2.1 Characters and Galois actions

Recall that an algebraic torus T over k is an algebraic group over k such that

$$ \begin{align*}\bar{T}:=T_{\bar{k}} = {\mathbb G}_m^d, \end{align*} $$

over an algebraic closure $\bar {k}$ of k. Let M be its character lattice, and let N be the lattice of cocharacters, which carry actions of the absolute Galois group $\mathrm {Gal}(k)$ of k.

The descent data for a torus T over an arbitrary field k of characteristic zero are encoded by the continuous representation

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Gal}(k) \rightarrow \mathrm{GL}(M). \end{align*} $$

2.2 Quasi-trivial tori

There is a tight connection between (stable) k-rationality of T and properties of the Galois module M.

Recall that M is called a permutation module if M has a ${\mathbb Z}$ -basis permuted by $\mathrm {Gal}(k)$ , that is, M is a direct sum of modules of the form ${\mathbb Z}[\mathrm {Gal}(k)/H]$ , where H is a closed finite-index subgroup. By definition, a torus T is quasi-trivial if M is a permutation module. Quasi-trivial tori are rational over k by Hilbert’s Theorem 90 for general linear groups.

Every torus may be expressed as a subtorus or quotient of a quasi-trivial torus, by expressing the character or cocharacter lattices as quotients of permutation modules.

2.3 Rationality criteria

A fundamental theorem [Reference VoskresenskiĭV2] is that a torus T is stably rational if and only if M is stably permutation, that is, there exist permutation modules P and Q such that

$$ \begin{align*} M\oplus P \simeq Q. \end{align*} $$

This condition implies the vanishing of

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathrm H}^1(H, M) \end{align*} $$

for all closed finite-index subgroups $H\subseteq \mathrm {Gal}(k)$ (i.e., M is coflabby).

2.4 Torsor formalism

Let X be a smooth projective geometrically rational variety over k. Since $\bar {X}$ is rational, $\mathrm {Pic}(\bar {X})\rightarrow \mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ is an isomorphism. Let

$$ \begin{align*} T_{\mathrm{NS}(\bar{X})} \end{align*} $$

denote the Néron–Severi torus of X, that is, a torus whose character group is isomorphic, as a Galois module, to $\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ . Let

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P} \rightarrow X \end{align*} $$

be a universal torsor for $T_{\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})}$ over k; below, we will discuss when it exists over the ground field. Recall that $ {\mathcal P} \rightarrow X $ is a morphism defined over k, admitting a free action

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P} \times T_{\mathrm{NS}(\bar{X})}\rightarrow {\mathcal P} \end{align*} $$

over X with the following geometric property: choose a basis

$$ \begin{align*} \lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_r \in \mathrm{NS}(\bar{X})=\mathrm{Hom}(T_{\mathrm{NS}(\bar{X})},{\mathbb G}_m), \end{align*} $$

so that the associated rank-one bundles $L_1,\ldots ,L_r \rightarrow X$ satisfy

$$ \begin{align*} \lambda_i=[L_i], \quad i=1,\ldots,r. \end{align*} $$

This determines ${\mathcal P}$ uniquely over an algebraic closure $\bar {k}/k$ ; however, for each $\gamma \in {\mathrm H}^1(\mathrm {Gal}(k),T_{\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})})$ , we can twist the torus action to obtain another such torsor ${}^{\gamma }{\mathcal P}$ .

Given a homomorphism of free Galois modules

$$ \begin{align*} \alpha: M \rightarrow \mathrm{NS}(\bar{X}), \end{align*} $$

there is a homomorphism of tori $T_{\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})} \rightarrow T_M$ and an induced torsor ${\mathcal P}_{\alpha } \rightarrow X$ for $T_M$ .

A sufficient condition for the existence of a universal torsor over k is the existence of a k-rational point $x\in X(k)$ : one can define ${\mathcal P} \rightarrow X$ over k via evaluation at x. More generally, suppose that $D_1,\ldots ,D_r$ is a collection of effective divisors on $\bar {X}$ that is Galois-invariant and generates $\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ . Let U denote their complement in X; we have an exact sequence

$$ \begin{align*} 0 \rightarrow R=\bar{k}[U]^{\times}/\bar{k}^{\times} \rightarrow \oplus_{j=1}^r {\mathbb Z} D_j \rightarrow \mathrm{NS}(\bar{X}) \rightarrow 0. \end{align*} $$

The following conditions are equivalent [Reference Colliot-Thélène and SansucCTS2, Prop. 2.2.8]:

• • the short exact sequence

  (2.1) $$ \begin{align} 1 \rightarrow \bar{k}^{\times} \rightarrow \bar{k}[U]^{\times} \rightarrow \bar{k}[U]^{\times}/\bar{k}^{\times} \rightarrow 1 \end{align} $$
  splits;

• • the descent obstruction for $\bar {{\mathcal P}}$ in ${\mathrm H}^2(\mathrm {Gal}(k), T_{\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})})$ vanishes.

Indeed, each rational point $x\in U(k)$ gives a splitting of (2.1).

When can the universal torsor—or more general torsor constructions—be used to obtain stable rationality results for X over k?

The last two conditions hold [Reference Birkar, Cascini, Hacon and McKernanBCS+, Prop. 3] if $\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ is stably permutation. Note that there are examples where the relevant cohomology vanishes ( $\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ is flabby and coflabby), but $\mathrm {NS}(\bar {X})$ fails to be a stable permutation module; these can be found in [Reference Colliot-Thélène and SansucCTS1, Rem. R4] (see also [Reference Hu and KeelHY, §1]).

3.1 $ \textit{G} $ -tori

Let ${\mathbb G}_m^d$ be an algebraic torus over k. Recall that we have a split exact sequence

(3.1) $$ \begin{align} 1\to {\mathbb G}_m^d\to \mathrm{Aff}({\mathbb G}_m^d)\to \mathrm{Aut}({\mathbb G}_m^d)\to 1, \end{align} $$

where $\mathrm {Aut}({\mathbb G}_m^d)=\mathrm {GL}_d({\mathbb Z})$ is the group of automorphisms as an algebraic group and $\mathrm {Aff}({\mathbb G}_m^d)$ is the associated affine group. Note that $\mathrm {Aut}({\mathbb G}_m^d)$ acts faithfully on the character lattice.

