Headphone verbatim theatre and audio-cued performance

Stories of Love & Hate is an example of what Oades calls ‘headphone verbatim’ and her English counterpart Alecky Blythe calls ‘recorded delivery’.Footnote ⁹ Since I am writing from and about Australia, and specifically about one of Oades's works, I will adopt the former term here. Like verbatim theatre, headphone verbatim theatre is

Unlike verbatim theatre, however, headphone verbatim theatre brings its recording and playback devices out of the rehearsal room and onto the stage. In headphone verbatim theatre, actors perform wearing visible headphones, through which they receive what Oades calls an ‘audio script’ of the original interviews.Footnote ¹¹ The actors repeat this audio script as immediately and as accurately as possible, including every cough, stutter, pause, hesitation and repetition. The effect, according to audience members, ‘is somewhere between acting, “being”, and possession’.Footnote ¹²

These terms hint at how, as I have argued elsewhere, headphone verbatim tends to be interpreted either as an attempt at absolute authenticity or as an alienation effect.Footnote ¹³ However, more nuanced accounts recognize that alienation and authenticity are often working in tandem rather than opposition, meaning that verbatim theatre performs not so much authenticity as an ‘aesthetic of authenticity’.Footnote ¹⁴ Of course, the aesthetics of authenticity vary from show to show, but in most headphone verbatim plays the actors play several characters across several identity categories. In Stories of Love & Hate, young Lebanese-Australian actor Mohammed Ahmad plays Ousama and Moh D, two young Lebanese-Australian men; Funda, a Lebanese-Australian schoolgirl; Max, a middle-aged Anglo-Australian man; Kirk, an Anglo-Australian surfer in his early twenties; and Courtney, a seventeen-year-old Anglo-Australian girl. Similarly, young Anglo-Australian actor Janie Gibson plays Mohammed A, a young Lebanese-Australian man; Nada, a Lebanese-Australian schoolgirl; Luke, an Anglo-Australian surfer in his late twenties; Jill, a seventy-nine-year-old Anglo-Australian; and Sam, a nineteen-year-old Anglo-Australian girl. In other words, they and their two cast-mates play up and down in age as well as with and against their gender and ethnicity.

Fig 1

Mohammed Ahmad (left) and Katia Molino (right) as Moh D and Tommy. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

While headphone verbatim can be seen as a subgenre of documentary theatre, it can also be interpreted as a type of ‘audio-cued performance’.Footnote ¹⁵ This genre takes in three categories of work: (1) performances in which the actors wear headphones but the spectators do not, (2) performances in which the spectators wear headphones but the actors do not, and (3) performances in which all participants wear headphones. Obviously headphone verbatim theatre falls into the first category, but so too does the work of the Wooster Group, as well as the work of their fellow New Yorkers, Nature Theater of Oklahoma.Footnote ¹⁶ The second category is less familiar, but becoming more so thanks to performances such as Back to Back Theatre's small metal objects (2005).Footnote ¹⁷ Finally, the third category of audio-cued performance seeks to dissolve the distinction between performer and spectator altogether, producing a hybrid ‘performing spectator’. This category overlaps with what Christopher Balme calls ‘audio theatre’ and is dominated by audio tours and autoteatro works.Footnote ¹⁸

Though a larger project on listening and audio-cued performance beckons, this article focuses on just one performance from one category. Through a close reading of Stories of Love & Hate, I wish to pursue two related questions: first, what forms of listening does the performance stage? Second, how might listening, as both a practice and a theory, shift our understanding of documentary, verbatim and testimonial theatre? In order to consider these questions, I turn first to the events that the play depicts – the Cronulla Riots.

