The heritage landscape has, in many ways, changed during 2020. At the beginning of the year, financial pressure was exacerbated due to museum closures and community engagement weakened due to country-wide cancellations of outreach events. Yet what we have witnessed as we approach the end of the year is the resilience of the sector. Heritage practitioners and researchers have embraced more active decolonisation, emerging digital technologies, and innovating knowledge exchange methods to ensure heritage retains its role in our societies. This is due to the zealous resilience and resourcefulness of the sector in the face of fluctuating fortunes which is the focus of the two compilations below. Both contributions provide overviews of approaches to challenges, whether these constitute natural disasters or increasing heritage awareness during development. As such, both books will support practitioners and researchers alike as they continue to respond to challenges of varying scale and enhance heritage's place in everyday lives.

As the title of Dawson et al.'s volume indicates, the heritage sector is indeed under pressure, with 2020 providing a new wave of challenges. Summarising these challenges is difficult as they vary across continents, governments, timescales and heritage types. Some challenges exacerbate others even rendering traditional methods of documentation and mitigation invalid. These varied and overlapping challenges for heritage as a global discipline form the focus of this book: Heritage Under Pressure: Threats and Solutions, edited by Michael Dawson, Edward James and Michael Nevell. Pulling together the challenges facing heritage across the globe, the contributors and editors explore threats and the ways in which soft power can be harnessed at different levels in order to overcome them.

The volume stems from four sessions presented at the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA, the leading professional body representing archaeologists working in the UK and overseas; https://www.archaeologists.net), annual conference held in Newcastle in 2017, entitled Archaeology: A Global Profession. The conference emerged from a shared understanding of the value of professional standards, respect for the profession and the value of archaeology to society and commerce. It aimed to debate the value of international connections and supranatural organisations and this is carried through to the publication. In doing so the book draws attention to the contested nature of contemporary practices in heritage and the wide spectrum of contexts in which the work is carried out. The book, like the conference, therefore, had its roots in the discourse established by the CIfA regarding good practice and this is reiterated throughout. A number of case study chapters covering a variety of locations, political and cultural circumstances are included which highlights the CIfA's links with the discipline on a global scale.

This volume comprises nineteen papers grouped according to theme, institutional agency, and professional practice. Part 1, Heritage under Pressure, and Part 2, Agency and Global Reach, essentially set the scene for the chapters to follow. Part 1 contains only one chapter, by editor Michael Dawson (Ch. 1), outlining the essence of the main themes, including soft power. This overview will be appreciated by international colleagues, as the connection between the CIfA, which has a regulatory function in the UK, and the global scope of the book, may not be immediately apparent. Dawson sets out how archaeology has a role in both the soft and hard power of a state yet there has been limited analysis of these relationships, particularly on what concerns the former. This introductory chapter also outlines some of the threats to heritage. As this list could be all-encompassing, Dawson summaries them as falling broadly into two categories: human agency and natural events. Threats to heritage in the former bracket include wars, corruption, theft, globalisation, and iconoclasm; while the second group includes earthquakes, fires, floods, and tidal erosion. By setting out two groups, Dawson makes clear the complexity of understanding, and therefore mitigating, threats due to their interrelationship.

Part 2 opens with a position statement from Peter Hinton, CEO of the Institute for Archaeologists, UK (IfA). This is in essence a position statement and explanation of contemporary practice of the IfA (Ch. 2). However, it is also a celebration of the institute's international role with Hinton referencing in particular the soft power and influence that has been achieved in relation to promoting an ethical global profession. The paper highlights the international linkages created and maintained by the institute, particularly in the USA and Europe. The subtext attempts to ease concerns about the UK leaving the European Union and the disruption it will cause the discipline in relation to the advancement of a global profession based on universal values. Hinton, therefore, touches on globalisation to a degree, and the pressure it represents for the sector. Globalisation is picked up again in the following paper by Amy Eastwood and Joanne Slack (Ch. 3). The paper explains the work of the Cultural Protection Fund, a £30 million pot created through a partnership between The British Council and the Department for Digital, Cultural Media, and Sport (DCMS). The fund considers proposals from twelve target countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and so far, has awarded forty-five grants amounting to over £21 million. The authors outline the principles behind the fund and summarise a number of key projects and outcomes. These range from conserving stone-built heritage through traditional masonry training in Damascus, Syria to recording, preserving, and promoting Yazidi heritage in Iraq. They conclude that the fund has gained recognition as a global leader in locally led protection of heritage in conflict areas. While the fund is due to conclude at the time of press, a clear argument is made for the continuation and improvement of the fund.