Let $G\rightarrow \mathrm {Aut}({\mathbb G}_m^d)$ be a homomorphism from a finite group; write T for the resulting group in the category of G-varieties. We refer to such tori as G-tori; we continue to write ${\mathbb G}_m^d,d=\dim (T),$ when we forget the G-action on T. Given $G\subset \mathrm {Aff}({\mathbb G}_m^d)$ , the elements in $G\cap {\mathbb G}_m^d$ will be called translations. This gives rise to a torsor in the category of G-varieties

$$ \begin{align*} P\times T \rightarrow P, \end{align*} $$

where T is the G-torus associated with the composition $G\rightarrow \mathrm {Aff}(T) \rightarrow \mathrm {Aut}(T)$ .

The (stable) linearization problem for G-tori concerns (stable) birationality of the G-action on a torus and a linear G-action on ${\mathbb P}^d$ . There are two extreme cases:

• • $G\subset {\mathbb G}_m^d$ , that is, G is abelian and the G-action is a translation action.

• • $G\cap {\mathbb G}_m^d=1$ .

3.2 Linearizing translation actions

An action via $G\subset {\mathbb G}_m^d$ extends to a linear action; indeed, it extends to a linear action on the natural compactification ${\mathbb G}_m^d\hookrightarrow {\mathbb P}^d$ . Note that these do not have to be equivariantly birational to each other, for different embeddings $G\hookrightarrow {\mathbb G}_m^d$ ; the determinant condition of [Reference Reichstein and YoussinRY2] characterizes such actions up to equivariant birationality. By the No-Name Lemma, translation actions are stably equivariantly birational. For nonabelian G containing an abelian subgroup of rank d, similar examples of nonbirational but stably birational G-actions on tori can be extracted from [Reference Reichstein and YoussinRY2, Prop. 7.2].

3.3 Linearizing translation-free actions

The (stable) linearization problem for actions without translations is essentially equivalent to the well-studied (stable) rationality problem of tori over nonclosed fields. It is controlled by the G-action on the cocharacters. We record the following proposition.

Proof. Suppose first that N is a permutation module. We can realize our torus

$$ \begin{align*} T \subset {\mathbb A}^d, \quad d=\dim(T), \end{align*} $$

as an open subset of affine space twisted by a permutation of the basis vectors. Any linear twist of affine space is isomorphic to affine space by Hilbert’s Theorem 90; hence, the G-action on T is linearizable as well.

If N is stably permutation, then there exist permutation modules P and Q such that

$$ \begin{align*} N \oplus P \simeq Q. \end{align*} $$

The argument above yields

$$ \begin{align*} T \times {\mathbb A}^{\dim(P)} \stackrel{\sim}{\dashrightarrow} {\mathbb A}^{\dim(Q)}, \end{align*} $$

which, combined with the No-Name Lemma, gives that the action is stably linear.

3.4 $ G $ -equivariant torsors

We now turn to general smooth projective varieties X with a generically free regular action of a finite group G. We assume that

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{NS}(X)=\mathrm{Pic}(X) \end{align*} $$

is a free abelian group; it inherits the G-action. Let

$$ \begin{align*} T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)}:=\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{NS}(X),{\mathbb G}_m) \end{align*} $$

denote the Néron–Severi torus; it is a G-torus.

Let T be a G-torus with character module $\hat {T}$ . A G-equivariant T-torsor over X consists of a G-equivariant scheme ${\mathcal P} \rightarrow X$ and a G-equivariant action

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P}\times T \rightarrow {\mathcal P} \end{align*} $$

over X that is a torsor on the underlying groups and varieties. Let

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathrm H}^1_G(X,T) \end{align*} $$

denote the group of isomorphism classes of G-equivariant S-torsors over X. We have an exact sequence

(3.2) $$ \begin{align} 0 \rightarrow {\mathrm H}^1(G,T) \rightarrow {\mathrm H}^1_G(X,T) \rightarrow \mathrm{Hom}_G(\hat{T},\mathrm{Pic}(X)) \stackrel{\partial}{\rightarrow} {\mathrm H}^2(G,T). \end{align} $$

The middle arrow may be understood as recording the line bundles arising from characters of T.

3.5 Amitsur group

Restricting to G-invariant divisors

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Pic}(X)^G \subset \mathrm{Pic}(X), \end{align*} $$

we obtain

$$ \begin{align*} 0 \rightarrow \mathrm{Hom}(G,{\mathbb G}_m) \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}_G(X) \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(X)^G \rightarrow {\mathrm H}^2(G,{\mathbb G}_m), \end{align*} $$

where $\mathrm {Pic}_G(X)$ is the group of G-linearized line bundles on X. The class

$$ \begin{align*} \alpha=\partial([h]), \end{align*} $$

where h is G-invariant, is called the Schur multiplier. It vanishes if and only if the G-action lifts to $\Gamma (X,{\mathcal O}_X(mh))$ for each $m>0$ . The subgroup

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Am}(X,G)\subseteq {\mathrm H}^2(G,{\mathbb G}_m) \end{align*} $$

generated by all such classes is called the Amitsur group [Reference Bannai and TokunagaBCD+, §6]; it is a stable G-birational invariant [Reference Sancho, Moreno and SanchoS, Thm. 2.14]. Note that when $\mathrm {Am}(X,G)=0$ , there may be subgroups $H \subsetneq G$ with $\mathrm {Am}(X,H) \neq 0$ .

3.6 Lifting the $G $ -action

Suppose that

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P}\rightarrow X \end{align*} $$

is a universal torsor, that is, a torsor for $T=T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ whose class in $\mathrm {Hom}(\hat {T},\mathrm {Pic}(X))$ is the identity. When does the G-action on X lift to ${\mathcal P}$ ? This problem is analogous to the problem of descending the universal torsor to the ground field, in the arithmetic context of §2.4.

Here are two sufficient conditions:

• • X admits a G-fixed point.

• • The cocycle

  $$ \begin{align*} \alpha=\partial (\operatorname{Id}) \in {\mathrm H}^2(G,T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)}) \end{align*} $$
  vanishes (whence all Schur multipliers are trivial).

The latter is necessary by the long exact sequence (3.2). The following proposition gives a criterion for the vanishing of this cocycle.