The riots of the powerful

The series of events that have come to be called the Cronulla Riots started on Sunday 4 December 2005, when three Anglo-Australian surf lifesavers confronted four young Lebanese-Australian men about their behaviour on Cronulla Beach, with insults and then punches being exchanged. This minor altercation became a major news story when the police issued a press release referring to men of ‘Middle Eastern appearance’, thus tapping into post-9/11 fears about the Arab and/or Muslim Other – the pre-eminent ‘folk devil’ of our time, as Scott Poynting et al. have argued.Footnote ¹⁹ One radio shock jock labelled the men ‘Middle Eastern grubs’ (‘grub’ is Australian slang for ‘a person with low moral standards, especially someone who contravenes an established code of behaviour’Footnote ²⁰), while another called for a ‘rally, a street march, call it what you will. A community show of force’.Footnote ²¹ That same announcer also broadcast a text message that had been circulating in Cronulla and beyond, which said, ‘This Sunday every Fucking Aussie in the shire [the Sutherland Shire, the local government area in which Cronulla is located], get down to North Cronulla to help support Leb and wog bashing day . . . let's show them this is our beach and they’re never welcome back’.Footnote ²² Not to be outdone, Rupert Murdoch's tabloid Daily Telegraph and Fairfax Media's broadsheet Sydney Morning Herald also printed versions of this and other offensive text messages.

Fig 2

Two days prior to the Cronulla Riots, this image appeared on the front page of the Sydney Morning Herald where the caption read, ‘Shaun Donohoe, 24, says he is angered by what he sees as an invasion of youths of Middle Eastern background on North Cronulla beach, 8 December 2005’. Photo credit: Andrew Meares.

Fig 3

Anglo-Australian youths gather at Cronulla on 11 December 2005. Their car displays the sign ‘Free Snags [sausages] (No Tabouli)’, photo: Dean Sewell.

On the morning of Sunday 11 December 2005, a crowd assembled at Cronulla, as did various media organizations. The following newspaper account sets the scene:

Within hours, this performance of nationalism – a specifically and coercively Anglo-Australian nationalism – had escalated into violence against anyone of ‘non-Anglo’ appearance. From 1 p.m. to 3 p.m., the crowd attacked several young men and women of apparently ‘ethnic’ backgrounds, before converging on the nearby train station. When two young men, again of ‘Middle Eastern appearance’, arrived at the station, the crowd started chanting racial abuse before scaling a fence and beating them. Finally a policeman, swinging his baton, rescued the young men.

That evening, around a hundred young Lebanese-Australian men from the Canterbury Bankstown area, a group of suburbs to the north-west of Cronulla, gathered at a local park in their area and formed a convoy of cars, converging on Cronulla. When they arrived they smashed cars and yelled through megaphones, challenging locals to come out and fight, though no one did. The police arrived almost immediately, breaking up the convoy and restoring order. Further reprisal attacks took place the following day in neighbouring suburbs, before order was restored mid-week. Though the Lebanese-Australian crowd was roughly 2 per cent of the size of the Anglo-Australian mob, the reporting media focused on the former rather than the latter.Footnote ²⁴

These were not the riots of the powerless, then, but of the powerful. Poynting writes,

For this reason, some scholars argue that the events at Cronulla are better described as a pogrom rather than a riot.Footnote ²⁶ Either way, the ugly and enduring image was that of a privileged ‘community that [nevertheless] felt victimised, gathering strength and expressing solidarity with itself’.Footnote ²⁷

In the aftermath of this social crisis all three levels of government mobilized: the Sutherland Shire and Bankstown City Councils implemented a variety of school and community programmes; the state government arrested, charged and convicted dozens of perpetrators; and the federal government's Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) charged radio announcer Alan Jones with breaching the ACMA Code of Conduct. Together, all three levels of government ploughed millions of dollars into social and cultural infrastructure. Though it might have happened anyway, since artists were always going to have to come to terms with the riots and what they meant for country and community, it was partly this funding strategy that ensured the emergence of the ‘Cronulla Riot’ play within the Australian repertoire.Footnote ²⁸