The benefits of the Cultural Protection Fund are reiterated further throughout the book including in Part 3: Threats and Solutions. This section opens with a close examination of one of the Fund's projects: the Endangered Archaeology of the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA). The paper by Robert Bewley (Ch. 5) outlines the project and its stimulus which was the catastrophic destruction of Islamic and non-Islamic heritage in the region, including at Palmyra, Syria. The future-looking conclusion stresses the importance of online inventories and comprehensive, widespread training.

Many papers in Part 3 address the interrelationship between natural risks and human agency as pointed out previously by Dawson in the introductory chapter. For example, Coningham et al.'s paper on Nepal's 2015 Gorkha earthquake explores the damaged heritage of the Kathmandu Valley (Ch. 9). Archaeological, architectural, heritage, and textual experts were invited by UNESCO and the Nepali government prior to the commencement of a reconstruction programme. This revealed unanticipated phases of construction, neglected building techniques, as well as poor conservation practice.

The paper by Wilson et al. (Ch. 8) introduces an AHRC-funded project called Curious Travellers. It utilized data mining and crowd sourced infrastructure to help record, manage and interpret heritage at risk. The authors point out early in paper that a motivation for this methodology is the widespread nature of heritage at risk. While the focus of at-risk research is often on UNESCO World Heritage or the most well-known sites, risks impact all heritage regardless of their global status. The methodology used in this project allows a shift away from this focus or at least moves towards a rebalance. The authors conclude that digital documentation can provide the potential for preservation by record. More significantly, they argue that this methodology supports sustainable futures with data assisting social reconstruction, economic empowerment and post-conflict recovery.

Part 4 is the largest section in the book and focuses on built heritage. This is not surprising as tangible heritage still dominates the discourse across the sector despite greater and continuous awareness of a need to rectify this. A stronger emphasis on intangible heritages at risk or a greater discussion around the links between tangible and intangible heritages under threat would have made a valuable inclusion to the book. While this would have allowed a more complete discussion of threats to heritage, what has been produced here is reflective of the sector and its focus. This section opens with a second introductory chapter, by Michael Nevell and Edward James (Ch. 10), providing an overview of the seven chapters to come. The first of these, by Peter Stone (Ch. 11), focuses on the changes which have taken place in the relationship between conflict and heritage since 2003. The subsequent six chapters detail a range of methods of recording, restoring and protecting built heritage in Cyprus, Georgia, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Germany.

Liam McQuillan's paper (Ch. 14) discusses ongoing challenges to heritage protection in Northern Ireland even after the initial threat has seemingly subsided. He introduces ‘the Troubles’, a prolonged period of conflict between 1969 and 1998, and the heritage associated with those thirty years. The heritage sites include buildings, such as bars, mills, and police stations which were fortified for defence, plus murals. These heritages are representations of an important part of Irish and UK history while, at the same time, they represent triggers that can potentially divide society. While McQuillan does not focus on the post-conflict period, he introduces the ‘normalisation’ process occurring in Northern Ireland since 1998 which involves, in part, removing physical structures associated with the Troubles. He summarises that the complexity and sensitivity of Troubles-era heritage can be a barrier to cohesion, yet community excavations of sites with longer histories can help bridge such divides.

