred by the S $^{3}$ dynamo theory.

The interaction diagram in figure 7 is formulated using the asymptotic closure for the S $^{3}$ dynamo, namely (4.2) and (4.17). There is no arrow from the magnetic roll/streak to the hydrodynamic roll/streak because there are no Lorentz force terms in the outer equations. The instability wave is merely a Rayleigh wave to leading order, because it is purely driven by the hydrodynamic streak. However, it interacts with the magnetic streak to produce an Alfvén wave at higher order. The Rayleigh and Alfvén waves amplified within the dissipative layer induce the feedback effects to both the hydrodynamic and magnetic roll components through the jumps, originating from the wave Reynolds–Maxwell stress and the wave electromotive force.

5 Conclusion and discussion

We have derived two three-dimensional nonlinear MHD theories using large Reynolds number matched asymptotic expansion of the incompressible viscous–resistive MHD equations. The closures at the asymptotic limit are found by considering the interaction between the roll, streak and wave, defined both for the velocity and magnetic fields. The magnetic Prandtl number is assumed to be $O(R^{0})$ or larger, except for appendix B.

The asymptotic MHD state we are primarily concerned with is derived by considering a similar roll-streak scaling as the usual vortex/wave interaction for both hydrodynamic and magnetic components. Therefore, the theory could be viewed as a third type of interaction, vortex/Alfvén wave interaction say, followed by vortex/Tollmien–Schlichting wave interaction (Hall & Smith Reference Hall and Smith1990; Bennett et al. Reference Bennett, Hall and Smith1991; Dempsey et al. Reference Dempsey, Deguchi, Hall and Walton2016) and vortex/Rayleigh wave interaction (Hall & Smith Reference Hall and Smith1991; Hall & Sherwin Reference Hall and Sherwin2010). The Alfvén wave is generated by the instability of the mean streamwise hydrodynamic and magnetic fields of $O(R^{0})$ (namely, streaks). In the majority of the flow, the wave part satisfies the inviscid equation to leading order; so the cross-stream components of the magnetic wave field are frozen to those of the hydrodynamic wave field; see (3.7).

The wave amplitude must be found by the analysis within the dissipative layer of thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}=R^{-1/3}$ surrounding the Alfvén resonant curves that occur whenever the modulus of the Doppler-shifted hydrodynamic streak and the modulus of the magnetic streak coincide. As well established in the resonant absorption theory, the wave there is amplified in a singular manner, although here, the singularity occurs on a curve rather than a point. The strong vortex and current sheets that emerge there strongly force the hydrodynamic roll components via the wave Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. The resultant vorticity jumps in the outer roll solutions can be found using curved coordinate.

If the two resonant curves are well separated, the leading-order flow within the dissipative layer is still frozen because of the lack of diffusivity at this order. The frozen effect cancels the leading-order Reynolds and Maxwell stresses so that the feedback effect to the roll components becomes weaker than the hydrodynamic case. As a result, we must choose a larger wave amplitude, which makes the outer wave Reynolds and Maxwell stress terms important as well. The smooth analytic solution within the dissipative layer, similar to the two-dimensional cases (Sakurai et al. Reference Sakurai, Goossens and Hollweg1991; Goossens et al. Reference Goossens, Hollweg and Sakurai1992, Reference Goossens, Ruderman and Hollweg1995; Erdélyi et al. Reference Erdélyi, Goossens and Ruderman1995; Erdélyi Reference Erdélyi1997), can be used to determine how to connect the outer roll solutions across the resonant curves. The scalings of the roll and streak are $O(R^{-1}P_{m}^{-1})$ and $O(1)$ respectively, which are typical for a viscous–resistive roll-streak field. The amplitude of the inviscid wave is $O(R^{-1}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ in the majority of the flow, but it is amplified within the dissipative layer of thickness $O(R^{-1/3})$ to be larger $O(R^{-2/3}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ .

The aforementioned scenario, called type 1, breaks down when the distance between the two resonant curves become less than the dissipative layer thickness. In this case, called type 2, the two dissipative layers merge and the nature of the singularity there becomes similar to vortex/Rayleigh wave interaction. The cancellation of the inner Reynolds and Maxwell stresses does not occur because the leading-order inner wave is dissipative. This means that the wave amplitude should be kept at the same size as the hydrodynamic case. The analytic form of the jumps for type 2 can also be found, and it is shown that, at the limit of vanishing magnetic effects, the jump conditions derived in Hall & Smith (Reference Hall and Smith1991) can be recovered. The roll-streak scaling is unchanged from type 1, but for type 2 we must choose a smaller outer wave amplitude of $O(R^{-7/6}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ , which becomes larger $O(R^{-5/6}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ within the dissipative layer.

