Eisenmenger syndrome refers to any untreated congenital cardiac defect with intracardiac or extracardiac communication that leads to pulmonary hypertension, reversal of flow, and cyanosis. Reference Wood1,Reference Diller and Gatzoulis2 It is a pathophysiological condition due to pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in an underlying CHD. Various congenital intracardiac or extracardiac defects can lead to Eisenmenger syndrome. The defects commonly seen are ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. Reference Beghetti and Galiè3 With large shunts, pulmonary vascular resistance develops quickly and usually manifests in the first 2 years of life. Otherwise, Eisenmenger syndrome progresses slowly and is usually diagnosed later in life. Reference Beghetti and Galiè3
Despite improvement in medical care, CHDs are often missed and diagnosed during pregnancy or child-bearing age in low- and middle-income countries. Reference Aggarwal, Suri, Kaur, Chopra, Rohilla and Vijayvergiya4 Women with Eisenmenger syndrome are categorised under WHO pregnancy risk class IV. Reference Silversides, Grewal and Mason5 Pregnancy is contraindicated in this group; still we come across women who not only are diagnosed during pregnancy but also elect to continue the pregnancy in spite of knowing the high risk. Reference Aggarwal, Suri, Kaur, Chopra, Rohilla and Vijayvergiya4 The mortality in Eisenmenger syndrome ranges between 30 and 50%, and the leading causes of mortality are right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, and stroke. Reference Saha, Balakrishnan and Jaiswal6,Reference Weiss, Zemp and Seifert7 Here, we report a case series of 11 women with Eisenmenger syndrome who had 12 pregnancies.
Methodology
This is a retrospective data collected from a tertiary care referral institute of Northern India. We have a dedicated cardio-obstetric unit to manage all the pregnancies complicated by heart disease. The maternal demographics and clinical details like age, parity, NYHA status at admission, and treatment taken were noted. The underlying cardiac lesion, size, ejection fraction, and reversed or bidirectional shunt at atrioventricular or aortopulmonary levels were also collected from the echocardiography reports. Arterial oxygen saturation and haemoglobin at admission were also noted. The complete information of perinatal outcomes included the pregnancy outcome (abortion/live birth/stillbirth), mode of delivery, and intrapartum complications. Neonatal details like birth weight, sex, Appearance, pulse, Grimace, activity and respiration score, and presence of congenital malformations were also included. A note was made of neonatal admission in the intensive care/nursery and the status at the time of discharge.
Results
The records of a total of 11 women with 12 pregnancies were reviewed. The demographical and clinical characteristics have been summarised in Table 1. Out of the 11 women, 9 were diagnosed with Eisenmenger syndrome during pregnancy and the mean gestation at the time of diagnosis was 25+5 weeks, ranging from 8 to 35 weeks. Only three women opted for the termination of pregnancy, while rest all either elected to continue the pregnancy or were already beyond the window period for the termination of pregnancy when they reported. One woman (case 11) was admitted with heart failure, and rest all were having slight to marked limitation of functional status (NYHA class II/III).
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
ASD = Atrial septal defect; MTP = Medical termination of pregnancy; PDA = Patent ductus arteriosus; VSD = Ventricular septal defect.
Cardiac characteristics
The cardiac findings of echocardiography are shown in Table 2. The commonest cardiac lesion was ventricular septal defect (54.5%) followed by ASD (27.3%) and patent ductus arteriosus (9.1%). Case 7 had inlet ventricular septal defect (18–20 mm) and patent ductus arteriosus (8 mm) both with bidirectional shunt, who presented with abnormal behaviour and later found to have thalamic abscess along with Eisenmenger syndrome. The size of lesion ranged between 8 mm to 35 mm. All these women were having severe pulmonary artery hypertension with right ventricular systolic pressure of more than 50 mmHg. The functional class of these women remained almost same during pregnancy except one who presented with heart failure. However, periodic echocardiography was not performed to assess the changes during pregnancy. All these women were given sildenafil [phosphodiesterase inhibitor] 20 mg ter die sumendus (translates as 'to be taken three times a day) after the diagnosis and continued throughout the pregnancy. They were also provided intermittent oxygen therapy and rest during hospital stay. The oxygen saturation at room air ranged between 74 and 95%. The mean haemoglobin was 14.5 g, and one-third of them were having thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 1 lac per/microlitre).