Stories of Love & Hate

Stories of Love & Hate was developed over two years by the Bankstown-based theatre company Urban Theatre Projects and the Bankstown Youth Development Service.Footnote ²⁹ In 2006, shortly after the riots, writer and director Roslyn Oades started working with communities in both Cronulla and Bankstown.Footnote ³⁰ As an Australian of Anglo-Celtic descent who grew up in Bankstown, a suburb where approximately 43 per cent of the population was born overseas and which is home for many Lebanese-Australians, Oades was in the unusual but ideal position of being able to win the trust of both communities. Like any ethnographer, she spent much of this early period just ‘hanging out’ with her informants. Later that year and throughout 2007, she interviewed more than sixty residents aged between fourteen and seventy-nine about their lives, loves and experiences of the riots.Footnote ³¹ Over eighty hours of interview material was edited into a sixty-five-minute audio script for a play, comprising ten interlinking narratives. The play premiered in November 2008, spending one week at the Hazelhurst Regional Gallery, which is located one suburb over from Cronulla, and then another week at the Bankstown Arts Centre.Footnote ³²

Fig 4

Mohammed Ahmad (left), Janie Gibson (centre) and Roderic Byrnes (right) as the Car Boys, Ousama, Mohammed A and Fred, in Stories of Love & Hate, dir. Roslyn Oades. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

The performance starts with Oades's voice, piped in over the loudspeaker.Footnote ³³ She can be heard double-checking her sound levels before asking a young man for his definition of love. He offers one before asking, rather endearingly, ‘Is that right? Do you agree?’Footnote ³⁴ We also meet a middle-aged couple, whose love is such that he still buys her flowers: ‘the other day’, he says; ‘the other month’, she says simultaneously (8). For others, love is less about a person and more about an activity such as surfing – ‘It's like being in the fallopian tube again I reckon’ – or driving (13). One of the young men finds the sound of the bass literally heart-stopping – ‘It's true!’ he exclaims, ‘you know you can die from bass?’ (15). From here we segue into a radio programme called Love Song Dedications, where a honey-voiced host – the Love God – takes calls from the public and plays their favourite love songs.

Having circled around the topic of love, the play slowly spirals inwards towards issues of hate and eventually to the events themselves, a structure that is reminiscent of Anna Deavere Smith's Fires in the Mirror, another oral-history play about a riot. Intriguingly, divisions emerge within communities as well as between them. One character is careful to point out that Punchbowl is no Mount Druitt, though both are located in Sydney's western suburbs (19), and three young Lebanese-Australian men jokingly refer to their ‘ghetto’ and debate whether or not they are ‘Lebanese’, ‘wogs’, ‘Middle-Easterns’, ‘Middle-Eastern Australians’ (33), or ‘Middle-Eastern wogs’ (42). Likewise, the surfers are dismissive of those who have tattoos of the Southern Cross – the constellation that dominates Australia's sky and flag – which ‘mean nothing’, whereas they themselves have scars that tell ‘ridiculous stories’ (22). When the discussion finally moves to the day of the riot, the surfers insist that there were hardly any locals at the scene, that it was mainly ‘[kanga]roo shooters’ and ‘Romper Stompers’, a reference to a Russell Crowe film in which he plays a neo-Nazi (38). Whoever was at Cronulla, though, was intent on violence, as a policeman and a photographer reveal. The flower-giving husband is revealed to be the baton-wielding policeman who saved the two men who were being beaten on the train. So shocked is the photographer by the ferocity of these attacks he witnessed that he says simply, ‘I put the camera down. I put it down’ (40).

In the final scene, we hear the recording of an older woman as well as Molino's repetition of it. Inevitably they are not the same and this not only serves as a metatheatrical reminder about the nature of repetition and remediation but also makes visible the invisible labour of listening. The play closes with the sound of bottles breaking and the crowd chanting.