There are two chapter exploring the built heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is acknowledged that the deliberate destruction of cultural and religious heritage that took place during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995 was the greatest destruction of heritage in Europe since the Second World War. Helen Walasek (Ch. 15) introduces the conflict and the responses from a variety of international heritage professionals, of which she is critical. She summarises that domestic initiatives to reconstruct built heritage, particularly churches and mosques, took place with little or no financial contribution from overseas. She discusses the highly politicised nature of heritage and explains that its reconstruction resulted in some heritages being prioritised over others. The second paper on the region, by Richard Carlton and Smajo Bešo (Ch.16), continues with some of these themes. They also discuss the prioritisation of heritage reconstruction and demonstrate this through exploring lesser-known heritage sites which were impacted or destroyed. Examples include hill forts, farm buildings, schools, shops and mills. They argue that the focus on restoring better known buildings has increased the at-risk nature of these overlooked examples.

Part 5 of the book shifts the emphasis towards climate change and cultural heritage. Despite the enormity of this topic, this section comprises just two chapters; however, they are both comprehensive and wide-ranging in their discussions. Cathy Daly (Ch. 18) draws on information from fifteen countries to inform her paper on how Ireland has adapted its heritage policy in the face of greater risk from climate change. She discusses the barriers to policy development, particularly the level of uncertainty in future modelling. The final chapter reviews STORM: a European Horizon 2020-funded project which explored the impact of climate change on heritage. Michael Nevell, Rob Williamson and Rosmarie DeWit (Ch. 19) introduce the five pilot sites of the project: Greece, Italy, Portugal, Turkey and the UK, before turning to review the UK case study; Mellor in Greater Manchester. The paper evaluates the tools for predicting climate changes and heritage-related damage. This provides a comprehensive overview of the project.

This book is a useful addition to the discussions of heritage at risk. The chapters on solution are most exciting for the reader, with transferable case studies on what works and what does not. While not quite global in scale as intended, this collection provides an excellent array of methods, processes and case studies ranging from small to large scale which will be useful to the heritage sector. The challenges facing heritage, however, are not always as immediate as those discussed here. The evolving research, funding and engagement landscape of the sector has created its own array of problems to be addressed and opportunities to draw upon. One such opportunity is greater community engagement; however, doing this well can pose challenges in itself. The second book in this review looks closely at this issue.

The discipline of heritage studies, and the adjacent subject of archaeology, have been transformed since the mid- or late twentieth century. The discipline itself has expanded rapidly in terms of scope and involvement, and so too have the research, practice and mechanisms of heritage. The second book in this review section provides an opportunity to pause and take-stock of the evolution of heritage studies. It is both a much-needed reflection on the changes that have taken place and a compendium of methodologies and approaches from across the globe. It was edited by John Jameson and Sergiu Musteaţă who, along with many of the contributors to the volume, have played a significant role in the transformation of heritage practice, hence the title of the book. The articles were assembled from a session at World Archaeological Congress 8 (2016) that focused on contributions to heritage from community archaeology. As such, there are three broad sections within it, commencing with Community Archaeology at the Intersection of Heritage and Community, followed by Catalysts for Inclusive Heritage at Cultural Landscapes and Parks and closing with Catalysts for Inclusive Heritage: New Knowledge Creation and Innovation. There is no conclusion chapter by the editors, however, the introduction sets out the variety of themes within the wider heritage discourse.

One of the main changes within the heritage discipline in recent years has been the shift from the expert approach, which dominated the twentieth century, to a people-centred approach. The latter, which emerged fully in the twenty-first century, comprises public participation and community involvement at the heart of heritage and archaeology-focused programmes. Ideally there is a co-production at each stage of the decision-making process allowing for mutually beneficial research outcomes and power sharing arrangements. The benefits are highlighted in Buhrich, McIntyre-Tamwoy, and Greer's paper on community archaeology in post-native title Australia. While they highlight the challenges, particularly the considerable commitment required from all parties, the authors demonstrate that community archaeology allows for a much deeper understanding of heritage in the contemporary society. In Australia, the legal framework of native title rights led to the recognition of indigenous people as custodians with authority for cultural heritage, rather than simply stakeholders. The lack of such frameworks elsewhere, and the challenges pointed out in the paper, means that true co-production does not occur across all community archaeology programmes. In numerous examples of heritage and archaeology programmes, the community are relegated to the end-user position, the stakeholder who consumes the research carried out by experts. While the sector strives to move away from this, as evident throughout the case studies provided here, it remains a common pitfall. In a way to provide guidance for those planning programmes of research, this compilation comprises best-practice exemplars from which the reader can learn.