Proposition 4. Let X be a smooth projective G-variety. Assume that $\mathrm {Pic}(X)$ is a free abelian group. Fix a G-invariant open subset $\emptyset \neq U \subset X$ with $\mathrm {Pic}(U)=0$ . The class $\alpha \in {\mathrm H}^2(G,T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)})$ vanishes if and only if the exact sequence

(3.3) $$ \begin{align} 1 \rightarrow k^{\times} \rightarrow k[U]^{\times} \rightarrow k[U]^{\times}/k^{\times} \rightarrow 1 \end{align} $$

has a G-equivariant splitting.

The proof is completely analogous to the proof of [Reference Colliot-Thélène and SansucCTS2, 2.2.8(v)] with group cohomology replacing Galois cohomology.

3.7 Constructing the torsor

This approach can yield a construction for the universal torsor. Let $D_1,\ldots ,D_r$ be a G-invariant collection of effective divisors generating $\mathrm {Pic}(X)$ . The complement

$$ \begin{align*} U=X\setminus (D_1\cup\cdots \cup D_r) \end{align*} $$

has trivial Picard group. Consider the exact sequence

$$ \begin{align*} 0 \rightarrow \hat{R} \rightarrow \oplus_{i=1}^r {\mathbb Z} D_i \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(X) \rightarrow 0, \end{align*} $$

where $\hat {R}$ is the module of relations among the $D_i$ , and its dual

(3.4) $$ \begin{align} 0 \rightarrow T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)} \rightarrow M \rightarrow R \rightarrow 0. \end{align} $$

There is a canonical G-homomorphism

$$ \begin{align*}\hat{R} \rightarrow k[U]^{\times}/k^{\times} \end{align*} $$

obtained by regarding the relations as rational functions that are invertible on U. The existence of a splitting for (3.3) yields a lift

$$ \begin{align*} \hat{R} \rightarrow k[U]^{\times}, \end{align*} $$

whence a morphism

$$ \begin{align*} U \rightarrow R. \end{align*} $$

The sequence (3.4) induces a $T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ -torsor over U, which extends to all of X as in [Reference Colliot-Thélène and SansucCTS2, Thm. 2.3.1].

3.8 Properties of torsors

We also have the equivariant version of [Reference Birkar, Cascini, Hacon and McKernanBCS+, Prop. 3], an application of Hilbert Theorem 90.

Proposition 5. Suppose $\mathrm {NS}(X)$ is stably permutation as a G-module. If ${\mathcal P}\rightarrow X$ is a universal torsor, then there exists a G-equivariant rational section $X\dashrightarrow {\mathcal P}$ , whence

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P} \sim_G T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)}\times X. \end{align*} $$

In parallel with [Reference Colliot-Thélène and SansucCTS2, Prop. 2.9.2], we have the following proposition.

Proof. Let W be a smooth projective G-variety, equivariantly birational to a linear generically free action on projective space. Then $\mathrm {Pic}(W)$ is stably a permutation module, and each invariant line bundle on W admits a G linearization. Thus, the resulting torus $T_{\mathrm {NS}(W)}$ admits a torsor ${\mathcal Q} \rightarrow W$ , equivariant under the G action.

If X admits a universal torsor ${\mathcal P} \rightarrow X$ , then the product

$$ \begin{align*} \pi_W^* \,{\mathcal Q} \times \pi_X^*{\mathcal P} \rightarrow W\times X \end{align*} $$

is a universal torsor for $X\times W$ .

Conversely, suppose that $W\times X$ admits a universal torsor. Since the existence of a universal torsor is a G-birational property, we may assume that $W={\mathbb P}^n$ and G acts linearly and faithfully on ${\mathbb P}^n$ . It therefore acts on the associated affine space $\Gamma ({\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(1))^{\vee }$ and the universal subbundle ${\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(-1)$ . The No-Name Lemma implies G-birational equivalences

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(-1) \times X \stackrel{\sim}{\dashrightarrow} {\mathbb A}^1 \times W \times X \end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*} \Gamma({\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(1))^{\vee} \times X \stackrel{\sim}{\dashrightarrow} {\mathbb A}^{n+1}\times X \end{align*} $$

with trivial actions on the affine space factors. Moreover, ${\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(-1)$ is equal to the blowup of $\Gamma ({\mathcal O}_{{\mathbb P}^n}(1))^{\vee }$ at the origin; thus, $W\times X$ is stably birational to ${\mathbb A}^{n+1}\times X$ .

We therefore reduce ourselves to the situation where ${\mathbb P}^{n+1}\times X$ admits a universal torsor

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal V} \rightarrow {\mathbb P}^{n+1} \times X, \end{align*} $$

where G acts trivially on the first factor. The pullback homomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \pi^*_X: \mathrm{Pic}(X) \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(X\times {\mathbb P}^{n+1}) \end{align*} $$

allows us to produce a $T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ -torsor ${\mathcal R} \rightarrow {\mathbb P}^{n+1}\times X$ . Choose a section of ${\mathbb P}^{n+1}\times X \rightarrow X$ and restrict ${\mathcal R}$ to this section to get the desired torsor on X.

3.9 Torsors and stable linearization

We record an equivariant version of Proposition 1.

There is no harm in assuming merely that ${\mathcal P}$ is stably linearizable as our conclusion on X is a stable property.

Indeed, the last two conditions of Proposition 8 follow if $\mathrm {NS}(X)$ is a stably permutation module by Proposition 5.

