Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-kwt9d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T22:58:28.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Electronic tools to improve procalcitonin utilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2025

Julia A. HiseyOpen the ORCID record for Julia A. Hisey[Opens in a new window],
Grace K. Mahowald,
Nicole V. TolanOpen the ORCID record for Nicole V. Tolan[Opens in a new window],
Phillip KangOpen the ORCID record for Phillip Kang[Opens in a new window],
Ramy H. ElshabouryOpen the ORCID record for Ramy H. Elshaboury[Opens in a new window],
Anand S. Dighe,
Kent B. Lewandrowski,
Christiana A. Demetriou,
Stacy E.F. MelansonOpen the ORCID record for Stacy E.F. Melanson[Opens in a new window] and
Alyssa R. LetourneauOpen the ORCID record for Alyssa R. Letourneau[Opens in a new window]
Julia A. Hisey
Affiliation:
Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Grace K. Mahowald
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USAHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Nicole V. Tolan
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USAHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Phillip Kang
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
Ramy H. Elshaboury
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Anand S. Dighe
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USAHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Kent B. Lewandrowski
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USAHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Christiana A. Demetriou
Affiliation:
Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, CyprusThe Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
Stacy E.F. Melanson
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USAHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Alyssa R. Letourneau*
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USADepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Alyssa R. Letourneau; Email: alyssa.letourneau@mgh.harvard.edu

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Information

Type
Research Brief
Information
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , 2026, e33
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Introduction

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker of bacterial infections and used for antimicrobial stewardship.Reference Chambliss, Patel and Colón-Franco1 Clinical trials support PCT to: (1) rule out bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in non-critically ill patients, (2) rule out bacterial sepsis in critically ill patients, and (3) deescalate antibiotics.Reference Chambliss, Patel and Colón-Franco1 Studies have demonstrated inappropriate utilization of PCT, a high-cost test, including frequent retesting or failing to discontinue antibiotics.Reference Levine, Riggott, Vulaj, Falcetti, Ali and Singh2–Reference Choi, Cornelius-Schecter and Hayden4 To improve appropriate utilization, institutions have altered order sets, audited PCT ordering, and provided education, all with varying effects.Reference Levine, Riggott, Vulaj, Falcetti, Ali and Singh2,Reference Castellanos, Kraus, Toddenroth, Prokosch and Bürkle3,Reference Shin, Krouss, Alaiev, Mestari, Talledo and Zaurova5 Our institution recently standardized PCT ordering and changed our reference range from ≤0.08 to ≤0.25 so that flagged/abnormal results reflect local guidelines. Here, we assess the impact of electronic tools to decrease unnecessary PCT orders.

Methods

Study settings

This study was conducted at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), two large tertiary care centers in Boston, MA. BWH implemented two tools in the electronic health record (EHR) (Epic Systems Corporation, Madison, WI).

Interventions

First, at the time of ordering, the clinician was presented with prior results, if any, order education (ie PCT is not indicated in the following situations: known chronic bacterial infection requiring long-term antibiotics, severely immunocompromised (other than corticosteroids), or acute COPD exacerbation) AND was required to indicate their reason for ordering PCT (ie 1-suspected bacterial respiratory infection in a non-critically ill patient, 2-suspected sepsis in a critically ill patient, 3-repeat test within 24 hours: initial result ≤ 0.25 and high suspicion for respiratory infection or sepsis, 4-repeat test within 24 hours: symptoms persist or are worsening, 5-other (enter comment)) (Supplemental Figure 1). Second, a duplicate checking reminder was displayed if a PCT resulted in the past 48 hours; the previous result was displayed and the option to cancel was given (Supplemental Figure 2).

The intervention was implemented at BWH on January 23, 2024. Pre-intervention was February 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023 and post-intervention was February 1, 2024 to June 30, 2024. We determined normalized PCT volumes pre- and post-intervention at BWH and MGH (where PCT ordering was already restricted), calculated the number of PCT results per patient per encounter pre- and post-intervention at BWH and MGH, monitored the impact of duplicate checking reminder at BWH, and reviewed medical records at BWH post-intervention to assess the accuracy of responses to order questions (n = 50 medical records, 10 for each response).