Echocardiography findings and investigations and pregnancy outcomes.
ASD = Atrial septal defect; LB = Live birth; MTP = Medical termination of pregnancy; PDA = Patent ductus arteriosus; PGR = Primi gravida; VSD = Ventricular septal defect
* Case 10 and case 12 are same case, presented in 2020 and 2021
Pregnancy outcome
Table 2 also elaborates the details of pregnancy, perinatal outcome, and the complications. Total 12 pregnancies were reviewed, one patient (case 10 and case 12) first presented in year 2020 with heart failure at 21 weeks of gestation, and after stabilisation was advised medical termination of pregnancy. However, she opted to continue the pregnancy and aborted spontaneously at 22 weeks. She again conceived within a year and delivered a live born at 34 weeks.
Out of these 11 cases, 3 women opted for medical termination of pregnancy, and 1 had spontaneous abortion at 22 weeks. Rest eight of them continued or presented late. The average gestational age at the time of delivery was 34+3 weeks (ranging from 31 to 36 weeks). In antenatal period, 50% of them developed pre-eclampsia and 62.5% had fetal growth retardation. Two women delivered vaginally, and rest underwent cesarean section (two elective and four emergency cesareans) for obstetric indications. Two of them had intrapartum abruption; one delivered vaginally and other had emergency cesarean section. Most of these neonates (75%) has low birth weight, required intensive neonatal care, and survived. None of the babies was found to have CHD or any other malformation.
We lost three mothers in postpartum period (days 3, 5, and 8): case 2 had massive intrapartum abruption, case 6 developed cardiac arrythmias on day 5 postpartum, and case 11 was admitted with heart failure (NYHA IV).
Case 2 was 28 years old G2 P0010 who was diagnosed with CHD at the age of 4 years but was not on regular follow-up. She was booked in CO clinic at 22+6 weeks of gestation. Her underlying cardiac lesion was ventricular septal defect of 12 mm. At 32+3 weeks gestation, she was admitted with cold, cough, and tachypnoea. At 34+3 weeks, she went into spontaneous labour and had massive abruption. She underwent emergency cesarean section and was transfused 2 units of packed red blood cells. She remained stable for 5 days in critical cardiac unit; however, she again deteriorated on day 6 and expired.
Case 6 was 28 years old G3P0020 who had the history of infertility and conceived on ovulation induction drugs. At 28 weeks of gestation, she was diagnosed to have ventricular septal defect with severe pulmonary artery hypertension. She was referred to our institute at 36 weeks of gestation with increased blood pressure and thrombocytopenia in labour. She delivered vaginally and remained stable. On day 5, she developed arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock and could not be revived.
Case 11 was 22 years old, G2P1001 at 35+3 weeks of gestation admitted in emergency with heart failure. On evaluation diagnosed to have large ASD with Eisenmenger syndrome. She also went into spontaneous labour and was taken up for emergency cesarean section. She remained unstable throughout, did not improve even after delivery, and expired in ICU on day 4 postpartum.
Discussion
The pregnancy in women with Eisenmenger’s syndrome poses an additional stress to an already compromised cardiovascular function. In pregnancy, there is gradual increase in blood volume (30–50%) and cardiac output. Reference van Oppen, Stigter and Bruinse8 This leads to a gradual remodelling of heart, increase in ventricular volume and wall thickness. There is physiological reduction in systemic vascular resistance and decrease in resistance of pulmonary vasculature. But in Eisenmenger syndrome due to pulmonary arterial hypertension, the pulmonary vasculature does not compensate and puts additional strain on right ventricle, which further worsens the right to left shunt. Reference Hemnes, Kiely and Cockrill9 As pregnancy is poorly tolerated by women with Eisenmenger syndrome, prevention or early termination of pregnancy is the recommended as the standard of care. 10 However, in this study, not even a single woman had any preconception checkup or counselling before planning the pregnancy. Out of 11 women, 9 were diagnosed during pregnancy and 3 (27.3%) presented in early pregnancy and opted for medical termination of pregnancy.