3.10 Universal torsors and Cox rings

Suppose X is a smooth projective variety that has a universal torsor ${\mathcal P} \rightarrow X$ . In some cases, there is a natural embedding of ${\mathcal P}$ into affine space, realizing X is a subvariety of a toric variety. Specifically, assume that the Cox ring

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Cox}(X):= \oplus_{L \in \mathrm{Pic}(X)}\, \Gamma(X,L), \end{align*} $$

graded by the Picard group and with multiplication induced by tensor product of line bundles, is finitely generated (see, e.g., [Reference Arzhantsev, Derenthal, Hausen and LafaceADH+] for definitions and properties). This is the case for Fano varieties (e.g., [Reference Beauville, Colliot-Thélène, Sansuc and Swinnerton-DyerBCH+], [Reference Hassett and TschinkelHK]). Then there is a natural open embedding

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P} \hookrightarrow \mathrm{Spec}(\mathrm{Cox}(X)), \end{align*} $$

compatible with the actions of $T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ associated with the torsor structure and the grading, respectively. Fixing a finite set $\{x_{\sigma }\}_{\sigma \in \Sigma }$ of graded generators for $\mathrm {Cox}(X)$ , we obtain an embedding

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Spec}(\mathrm{Cox}(X)) \hookrightarrow {\mathbb A}^{\Sigma}. \end{align*} $$

Taking a quotient of the codomain by $T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ gives a toric variety (see §4.1); choosing a quotient associated with a linearization of an ample line bundle L on X gives the desired embedding

$$ \begin{align*} X \hookrightarrow [{\mathbb A}^{\Sigma}/T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)}]_L. \end{align*} $$

Our focus is the extent to which these constructions can be performed equivariantly (when X comes with a G-action) or over nonclosed fields. We emphasize that the Cox-ring formulation is equivalent to the universal torsor framework when the torsor exists.

3.11 General results on linearizable actions

For this last section, we return to the general question of characterizing group actions that are birational or stably birational.

Proof. Our assumption implies the existence of linear representations

$$ \begin{align*} G \times {\mathbb A}^n \rightarrow {\mathbb A}^n, \quad G \times {\mathbb A}^{d+n} \rightarrow {\mathbb A}^{d+n}, d=\dim(X), \end{align*} $$

such that

$$ \begin{align*} X\times {\mathbb A}^n\sim_G {\mathbb A}^{d+n}. \end{align*} $$

Twisting by a, we find that

$$ \begin{align*} {}^{a} X \times {}^{a} {\mathbb A}^n \sim_G {}^{a}{\mathbb A}^{d+n}. \end{align*} $$

It follows that

$$ \begin{align*} X \times {}^{a}{\mathbb A}^{d+n} \sim_G {}^aX \times {\mathbb A}^{d+n}. \end{align*} $$

The No-Name Lemma implies that these are birational to

$$ \begin{align*} X \times {\mathbb A}^{d+n}, {}^{a} X\times {\mathbb A}^{d+n}, \end{align*} $$

where the actions on the affine spaces are trivial. This gives the stable birational equivalence.

4.1 Toric varieties

Let $X=X_{\Sigma }$ be a T-equivariant compactification of T, where $\Sigma $ is a fan, that is, a collection $\Sigma =\{ \sigma \}$ of cones in the cocharacter group $N:=\mathfrak X_*(T)$ of T (see, e.g., [Reference FultonF] for terminology regarding toric varieties). Let $\Sigma (i)\subset \Sigma $ be the collection of i-dimensional cones. A complete determination of the automorphism group $\mathrm {Aut}(X)$ can be found in [Reference SarikyanSMS]. Conversely, given a finite group $G\subset \mathrm {Aut}(T)$ , there exists a smooth projective T-equivariant compactification of T, with regular G action.

Suppose T is a G-torus. We say that X is a T-toric variety if there exists a G-equivariant action $X\times T \rightarrow X$ such that X has a dense T-orbit with trivial generic stabilizer. Note that X need not have G-fixed points but does admit a distinguished Zariski-open subset that is a torsor for T.

We record a corollary of Proposition 10.

If the cocharacter module N of T is stably permutation, then a smooth projective T-equivariant compactification $T \subset X$ has Picard group $\mathrm {Pic}(X)$ that is also stably a permutation module.

Indeed, we have an exact sequence

(4.1) $$ \begin{align} 0 \rightarrow M \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}_T(X) \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(X) \rightarrow 0, \end{align} $$

where the central term is a permutation module indexed by vectors generating the one-skeleton of the fan. The exact sequence (4.1) shows that M is stably permutation if and only if $\mathrm {Pic}(X)$ is stably permutation.

4.2 Universal torsors for toric varieties

Let $X\times T \rightarrow X$ denote a T-toric variety, where X is smooth and projective. Ignoring the action of G, $\mathrm {Cox}(X)$ is a polynomial ring $k[x_{\sigma }], \sigma \in \Sigma (1),$ indexed by the $1$ -skeleton, that is, generators of the one-dimensional cones in the fan of X. Of course, the group G permutes the elements of $\Sigma (1)$ and if X admits a T-fixed point—invariant under G—then $\mathrm {Spec}(\mathrm {Cox}(X))$ is the affine space ${\mathbb A}^{\Sigma (1)}$ with the induced permutation action of G.

However, when the dense open orbit of X is a nontrivial principal homogeneous space

$$ \begin{align*} U \times T \rightarrow U, \end{align*} $$

it may not be possible to lift the G-action compatibly to $\mathrm {Spec}(\mathrm {Cox}(X))$ . We can identify the cohomology class governing the existence a lifting. Dualizing (4.1) gives

$$ \begin{align*} 1 \rightarrow T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)} \rightarrow {\mathbb G}_m^{\Sigma(1)} \rightarrow T \rightarrow 1, \end{align*} $$

encoded by a class $\eta \in \mathrm {Ext}^1_G(T,T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)})$ . The principal homogeneous space is classified by

$$ \begin{align*} [U] \in {\mathrm H}^1(G,T), \end{align*} $$

and its image under the connecting homomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \partial([U]) = [U] \smile \eta \in {\mathrm H}^2(G,T_{\mathrm{NS}(X)}) \end{align*} $$

is the obstruction to finding a cocycle in ${\mathrm H}^1(G,{\mathbb G}_m^{\Sigma (1)})$ lifting $[U]$ .

4.3 Actions on ${\mathbb P}^1$

The presence of translations marks an essential discrepancy in the analogy between the rationality problem over nonclosed fields and the linearizability problem of actions of finite groups over closed fields, as can be seen from the following example.