As well as the Australian example, there are region specific overviews provided from Ireland, by Baker et al., and Moldova, by Musteaţă. Baker et al. acknowledge the current dearth of discussion around community archaeology in Ireland. It is not the case that community archaeology does not take place, rather evaluations of how it is carried out in the wider context of international best practice and current theoretical approaches are currently lacking. Therefore, the projects which have evolved in this geographical context are ill-defined: are they actually community archaeology, or public archaeology? The authors discuss the ways in which community archaeology has developed and is carried out in Ireland including through local authorities, community-led projects, and field schools. They extend this to consider how the practicalities interact with expectations, funding and communication. The authors conclude that the lack of structure in Irish community archaeology has potentially helped programmes avoid many of the pitfalls seen elsewhere. Indeed, many programmes across the sector are accused of tokenism, with a dominant top-down approach, alongside a lack of reflexivity, consultation and co-production. It appears that in Ireland, elitism and exploitation have been avoided. Musteaţă's chapter on community archaeology in Eastern Europe highlights some similar issues to those experienced in Ireland. Community archaeology and public archaeology are ill-defined with their underlying conceptions and differences little discussed even by practitioners. Musteaţă uses the case study of Soroca, a late medieval fortress, to frame their argument. They argue that more discussions, workshops, and publications need to take place, for and with the general public, in order to promote the general meaning of these concepts.

The changes within the heritage sector witnessed over the past three decades stemmed from debates around who owns the past and who has the knowledge to better understand it. These debates resulted in greater multivocality within heritage practice, as demonstrated through Kaeleigh Herstad's paper on demolition of the built environment in Detroit, USA. The fast pace of widespread demolition in the city spurred a rush of documenting soon-to-be-lost structures by local residents and local history groups. Some of the most active participants were urban explores—those who explore derelict, and usually inaccessible or closed, built environments. As part of their exploration, urban explorers often research and photograph the environment, sharing this information online. They argue in their chapter that urban exploration is a valid and important voice in the field of heritage studies and practice, especially in cities or communities that lack official or state sponsored heritage programmes.

Multivocality requires accepting that archaeology and heritage will be interpreted in different ways by different groups: that there are a variety of meanings which may complement or replace those stemming from academic or expert standpoints. As John Jameson argues in the introduction, multivocality provides a much-needed step away from the authorized heritage discourse or AHD. AHD has long dominated the interpretation and management of heritage sites, more often than not reflecting an elitist narrative which may even require expert or technical knowledge to understand. Multivocality is therefore needed to readdress the balance between community or other sub-national interests and the experts. It also allows a deeper understanding of intangible heritage. The challenges posed by striving for multivocality or partnered scholarship are outlined in Jun Suneri's chapter on collaborative relationships and risk taking of community partners in suburban California. They begin by outlining how descendent communities have witnessed generations of researchers come and go, sometimes making no contact with regards to the investigation of ancestral places: significant changes in this relationship were clearly needed. Acknowledging these problems has led to the mobilisation of community-first archaeologies, which in turn has challenged the privileges of the academy and brought researchers closer and more deeply engaged with community partners. The author argues that this can introduce new risks and rewards and demonstrates this through the case study of the Tshimbupfe-Berkeley collaborative archaeology partnership. They argue that risk and reward go hand-in-hand; that is, they are not binaries but exist together. However, risks are not insignificant and should not be overlooked simply because there are potential benefits too. Suneri concludes that the presence of risk must be embraced and crucially, vulnerabilities must be negotiated with the community at the forefront of these discussions.