For both types, the wave has an ability to modify the background flow to leading order, and hence the nonlinear MHD states can be realised without any linear instability of the base flow. However, an important caveat has been found from the interaction diagram based on asymptotic closure pictured in figure 5; the leading-order magnetic fields of the vortex/Alfvén wave interaction states cannot be sustained without a weak external magnetic field forcing the magnetic roll components. The nonlinear states nonetheless can drive a non-trivial magnetic field amplification mechanism since if, for example, a spanwise uniform magnetic field of $O(R_{m}^{-1})$ is applied, they generate a much bigger streamwise magnetic field of $O(1)$ ; see the comments at the end of § 3.

Despite the caveat, for some cases, dynamos of slightly different structures can be driven even when the external magnetic field is switched off, as shown by the rather surprising numerical results in the companion paper (Deguchi Reference Deguchi2019). Section 4 successfully formulated the asymptotic theory for purely shear-driven dynamos (the $S^{3}$ dynamos), revealing that the magnetic field generation indeed survives at the large Reynolds number limit. The key to the $S^{3}$ dynamo theory is that we have to take a different scaling for the hydrodynamic and magnetic components. The outer Alfvén wave of $O(R^{-3/2}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ is the secondary effect produced as a result of the interaction between the leading-order outer Rayleigh wave of $O(R^{-7/6}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ and the magnetic streak of $O(R^{-1/3})$ . The wave resonance, which is now found at the classical critical layer position, amplifies both the hydrodynamic and magnetic waves, to be the same size of $O(R^{-5/6}P_{m}^{-1/2})$ . Therefore, the inner wave electromotive force is no longer negligible, and hence, both of the waves now have an ability to drive both the hydrodynamic roll components of $O(R^{-1}P_{m}^{-1})$ and the magnetic roll components of $O(R^{-4/3}P_{m}^{-1})$ to sustain the entire dynamo mechanism without any external magnetic field. The mean-flow modulation mechanisms, which in turn occur as a result of the lift-up and omega effects, are indispensable for generating the magnetic waves, in view of Zel’dovich’s anti-dynamo theorem (Zel’dovich Reference Zel’dovich1957).

Those above travelling wave theories could be extended to describe more general time dependent solutions. However the formulation becomes much more complicated (see Deguchi & Hall (Reference Deguchi and Hall2016) for purely hydrodynamic cases) and thus that possibility is omitted in this paper. When the wave is not neutral, Ruderman, Tirry & Goossens (Reference Ruderman, Tirry and Goossens1995) showed that the motion in the dissipative layer is very different, although it turned out that the jump condition is not affected by the account of non-stationarity in the dissipative layer.

Finally, we briefly comment on the effect of the system rotation to the theory. When that effect exists, we must add the Coriolis term

(5.1) $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-v\\ u\\ 0\end{array}\right] & & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$

to the left-hand side of the momentum equations (3.1a ). Here, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ is the non-dimensionalised rotation parameter, and the shear–Coriolis instability exists for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\in (0,1)$ according to Rayleigh’s stability criterion. The Coriolis term brings a new interaction term from the streak to the roll. We have assumed throughout the paper that the roll components are much smaller than the streak components in order to balance the viscous and convective effects in the roll-streak equations. In order to further balance the new interaction term under this roll-streak scaling, we have to choose $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\sim O(R_{m}^{-2})\ll 1$ . This means that the Keplerian rotation of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}=4/3$ destroys the assumed asymptotic balance of the asymptotic theories in this paper, and this may be the reason why it is so difficult to maintain nonlinear dynamo states in the large Reynolds number regime (Rincon et al. Reference Rincon, Ogilvie and Proctor2007, Reference Rincon, Ogilvie, Proctor and Cossu2008; Riols et al. Reference Riols, Rincon, Cossu, Lesur, Longaretti, Ogilvie and Herault2013).

We further remark here that the recent work by Deguchi (Reference Deguchi2017) nonetheless suggests the presence of Keplerian asymptotic dynamo states if the vortices have short enough wavelengths. In the latter work, it was shown that, for stably stratified flow, small vortices at the Kolmogorov microscale, found by Deguchi (Reference Deguchi2015), can persist for an $O(1)$ Richardson number where the vortex/wave interaction states are impossible. Applying the analogy between the stratified and rotating flows, which has long been recognised (Veronis Reference Veronis1970), we arrive at the conjecture that the short wavelength asymptotic dynamo states might survive even when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\sim O(1)$ .