Let

$$ \begin{align*} G=\left<\iota_1,\iota_2\right>={\mathfrak C}_2 \times {{\mathfrak C}}_2, \end{align*} $$

and let T be a one-dimensional torus with G action

$$ \begin{align*} \iota_1\cdot t = t^{-1}, \quad \iota_2\cdot t = -t. \end{align*} $$

Consider an action

$$ \begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} T\times {\mathbb P}^1 & \rightarrow & {\mathbb P}^1, \\ t\cdot [x,y] & \mapsto & [tx,y]. \end{array} \end{align*} $$

Let G act on ${\mathbb P}^1$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \iota_1 \cdot [x,y]=[y,x], \quad \iota_2 \cdot [x,y]=[-x,y], \end{align*} $$

which is well defined. However, this action does not lift to a linear action of G on ${\mathbb A}^2$ because

$$ \begin{align*} \left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{matrix} \right) \left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{matrix} \right) = - \left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{matrix} \right) \left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{matrix}\right). \end{align*} $$

The Amitsur invariant is

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Am}({\mathbb P}^1,G)={\mathbb Z}/2, \end{align*} $$

so that this action is not stably linearizable. Alternatively, one may observe that G has no fixed points on ${\mathbb P}^1$ , which is also an obstruction to stable linearizability.

On the other hand, let

$$ \begin{align*} G:=\left<\iota,\sigma:\iota^2=\sigma^3=1, \iota\sigma\iota=\sigma^{-1} \right> \simeq {\mathfrak S}_3.\end{align*} $$

We continue to have $\iota $ act as $\iota _1$ did above. Let

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma\cdot [x,y]=[\omega x, y], \quad \omega = e^{2\pi i/3}. \end{align*} $$

This does lift to a linear action of G on ${\mathbb A}^2$ , for example, by expressing

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma\cdot [x,y]=[\zeta x, \zeta^{-1} y], \quad \zeta = e^{2\pi i/6}. \end{align*} $$

Again, G has no fixed points on ${\mathbb P}^1$ , but this is not an obstruction to linearizability, for nonabelian groups.

4.4 Linearizing actions with translations

Proof. The vanishing assumption shows that X admits a universal torsor ${\mathcal P} \rightarrow X$ with G-action. Moreover, we have an open embedding

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal P} \hookrightarrow {\mathbb A}^n, \end{align*} $$

where ${\mathbb A}^n$ is an affine space with permutation structure given by the action of G on the $1$ -skeleton of X.

By Proposition 5, we have ${\mathcal P} \sim _G T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}\times X$ ; the first factor is stably linearizable by Proposition 2. Since ${\mathcal P}$ is linearizable, we conclude that X is stably linearizable.

Clearly, the first implies the second. Recall that the restriction

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Pic}(X) \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(Y) \end{align*} $$

can be made to be surjective on a suitable G-equivariant smooth projective model of X, with induced T-closure $Y\subset X$ . See, for example, §§2.3–2.5 of [Reference Kresch and TschinkelKT2].

5.1 Action by toric automorphisms

Consider the automorphisms of X fixing the distinguished point

$$ \begin{align*} (1,1,1)=\{X_1=X_2=X_3=W_1=W_2=W_3=1\}. \end{align*} $$

Equivalently, these are induced from automorphisms of the torus

$$ \begin{align*} T=X \setminus (L_1\cup E_{12}\cup L_2 \cup E_{23} \cup L_3 \cup E_{13}). \end{align*} $$

These are isomorphic to ${\mathfrak S}_2\times {\mathfrak S}_3$ —we can exchange the X and W variables or permute the indices $\{1,2,3\}$ . The induced action on the six-cycle of $(-1)$ -curves may be interpreted as the dihedral group of order $12$ .

Note that the associated exact sequence of ${\mathfrak S}_2\times {\mathfrak S}_3$ -modules

$$ \begin{align*} 0 \rightarrow M \rightarrow {\mathbb Z}\{(-1)\text{-curves}\} \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(X) \rightarrow 0 \end{align*} $$

splits.

The ${\mathfrak S}_2\times {\mathfrak S}_3$ action lifts to the Cox ring: for example, let ${\mathfrak S}_3$ act via permutation on the indices and ${\mathfrak S}_2$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \lambda_i \mapsto \eta_{jk}, \quad \eta_{jk} \mapsto \lambda_i, \quad \{i,j,k\}=\{1,2,3\}. \end{align*} $$

5.2 Sextic del Pezzo surface with an ${\mathfrak S}_4$ -action

Assume that G contains nontrivial translations of the torus $T\subset X$ . In [Reference Sancho, Moreno and SanchoS], it is shown that, on minimal sextic Del Pezzo surfaces, such G-actions are not linearizable.

As an example, consider $G:={\mathfrak S}_4$ acting on X via ${\mathfrak S}_3$ -permutations of the factors

$$ \begin{align*} x_1:=X_1/W_1, \quad x_2:=X_2/W_2, \quad x_3:=X_3/W_3, \end{align*} $$

and additional involutions (translations)

$$ \begin{align*} \iota_1:(x_1,x_2,x_3)\mapsto (-x_1,x_2,-x_3), \quad \iota_2:(x_1,x_2,x_3)\mapsto (-x_1,-x_2,x_3). \end{align*} $$

Here, we have $G\cap {\mathbb G}_m^{\dim (T)} = {\mathfrak C}_2\times {\mathfrak C}_2$ , with G acting on $\mathrm {Aut}(N)$ via ${\mathfrak S}_3$ . The six exceptional curves form a single G-orbit, each curve has generic stabilizer ${\mathfrak C}_2$ and a nontrivial ${\mathfrak C}_2$ -action.

Using the theory of versal G-covers, Bannai and Tokunaga [Reference Bogomolov and ProkhorovBT] showed that the G-actions on ${\mathbb P}^2={\mathbb P}(V)$ , where V is the standard three-dimensional representation of ${\mathfrak S}_4$ , and on (5.1), as described above, are not birational. Alternative proofs, using the equivariant Minimal Model Program for surfaces (resp. the Burnside group formalism), can be found in [Reference Sancho, Moreno and SanchoS, §3.4] (resp. [Reference Kresch and TschinkelKT3, §9]). These approaches cannot be used to study stable linearizability.

Proof. We will apply Proposition 8, the equivariant version of Proposition 1.

We use the split sequence

$$ \begin{align*}1 \rightarrow {\mathfrak C}_2 \times {\mathfrak C}_2 \rightarrow {\mathfrak S}_4 \rightarrow {\mathfrak S}_3 \rightarrow 1 \end{align*} $$

induced by (3.1) on the $2$ -torsion of T.

First, note the action of G on $T_{\mathrm {NS}(X)}$ —which factors through the homomorphism ${\mathfrak S}_4 \rightarrow {\mathfrak S}_3$ —is stably linearizable.