Ethical eavesdropping

Perhaps the most habitual way of listening to verbatim theatre is ‘therapeutic listening’, as audio cultures scholar John Tebbutt calls it in a slightly different context.Footnote ³⁵ Therapeutic listening borrows from psychoanalysis, positing listening as a ‘cure’ and positioning the spectator as a secondary witness, which is to say as someone who listens to testimony or stories of trauma, violence and violation. The assumption is that through listening to testimony, the spectator, like the therapist, will ‘com[e] to feel the bewilderment, injury, confusion, dread, and conflicts that the trauma victim feels’.Footnote ³⁶ Though it can work, there are at least three risks associated with therapeutic listening. Most obviously, the model does not always take into account how private listening in the consultation room might differ from the public listening that happens in and through performance. The second risk of therapeutic listening is, as theatre scholar and playwright Julie Salverson has noted, that we tend to listen for injury and violation rather than resistance, hope, humour and resilience.Footnote ³⁷ Consequently, performance risks perpetuating what Salverson has termed an ‘aesthetic of injury’, an aesthetic which valorizes the victim, sentimentalizes those with little power and stages a ‘reduced version of “the tragic” which does not account for the complexities, contexts and strengths of those who are injured by injustice’.Footnote ³⁸ This risks solidifying existing social arrangements, meaning that therapeutic listening comes dangerously close to ‘conservative listening’, or what Justine Lloyd has called ‘listening for disturbance (without being disturbed)’.Footnote ³⁹

Stories of Love & Hate avoids the aesthetic of injury for several reasons. First, rather than confronting the Cronulla Riots directly, Oades comes at the issue obliquely, stating in her programme note that the play ‘is not a work about the riots, but rather a work about the ordinary people who were there’.Footnote ⁴⁰ Second, instead of charting the ‘post-traumatic’ aftermath of the riots, the performance focuses almost entirely on the ‘pre-traumatic’ context by asking characters about their loves and lives prior to the riots. In addition, Stories of Love & Hate includes interviews with the perpetrators as well as the victims and bystanders, thus complicating lines of identification and preventing audience members from identifying simply as, or solely with, the victims. Third, and most intriguingly, Stories of Love & Hate steers the audience away from therapeutic listening because it offers several other forms of listening, including what I call ‘ethical eavesdropping’.

Fig 5

Mohammed Ahmad (left), Janie Gibson (centre) and Katia Molino (right) as the Auburn Girls, Funda, Nada and Nadia, in Stories of Love & Hate, dir. Roslyn Oades. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

While there are some scenes in which a single actor addresses the audience, for the most part the characters address us in groups of two, three or even four. When watching these group scenes, it is hard to listen therapeutically. In fact, it can be hard to listen at all as conversations split, double, converge, pause, restart and split again. Even readers of the script may struggle, as this scene between three Lebanese-Australian schoolgirls illustrates. The script is formatted in two columns, in order to represent simultaneous speech, while the slash symbol (/) represents an interruption:

There are few analyses of group scenes in the discourse on verbatim theatre, partly because such scenes are relatively rare in the form. One of the most detailed discussions occurs in feminist theatre scholar Jill Dolan's Utopia in Performance, where she gives an account of two group scenes in a production of The Laramie Project. Dolan states that the director ‘positioned the actors to listen closely and visibly to each other, staging their interactions in groups of pairs of people talking together, which demonstrated the attentiveness the production sought from its audience’.Footnote ⁴¹ Actors not directly involved in a scene remained onstage and ‘watched each other perform and listened empathetically’.Footnote ⁴² In doing so, according to Dolan, the production positioned the actors as ‘model listeners’, who both represented and ‘create[d] a new public of attentive listeners’.Footnote ⁴³ But what happens when characters do not listen closely to each other, and are instead distracted, unfocused, scattered and sometimes rude? Or when the actors appear to be listening more closely to the headphones than to each other? What sort of listening is this and where does it leave the spectator? Such scenes, I argue, symbolize and facilitate a form of listening better known as eavesdropping.

Fig 6

Mohammed Ahmad (left), Janie Gibson (centre left), Roderic Byrnes (centre right) and Katia Molino (right) perform eavesdropping – tuning in and out of each other's conversation as the Shire Kids, Courtney, Sam, Tini and Emily, in Stories of Love & Hate, dir. Roslyn Oades. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

In his book Performing History, theatre scholar Freddie Rokem theorizes eavesdropping as a form of ‘secre[t] witnessing’.Footnote ⁴⁴ Eavesdropping can occur in one of two ways: (1) in what he calls ‘screen-scenes’ where one of the ‘characters is secretly spying on one or several of the other characters’, and (2) when a character ‘intentionally takes a position outside the direct action’.Footnote ⁴⁵ In Stories of Love & Hate, however, a third way appears, as none of the characters are secretly spying on the others, nor do any of them take a position outside the action, though they do drift in and out of the conversation. Instead, they appear to address an interviewer who is never represented onstage and whom they apparently forget about as they wander, flirt and guffaw their way through their various conversations. It is not merely that the interviewer is not staged; it is as if she is simply – though momentarily – not there.