Throughout the volume, community archaeology is set within an all-encompassing framework. In fact, it is a much broader framework than our disciplinary boundaries usually allow for. The result is a combination of the more traditionally accepted archaeology outreach and broader cultural activities. This allows a greater scope to be included here, such as Ford and Topsey's contribution on the conservation of culture and nature in the Mayan forest in Belize. This broad disciplinary scope is a particular strength of the volume; however, when experts from disparate disciplinary spaces work together or are read together, it can propose its own set of challenges. One such challenge noted in this volume is the different language used for the very topic under discussion and these terminological inconsistences are a reflection of the wider sector. Arguably, they plague heritage and archaeology creating a vagueness when it comes to actualising and evaluating community involvement in research and practice. This volume tackles this issue head-on to provide some clarity. Part one places community archaeology—which is often conflated with heritage practice—at the juncture between archaeology and heritage. The authors carry this theme throughout and provide their own classification depending on their disciplinary or geographical perspective. Aleru et al. attempt to compare community and public archaeology in Nigeria. The terms derived from Nigeria's adoption of American (community archaeology) and British (public archaeology) conceptual frameworks meaning the terms are often used interchangeably. They argue that both terms recognise fundamentally the importance of community concerns; therefore, it is not far-fetched nor detrimental to consider them similar and overlapping.

A key theme throughout the volume is that archaeology has a value for society and engagement can have a positive impact on stakeholders and communities. There is a general argument across the chapters that more must be done to evaluate community archaeology practices and outcomes in order to understand the so-called benefits and their limitations. Boom et al. closely address in their chapter the evaluation of practices of developing a visitor profile for participation and the sociocultural impacts this engenders. They argue that there is little understanding of what heritage ‘value’ is and how it contributes to the oft-cited inclusivity, sustainability and the creation of cultural capital. They focus on a large horticultural event in Germany which allows visitors to encounter a Neolithic house. The authors survey and observe engagement with the reconstructed house and evaluate the sociocultural impacts, which included satisfaction, positivity and enthusiasm for further engagement with the past. The authors strive to offer a practical dimension to increasing heritage awareness and inspire heritage managers to transform practices. The data collected sheds light on the positive sociocultural impacts that stakeholders and community members experience through participation. Through evaluation the authors provide informed opinions on the activities that are efficient and effective in reaching out and including particular groups in society.

As part of the One World Archaeology series, this volume continues many of the strengths the series is known for. Of particular note is the geographical diversity with contributions hailing from sixteen different countries across Africa, south America, central America, western Europe, eastern Europe, north America and Australasia. At twenty-nine chapters the volume is long but not repetitive. The chapters are relatively short meaning most have only passing references to the academic context; however, this is supported by a detailed introduction. The result is a richly informed volume comprising diverse debates and a wide continuum of methods and approaches.

Since the publication of these volumes, the heritage sector has, in a sense, changed. The Black Lives Matter movement has continued to demand long-awaited changes to heritage education, interpretations and presentation. This has ignited more discussions on decolonising heritage and, importantly, action towards this. Some of the chapters in Jameson and Musteaţă address the severity of an AHD and the importance of decolonising heritage practices. Ndukuyakhe Ndlovu reviews the legal heritage frameworks in South Africa through the example of Madimatle Mountain and highlights the Eurocentric bias within legislation. The continuation of such legislation allows persistent favouring of the tangible over the intangible, demonstrating the challenges which can affect negatively community archaeology. Local communities, therefore, are expressing their views on their ritual beliefs in a framework which deems these views as meaningless. Furthermore, the more recent Covid-related restrictions on group activities and closure of museums have added a new set of challenges and risks to the heritage sector. While papers do not address this specific problem, due to the timing of the pandemic, many discuss the challenge of increasing participation in a variety of demanding circumstances. These chapters are examples of overcoming both deep-seated and emerging challenges and will be a useful companion for the professional, academic and student alike as we approach another challenging period.