It suffices then to lift the G-action to the Cox ring. The action of ${\mathfrak S}_3$ is clear by the indexing of our variables. For the involutions $\iota _1$ and $\iota _2$ , we take

$$ \begin{align*}\iota_1(\lambda_2)=-\lambda_2 \end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*}\iota_2(\lambda_3)=-\lambda_3, \end{align*} $$

with trivial action on the remaining variables. The gives the desired lifting.

There is also an action of $G={\mathfrak S}_3\times {\mathfrak S}_2$ on X, with $G\cap {\mathbb G}_m^{\dim (T)}=1$ , that is not linearizable, but is stably linearizable. We discuss it in §6.

6.1 Multiplicative action

This case builds on §5.1; we retain the notation introduced there.

While the sextic del Pezzo surface is a fine model for our group action, it is often most natural to blow up to eliminate points with nonabelian stabilizers (cf. [Reference Kresch and TschinkelKT4, §2]). Let $S_{(1,1,1)}$ denote the blowup at $(1,1,1)$ . We identify distinguished loci in $S_{(1,1,1)}$ as proper transforms of loci in the sextic del Pezzo surface. In addition to the six curves listed above, we have:

• • $D_i$ from $\{(X_i-W_i)(-1)^{i+1}=0 \}$ , for $i=1,2,3$ ;

• • E exceptional divisor over $(1,1,1)$ .

The nonzero intersections are

$$ \begin{align*} E_{12}L_1=E_{12}L_2=E_{23}L_2=E_{23}L_3=E_{13}L_3=E_{13}L_1=1 \end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*} D_1L_1=D_1E_{23}=D_1E=1,\\[-36pt] \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} D_2L_2=D_2E_{13}=D_2E=1,\\[-38pt] \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} D_3L_3=D_3E_{12}=D_3E=1. \end{align*} $$

All self-intersections are $-1$ .

To compute the Cox ring, we introduce new variables $\delta _i$ and $\eta $ associated with $D_i$ and E. The resulting relations are

$$ \begin{align*} \delta_1\eta &=X_1-W_1 = \lambda_2\eta_{12} - \lambda_3 \eta_{13}, \\ \delta_2 \eta &=-X_2+W_2=-\lambda_3\eta_{23} + \lambda_1 \eta_{12}, \\ \delta_3 \eta &=X_3-W_3=\lambda_1 \eta_{13} - \lambda_2\eta_{23}. \end{align*} $$

Reassigning

$$ \begin{align*} \lambda_i=p_{i4}, \eta_{ij}=p_{k5}, \delta_i=p_{jk}, \eta=p_{45}, \end{align*} $$

we obtain three Plücker relations. The remaining relations

$$ \begin{align*} p_{12}p_{34}-p_{13}p_{24}+p_{14}p_{23}=p_{12}p_{35}-p_{13}p_{25}+p_{15}p_{23}=0 \end{align*} $$

are also valid.

The group ${\mathfrak S}_3\times {\mathfrak S}_2$ may be interpreted as permutations of the sets $\{1,2,3\}$ and $\{4,5\}$ . In the natural induced action,

$$ \begin{align*} (ij)\cdot p_{ij} = -p_{ij}, \quad \epsilon\cdot p_{45} = -p_{45}, \end{align*} $$

but the actions on the original six variables are compatible.

The elements

$$ \begin{align*}(\zeta,\zeta,\zeta), \,\,(\zeta^2,\zeta^2,\zeta^2) \in T, \quad \zeta = e^{2 \pi i/3}, \end{align*} $$

are fixed by ${\mathfrak S}_3$ . The curves in the sextic del Pezzo surface

$$ \begin{align*} F_{12}=\{X_1W_2-W_1X_2=0\},\\[-36pt] \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} F_{13}=\{X_1W_3 - W_1 X_3=0 \},\\[-36pt] \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} F_{23}=\{X_2W_3-W_2X_3=0\} \end{align*} $$

meet at the three diagonal points and have intersections

$$ \begin{align*} F_{12}^2=F_{13}^2=F_{23}^2=2, \quad F_{12}F_{13}=F_{12}F_{23}=F_{13}F_{23}=3. \end{align*} $$

Let $S_{\times } \rightarrow S_{(1,1,1)}$ denote the blowup at these points, a cubic surface.

Iskovskikh [Reference IskovskikhI] presents an equivariant birational morphism

$$ \begin{align*} S_{(1,1,1)} \rightarrow Q=\{3\hat{w}^2=xy+xz+yz\} \subset {\mathbb P}^3 \end{align*} $$

obtained by double projection of the sextic del Pezzo from $(1,1,1)$ . This blows down the proper transforms of $D_1,D_2,$ and $D_3$ . Here, ${\mathfrak S}_3$ acts by permutation of $\{x,y,z\}$ and $\epsilon \cdot w= -w$ . Indeed, the proper transforms of $L_1,L_2,$ and $L_3$ are in one ruling; the proper transforms of $E_{23},E_{13}$ , and $E_{12}$ are in the other ruling.

This can be obtained as follows: choose a basis for the forms vanishing to order two at $(1,1,1)$ :

$$ \begin{align*} x &= (X_1+W_1)(X_2-W_2)(X_3-W_3), \\ y &= (X_1-W_1)(X_2+W_2)(X_3-W_3), \\ z &= (X_1-W_1)(X_2-W_2)(X_3+W_3), \\ w &= (X_1-W_1)(X_2-W_2)(X_3-W_3), \end{align*} $$

so we have

$$ \begin{align*} xy+xz+yz=w(2(X_1X_2X_3-W_1W_2W_3)+w)\equiv w^2. \end{align*} $$

We use (5.1) to get the last equivalence on our degree-6 del Pezzo surface.

6.2 Additive action

We turn to the action on the Lie algebra: the representation of ${\mathfrak t}$ is linear and admits a compactification

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathfrak t} \subset {\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t} \oplus k). \end{align*} $$

Write $y_1=Y_1/Z$ and $y_2=Y_2/Z$ so that the induced action on ${\mathbb P}^2$ has fixed point $[0,0,1]$ and distinguished loci

$$ \begin{align*} A_{12}=\{Y_1=Y_2\}, \quad A_{13}= \{Y_1=-Y_1-Y_2 \}, \quad A_{23} = \{Y_2=-Y_1-Y_2\} \end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*} B_{12}=\{Y_2=-Y_1\}, \quad B_{13}= \{Y_2=0\}, \quad B_{23}=\{Y_1=0\}. \end{align*} $$

Blowing up the origin $Y_1=Y_2=0$ yields a smooth projective surface $\simeq \mathbb {F}_1$ with abelian stabilizers.