This is where Rokem's theory of eavesdropping might be usefully supplemented by that of rhetorician Krista Ratcliffe. In Rhetorical Listening: Identification, Gender, Whiteness, Ratcliffe moves away from the common understanding of eavesdropping as the practice of ‘listening secretly’ and recovers other etymologies, finding

Here eavesdropping emerges as a composite practice of ‘choosing to stand outside . . . in an uncomfortable spot . . . on the border of knowing and not knowing . . . granting others the inside position . . . listening to learn’.Footnote ⁴⁷ It becomes a method of ‘purposely positioning oneself on the edge of one's knowing so as to overhear and learn from others’ and thus, according to Ratcliffe, a way of listening cross-culturally.Footnote ⁴⁸

When asked for real-life examples, Ratcliffe suggests that we can eavesdrop by listening to our students talk before class, by reading a scholarly text on an unfamiliar subject, or by viewing an advertisement for a political candidate we dislike and trying to ‘heed why its addressed audience finds it so compelling’.Footnote ⁴⁹ In this way, ‘eavesdropping enhances critical thinking’.Footnote ⁵⁰ Yet thinking critically does not mean thinking contemptuously and Ratcliffe cautions that ‘eavesdropping demands an accompanying ethic of care’.Footnote ⁵¹ Sociologist Tanja Dreher has argued that more than ‘care’, eavesdroppers need permission from those they are observing. Dreher, a ‘white, middle-class woman’, describes her experience of organizing but not speaking at a symposium for Indigenous and Muslim feminists as an instance of ‘eavesdropping with permission’, and offers it as a methodology for cultural studies more broadly.Footnote ⁵²

Through her interviewing practice Oades has created the conditions in which she is granted implicit and explicit permission to eavesdrop: implicitly, through her long-term presence in her subjects’ lives; explicitly, through her practice of giving them her phone number, sending them a copy of the interview, getting them to sign a release form, allowing them to withdraw from the process within one week of the interview and allowing them to remain anonymous if they prefer.Footnote ⁵³ Through her, the audience, too, is granted permission to eavesdrop on communities to which we would not normally have access. Though I am a Sydneysider, I rarely go to either Cronulla or Bankstown. Even if I did, I would not necessarily have much in common with the Cronulla schoolgirl who has a Southern Cross tattooed on her shoulder or with the three Bankstown boys who spend thousands of dollars on imported engines for their cars. Both of these worlds are equally foreign to me, and yet through Stories of Love & Hate I am able to hear them not only talking, but talking among themselves. In this way, the performance creates a public space for the apparently paradoxical practice of ‘ethical eavesdropping’ where – in contrast to Rokem's secret listeners – we are visible as eavesdroppers.

Fig 7

Janie Gibson as Monique performs mediatized listening – wearing headphones while making a phone call to request that Whitney Houston's ‘I Will Always Love You’ be played on the radio, in Stories of Love & Hate, dir. Roslyn Oades. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

Fig 8

Katia Molino as Houda performs mediatized listening – wearing headphones while making a phone call to request that Diana Ross and Lionel Ritchie's ‘Endless Love’ be played on the radio, in Stories of Love & Hate, dir. Roslyn Oades. Photo credit: Heidrun Löhr.