Regarding the outcome of pregnancy in Eisenmenger syndrome, in our study, 72.7% of women were discharged in stable condition and 62.5% (five out of eight) tolerated the pregnancy well and went home with their babies. These women are also at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome which include abortions, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies, and pre-term deliveries. Reference Yentis, Steer and Plaat11 In our case series, all had pre-term delivery, mean gestation at the time delivery was 34+3weeks, and most of the babies were small for gestational age. Almost half of our cases develop pre-eclampsia in third trimester. In such cases, there is no association of pre-eclampsia and Eisenmenger syndrome, but extremely high mortality has been reported in the pregnancy of Eisenmenger syndrome which were complicated by severe pre-eclampsia. Reference Yuan-Min12
Katsurahgi et al have mentioned three factors for favourable outcome in pregnancy complicated with Eisenmenger syndrome which include early hospitalisation, introduction of newer drugs, and improved anesthetic management. Reference Katsurahgi, Kamiya and Yamanaka13 The gestation age for early hospitalisation depends on the symptoms like worsening of oxygen saturation and the functional class. In index study, the women who were diagnosed in second trimester were followed up in outpatient department. In addition to routine obstetric care, oxygen saturation and NYHA functional class was assessed at each visit. Women were hospitalised at around 30–32 weeks of gestation for safe confinement. They were managed with adequate bed rest, and oxygen therapy and phosphodiesterase inhibitors were also initiated after the diagnosis.
Regarding the mode of delivery in women with Eisenmenger syndrome, there is no consensus or specific recommendations in the literature. Reference Hemnes, Kiely and Cockrill9,10 In our study, women who presented in spontaneous labour were allowed to deliver under vigilant monitoring and cesarean was performed for obstetric indication only. In a case series by Ruiqi Duan et al, they preferred cesarean section over vaginal delivery and found greater stability and control over the haemodynamics. Reference Duan, Xu and Wang14 Valsalva of labour seems to be better tolerated in Eisenmenger syndrome as compared to primary pulmonary hypertension due to the presence of shunt. In our study, 75% (6/8) of women underwent cesarean and all were done under general anaesthesia. In literature, some have preferred epidural anaesthesia or combined epidural anesthesia, whereas few supported general anaesthesia over regional. Reference Wang, Zhang and Liu15–Reference Gurumurthy, Hegde and Mohandas17 It has been mentioned that general anaesthesia could allow better placement of oesophageal ultrasound probe during surgery and early initiation of thromboprophylaxis. A very high morbidity and mortality have been reported in women with Eisenmenger syndrome in pregnancy; therefore, pregnancy is an absolute contraindication. Reference Hemnes, Kiely and Cockrill9 In our study, the mortality rate was 27.3%, and we lost all these mothers in postpartum period.
There are several limitations in this study: it was a retrospective study, the number of subjects was very small, and the further correlation of cardiac findings with perinatal outcome was not possible. The factors which led to late diagnosis or diagnosis during pregnancy were not reviewed. Although pulmonary artery hypertension targeted drug, that is, sildenafil was given to most of our patients, the effect of drug on pregnancy could not be assessed.
Conclusion
Our study highlights the delay in diagnosis and treatment of CHD. Early diagnosis and treatment could have played an important role in maternal and perinatal outcome of all these women. Women with Eisenmenger syndrome require an effective preconceptional counselling and early termination of pregnancy. Women who elect to continue the pregnancy require multidisciplinary care by obstetricians, cardiologists, anesthesiologists, and neonatologists. In our setting, we need to have more studies to assure the safety of drugs and outcome of these pregnancies.
Acknowledgements
None.
Financial support
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Ethical standards
The study was approved by the Departmental review board (OBGYN/EC/119on 23.05.2022).