The Cox ring is given by

$$ \begin{align*} k[\zeta, \beta_{13},\beta_{23}, \eta], \end{align*} $$

with $Z=\zeta $ , $Y_1=\eta \beta _{23}$ , and $Y_2=\eta \beta _{13}$ . One lift of the ${\mathfrak S}_3\times {\mathfrak S}_2$ -action has ${\mathfrak S}_3$ acting with the standard two-dimensional representation on $\beta _{13},\beta _{23}$ and ${\mathfrak S}_2$ -action via $\epsilon \cdot \eta =-\eta $ . The two-dimensional torus acts via

$$ \begin{align*} (\eta,\beta_{13},\beta_{23},\zeta) \mapsto (t_E \eta, t_f \beta_{13}, t_f \beta_{23}, t_E t_f \zeta). \end{align*} $$

6.3 On the Lemire–Popov–Reichstein stable equivalence [Reference Lemire, Popov and ReichsteinLPR]

Consider the rational map

$$ \begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} {\mathfrak t} &\dashrightarrow& {\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t}) \\ (Y,Z) & \mapsto & [Y,Z]. \end{array} \end{align*} $$

Taking Cartesian products, we obtain

$$ \begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} {\mathfrak t} \times {\mathfrak t} \simeq {\mathbb A}^4 &\dashrightarrow& {\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t}) \times {\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t}) \\ (Y_1,Z_1,Y_2,Z_2) & \mapsto & ([Y_1,Z_1],[Y_2,Z_2]). \end{array} \end{align*} $$

This induces a rank-two vector bundle

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Bl}_{\{Y_1=Z_1=0\}\cup \{Y_2=Z_2=0\}}({\mathbb A}^4) \rightarrow {{\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t})}^2. \end{align*} $$

We take the product as an ${\mathfrak S}_3\times {\mathfrak S}_2$ -variety, where the first factor acts diagonally and the second factor interchanges the two factors. Thus, ${{\mathbb P}({\mathfrak t})}^2\simeq Q$ as ${\mathfrak S}_3\times {\mathfrak S}_2$ -varieties.

On the other hand, there is a morphism

$$ \begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} {\mathbb A}^4 & \rightarrow & {\mathfrak t} \\ (Y_1,Z_1,Y_2,Z_2) & \mapsto & (Y_1-Y_2,Z_1-Z_2), \end{array} \end{align*} $$

which is also a rank-two vector bundle over ${\mathfrak t}$ .

Applying the No-Name Lemma twice, we conclude that ${\mathfrak t} \times {\mathbb A}^2$ and $T\times {\mathbb A}^2$ —with trivial actions on the ${\mathbb A}^2$ factors—are G-equivariantly birational to each other.

Question: Is the affine quadric threefold

$$ \begin{align*} w^2 = xy+xy+yz \end{align*} $$

G-equivariantly birational equivalent to ${\mathfrak t} \times {\mathbb A}^1$ ?

7.1 Generalizations

The same argument gives the following.

Proposition 18. Let G be a finite group. Let G act generically freely on smooth projective varieties $X_1$ and $X_2$ with $\mathrm {Pic}(X_i)=\mathrm {NS}(X_i)$ . Suppose there exist universal torsors ${\mathcal P}_i \rightarrow X_i$ with compatible G actions. Then

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal U}:=\pi_1^*\,{\mathcal P}_1 \times_{X_1\times X_2} \pi_2^*\,{\mathcal P}_2 \rightarrow X_1\times X_2 \end{align*} $$

is a universal torsor as well.

If $\mathrm {NS}(X_1)\oplus \mathrm {NS}(X_2)$ is a stably permutation module, then $X_1\times X_2$ is stably birational to ${\mathcal U}$ .

Moreover, if the $X_i$ are $T_i$ -toric varieties, then $X_1 \times X_2$ is stably linearizable.

8.1 Weyl group actions on Grassmannians

Consider the Grassmannian $\mathrm {Gr}(m,n)$ of m-dimensional subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space. Once we fix a basis for the underlying vector space, the symmetric group $\mathfrak {S}_n$ acts naturally on $\mathrm {Gr}(m,n)$ .

Every element of $\mathrm {Gr}(m,n)$ may be interpreted as the span of the rows of an $m\times n$ matrix A with full rank. Let ${\mathbb A}^{mn}$ denote the affine space parameterizing these and $U \subset {\mathbb A}^{mn}$ the open subset satisfying the rank condition. Then

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Gr}(m,n) = \mathrm{GL}_m \backslash U, \end{align*} $$

where the linear group acts via multiplication from the left. Let

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal S \rightarrow \mathrm{Gr}(m,n) \end{align*} $$

denote the universal subbundle of rank m, $\mathrm {End}(\mathcal S)=\mathcal S^*\otimes \mathcal S$ , and $\mathrm {GL}(\mathcal S) \subset \mathrm {End}(\mathcal S)$ the associated frame/principal $\mathrm {GL}_m$ bundle. We write the induced $\mathrm {GL}_m$ -action on $\mathrm {GL}(\mathcal S)$ from the left. Note that

$$ \begin{align*} \dim \mathrm{GL}(\mathcal S) = \dim \mathrm{Gr}(m,n) + \mathrm{rk}(\mathcal S)^2 = m(n-m)+m^2; \end{align*} $$

indeed, we may identify $\mathrm {GL}(\mathcal S)$ with U, equivariantly with respect to the natural left $\mathrm {GL}_m$ actions.

Returning to the $\mathfrak {S}_n$ -action: It acts on the $m\times n$ matrices by permuting the columns, which commutes with the $\mathrm {GL}_m$ -action given above. In particular, the action is linear on ${\mathbb A}^{mn}$ . This action coincides with the natural induced action on S, $\mathrm {End}(\mathcal S)$ , and $\mathrm {GL}(\mathcal S)$ . The No-Name Lemma says that the ${\mathfrak S}_n$ -action on $\mathrm {End}(\mathcal S)$ —regarded as a vector bundle over $\mathrm {Gr}(m,n)$ —is equivalent to the action on ${\mathbb A}^{m^2} \times \mathrm {Gr}(m,n)$ with trivial action on the first factor. We conclude the following proposition.