Mediatized listening

Interspersed with these group scenes are three scenes in which single characters call a radio station to dedicate a song to a current or former lover. When I first reviewed the play, I found these scenes ‘a touch contrived and too close to parody’.Footnote ⁵⁴ On reflection, however, I have come to appreciate the many other modes of listening modelled in these encounters. Of course, it is arguable that they simply offer another opportunity to eavesdrop, albeit in a slightly different way. This reading is encouraged by the mise en scène, which places the performers on either side of the stage and has them address the blue night air that hangs between them rather than the audience or each other. In addition, the actors are often positioned in profile or with their back to the audience, enhancing the sense that they are saying something private. This would seem to confirm Ratcliffe and Dreher's shared conviction that ‘listening in’ to media is another way of eavesdropping with curiosity, care and implicit permission.

Yet theories of eavesdropping do not fully account for what is happening here, especially in the striking moments where the actors are listening to the phone while still wearing their headphones. On the one hand, the caller appears isolated by media technologies, particularly the headphones, thus confirming cultural suspicions that they manifest ‘a refusal of public exchange and [an] apparent regression to individual solitude’.Footnote ⁵⁵ This isolation is increased by the staging, which places the actors on either side of the stage with minimal lighting. On the other hand, and contrary to our expectations, perhaps, the radio host models a patient and empathetic listening. For example, when Monique calls to dedicate a song to her boyfriend Adam, who proposed yesterday and is apparently still waiting for an answer, she stammers that she's ‘got a lot going on at the moment, family dramas and just, you know things like that’, adding, ‘I feel terrible an’ I jus– I hate myself, but I just don't know what else. Um, I don’t, I–’ (16–17). In response, the character of the Love God summarizes the situation with great tact, saying,

When she replies that it isn’t, he says, ‘Alright, so, we’re delivering that news to Adam, which I’m sure he probably doesn't want to hear, but at least he would know that he still has your love’ (17). He announces ‘This is for you Adam’ and the opening phrase of Whitney Houston's ‘I Will Always Love You’ plays (17). Similarly, when Houda calls and asks to dedicate Diana Ross and Lionel Ritchie's ‘Endless Love’ to her ex-husband, the Love God says gently, ‘Ohh, this is a lost love for you?’, before asking how long they have been separated and how the intervening months have been. Unlike many in the audience, he does not laugh at her bitter and ironic song choice or do anything else to dismiss her pain. Instead, he simply thanks her for calling and announces, ‘This is for you Khaled’ (42).

There is no doubt that the listening of the Love God resembles therapeutic listening, but because it plays out through media it is never only that. Instead, these scenes produce a mode that I call ‘mediatized listening’ whereby spectators can see how media industries, media technologies and media practices intersect and diverge. Such scenes remind us that media technologies and practices are not one and the same and that neither is synonymous with the mainstream media. They also complicate the conventional wisdom that verbatim theatre employs media technologies in order to rescue stories that media industries neglect,Footnote ⁵⁶ for here it is the technology that seems to isolate and the industry that seems to include, as the Love God listens to modest people telling their modest stories. Indeed, his very presence underlines the fact that Stories of Love & Hate is responding to an event that even those of us who live in Sydney experienced as a media event.

The mutual imbrication of life, media and performance is most clearly illustrated in the scenes where the characters themselves sing their favourite songs. In one scene, Noelene and Jill demonstrate how they sing ‘Oh What a Beautiful Morning!’ together when they arrive at the ocean baths for their daily swim. Later in the play, Noelene sings ‘I Wouldn't Trade You for the World’ about her husband (46–7). In another scene, Tommy and Moh D chortle that their favourite love song is ‘Sexual Healing’ (35–6). In the scene immediately after that, arguably the climax of the play, the characters Emily, Tini, Sam and Courtney nominate ‘Under the Bridge’ by the Red Hot Chilli Peppers as their favourite love song (36). They start singing it, before pulling out a phone on which they have footage of themselves drinking and dancing to the song. When Emily presses ‘play’, the recorded song swamps the space and we are transported back to the party, as the actors jump around while holding onto their headphones.