8.2 Del Pezzo surface of degree 5

It is well known that a del Pezzo surface of degree 5 can be viewed as the moduli space $\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,5}$ of five points on ${\mathbb P}^1$ and thus carries a natural action of ${\mathfrak A}_5$ , induced from the action of ${\mathfrak S}_5$ on the points (see, e.g., [Reference Sancho, Moreno and SanchoS, §1]). It is also known that this ${\mathfrak A}_5$ -action is not linearizable (see, e.g., [Reference Bogomolov and ProkhorovBT] or [Reference Cheltsov and ShramovCS, Th. 6.6.1]). Again, this should be contrasted with the situation over nonclosed fields, where all degree 5 del Pezzo surfaces are rational.

Consider a three-dimensional irreducible faithful representation

$$ \begin{align*} \varrho: {\mathfrak A}_5 \rightarrow \mathrm{GL}(V). \end{align*} $$

There are two such representations, which are dual to each other. This gives rise to a generically free (linear!) action of ${\mathfrak A}_5$ on ${\mathbb P}^2$ . The two linear actions on ${\mathbb P}^2$ are not conjugated in $\mathrm {PGL}_3$ , but are equivariantly birational [Reference Cheltsov and ShramovCS, Rem. 6.3.9].

As an application of Proposition 19, we obtain the following proposition.

Proof. It suffices to show that the action of ${\mathfrak A}_5$ on $\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,5}$ is stably linear. We have seen already that the action on the Grassmannian $\mathrm {Gr}(2,5)$ is stably linear. We are using that the Néron–Severi torus acts on the cone over $\mathrm {Gr}(2,5)$ with quotient $\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,5}$ . Proposition 5 gives the desired result once we check that $\mathrm {NS}(\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,5})$ is stably permutation. We may write

$$ \begin{align*} M:=\mathrm{NS}(\overline{{\mathcal M}}_{0,5})={\mathbb Z} L + {\mathbb Z} E_1 + {\mathbb Z} E_2 + {\mathbb Z} E_3 + {\mathbb Z} E_4, \end{align*} $$

so that the ${\mathfrak S}_4$ -action is clear. The transposition $(45)$ may be realized by the Cremona map acting by

$$ \begin{align*} L & \mapsto 2L-E_1-E_2-E_3,\\ E_1 & \mapsto L-E_2-E_3, \\ E_2 & \mapsto L-E_1-E_3, \\ E_3 & \mapsto L-E_1-E_2, \\ E_4 &\mapsto E_4. \end{align*} $$

Introducing the auxiliary ${\mathbb Q}$ -basis

$$ \begin{align*} L_5&=L,\\ L_4&=2L-E_1-E_2-E_3,\\ L_3&=2L-E_1-E_2-E_4,\\ L_2&=2L-E_1-E_3-E_4,\\ L_1&=2L-E_2-E_3-E_4, \end{align*} $$

we see immediately that this submodule $\left <L_1,L_2,L_3,L_4,L_5\right>$ is a permutation module.

Consider the direct sum $M\oplus ({\mathbb Z} F_1 \oplus {\mathbb Z} F_2)$ where the action on the second factor is trivial. This decomposes over ${\mathbb Z}$ into summands

$$ \begin{align*} \left<L_1\!-\!F_1\!-\!F_2,L_2\!-\!F_1\!-\!F_2, L_3\!-\!F_1\!-\!F_2, L_4\!-\!F_1\!-\!F_2,L_5\!-\!F_1\!-\!F_2\right>\end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*} \left<3L\!-\!E_1\!-\!E_2\!-\!E_3\!-\!E_4\!-\!F_1\!-\!2F_2, 3L\!-\!E_1\!-\!E_2\!-\!E_3\!-\!E_4\!-\!2F_1\!-\!F_2 \right>. \end{align*} $$

The first is a permutation module, and the second is trivial.

8.3 Segre cubic threefold

There are two nonconjugate embeddings of ${\mathfrak A}_5$ into ${\mathfrak S}_6$ , differing by the nontrivial outer automorphism of ${\mathfrak S}_6$ [Reference Hoshi and YamasakiHMS+, §1]. Thus, we obtain two actions of $G:={\mathfrak A}_5$ on the Segre cubic threefold $X_3$ , hence on $\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,6}$ . It is known that one of the actions (the nonstandard one) is G-equivariant to a linear action on ${\mathbb P}^3$ [Reference Cheltsov and ShramovCS, Exer. 1.3.4], and that the other is birationally superrigid, in particular, not linearizable [Reference AvilovA, Th. 4.8].

Regarding $\mathrm {NS}(\overline {{\mathcal M}_{0,6}})$ as a G-module for the nonstandard action, we see that it is stably a permutation module—since this action is linearizable. However, for any finite group G and automorphism $a:G\rightarrow G$ , precomposing by a yields an action on G-modules; this respects permutation and stably permutation modules. It follows that the standard action on $\mathrm {NS}(\overline {{\mathcal M}_{0,6}})$ is also a stably permutation module.

Consider the class group $\operatorname {Cl}(X_3)$ and $\mathrm {NS}(\overline {{\mathcal M}}_{0,6})$ as ${\mathfrak S}_6$ -modules. These differ by a permutation module, namely, partitions of $\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$ into unordered pairs of subsets of size 3. Recall that $X_3$ is a quotient of $\mathrm {Gr}(2,6)$ by the maximal torus $T\subset \mathrm {GL}_6$ . The torus acting on the cone over $\mathrm {Gr}(2,6)$ is not the Néron–Severi torus for $\overline {{\mathcal M}_{0,6}}$ ; it is the Néron–Severi torus for small resolutions of $X_3$ —or even for $X_3$ itself if we allow Weil divisors on $X_3$ . The standard action of ${\mathfrak S}_6$ , and thus also of ${\mathfrak A}_5$ , on $\mathrm {Gr}(2,6)$ is stably linearizable by Proposition 19. We conclude the following proposition.