Perhaps rather than telling stories that the media misses, headphone verbatim theatre enables spectators to listen to how the media listens. It also encourages us to reflect on how we, as audience members, listen to and through media. In other words, watching this type of audio-cued performance facilitates a sort of meta-listening. More radically, if there are journalists in the audience, it may even ‘help [them] to help themselves to listen’; that is, to stop doing what Nadyat El-Gawley calls ‘listening out’ (for a particular statement from a politician or spokesperson that can be incorporated easily into an article) and to start simply listening.Footnote ⁵⁷ Regardless of our profession, these scenes reinforce the fact that performance and media are not separate spheres but rather part of the fabric of life itself.

The limits of listening

There are, of course, limits to what listening, as both a practice and a theory, can achieve. Indeed these limits are inscribed within the form of headphone verbatim itself, since the actors cannot listen to the audience as attentively as they might without headphones. Furthermore, once the audio script has started there is no way to alter its timing, meaning that actors cannot adjust their performance in any way, for example by pausing for a laugh line. This sort of listening without pause recalls politicians’ ‘listening tours’, as well as managerial strategies of ‘listening’ to your employees before doing what you were going to do anyway. These examples, as Lloyd has argued, prove that listening is not infallible and that it is easily coopted.Footnote ⁵⁸ Finally, we have to remember that listening rarely operates alone – we are usually looking and listening simultaneously, so that even if a performance models a new form of listening, it may perpetuate old spectatorial habits.

Nonetheless, listening still might provide new ways in which to theorize political, theatrical and testimonial publics. Theories of eavesdropping, for instance, invite us to think further about the similarities and differences between accidental eavesdropping, such as overhearing someone answer their phone in public, and deliberate eavesdropping, through espionage and state surveillance. How do such practices assist, damage or disable the formation of publics? Likewise, theories of mediatized listening encourage us to consider how the media themselves both enable and block listening within and between publics. Theatre scholar Alice Rayner's recovery of the archaic meaning of audience, as in ‘to grant an audience’, also encourages subjects to contemplate who it is that they listen to.Footnote ⁵⁹ Rather than thinking about whether the subaltern can speak, listening encourages us to think about whether the mainstream subject can listen. For me, because I am, like Dreher, a white, middle-class woman, this means asking myself, how do I listen? To whom do I listen? And when was the last time I really listened? More broadly, theories of listening might also help to reformulate such historiographical questions as ‘why weren't we told?’ into ‘why couldn't they listen?’Footnote ⁶⁰

When I asked Mohammed Ahmad in the foyer about what it is like to act in these plays where there is little room for error, he replied, ‘It is not enough to listen word for word; you have to listen breath for breath. There is no other way in which to reach that person's rhythm’. To listen breath for breath: it is a beautiful and evocative phrase and it reminds us to listen for what goes unspoken but not necessarily unsaid. Reflecting on this makes me realize that Indigenous voices are completely absent from Stories of Love & Hate as well as from the initial riots. Two tribes are fighting over land that was not theirs to begin with, for the word Cronulla derives from kurranulla, which means ‘place of the pink sea shells’ in the dialect of the area's Indigenous inhabitants, the Gwe-agal, a clan of the Dharawal tribe. This fact was acknowledged when the cast performed an excerpt of the play at the Museum of Contemporary Art in association with Aboriginal artist Fiona Foley's photographic series Nulla 4 Eva (2008).

This remount at the MCA was one of many, as Stories of Love & Hate made its way from the margins to the mainstream, starting with short performances at the Sydney Writers’ Festival (2008); the Transcultural Mappings conference at the University of Sydney (2008); Vitalstatistix, Adelaide (2011); finishing with a full production at the Sydney Theatre Company (2011) as part of its Education Program. There, almost two thousand schoolchildren saw it.Footnote ⁶¹ Perhaps it is too much to hope that these children will learn how to listen, or to listen better, on the basis of having seen this show, but it is not too much to say that the arduous listening of Oades and her cast contrasts sharply with the profound lack of listening that lay at the heart of the Cronulla Riots. In repeating these stories of love and hate with such sensitivity and artistry, the performance provided Sydney audiences with an opportunity to rehear our fellow citizens and to rehearse new modes of listening and belonging. To recall and at the same time refute Studs Terkel, Stories of Love & Hate became a theatre of both communication and communications.