Statistical analysis

Joinpoint regression analysisReference Kim, Fay, Feuer and Midthune6 was used (SEER*Stat software (Version 4.9.0.0)) to estimate the monthly percentage change (MPC) in normalized PCT volumes. In this analysis, the MPC was calculated by fitting a linear regression model on log-transformed trends, using month as the independent variable, under the assumption of constant variance and uncorrelated errors. A maximum of five change points were allowed. Where a changing trend was detected, each trend line segment was expressed by an MPC value. The number of PCT results per patient per encounter was compared pre- and post-intervention using negative binomial regression and Stata v.18 software (StataCorp) to account for over-dispersion of data points.

Results

PCT orders post-intervention decreased significantly at BWH (MPC post vs pre: -6.33% vs -0.96%) but not at MGH (MPC: 3.97%) (Figure 1). The average number of PCT tests ordered per patient per encounter decreased significantly during the post-intervention period at BWH (negative binominal regression incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.87, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.83–0.90, P < 0.001), while there was no significant change at MGH (IRR of 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92–1.02, P = 0.23). At BWH, 54.5% (1,373), 27.6% (695), 2.0% (50), 1.9% (49), and 14.0% (354) of clinicians chose option 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; respectively (n = 2,521). Of the “other” responses (option 5), 80.2% (284/354) were to distinguish bacterial infection from cytokine release syndrome in CAR-T cell patients. As determined by patient location in EHR, PCT was ordered if suspected bacterial respiratory infection in a non-critically ill patient (208 of 955; 21.7%) or suspected sepsis in a critically ill patient (210 of 625; 33.6%). Further, in 31 of the 50 (62%) patients reviewed, PCT was inconsistent with the order education and not clinically indicated.

Figure 1.

Joinpoint regression plots for Brigham and Women’s Hospital (top half) and Massachusetts General Hospital (bottom half) from January 2022 to June 2024. Normalized monthly procalcitonin volumes are plotted. Differential trends in monthly percent changes are shown by a different color line. An asterisk indicates a significant trend change.

Discussion

We demonstrated that electronic tools in the EHR can significantly decrease PCT ordering. Given the success at BWH, we have implemented these tools across our hospital system and will monitor the system-wide impact and associated PCT reagent cost savings. Despite the decrease in volume, PCT is still ordered when not indicated, such as in severely immunocompromised patients. The majority of clinicians who proceed with ordering PCT are selecting option 1, even in critically ill patients, suggesting that selection is not based on the patient’s history but that they are simply clicking a button to expedite ordering. Further, we identified that PCT was commonly ordered in CAR-T cell recipients. To address these limitations, we will discuss utilization in CAR-T cell patients with clinical leaders and follow up with individual clinicians who are ordering PCT when not clinically indicated.

Supplementary material

The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2024.501

Footnotes

*

Co-first or Co-senior authors.

References

Chambliss, AB, Patel, K, Colón-Franco, JM, et al. AACC guidance document on the clinical use of procalcitonin. J Appl Lab Med 2023;8:598–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, AR, Riggott, R, Vulaj, K, Falcetti, TR, Ali, S, Singh, G. A collaborative approach to improve consistent use of procalcitonin in lower respiratory tract infections. Ann Pharmacother 2018;2:538–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellanos, I, Kraus, S, Toddenroth, D, Prokosch, HU, Bürkle, T. Using arden syntax medical logic modules to reduce overutilization of laboratory tests for detection of bacterial infections-Success or failure? Artif Intell Med 2018;92:43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, JJ, Cornelius-Schecter, A, Hayden, JA, et al. Procalcitonin utilization in the real world: An observational study of antibiotic prescribing practices. J Eval Clin Pract 2020;26:1220–1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, D, Krouss, M, Alaiev, D, Mestari, N, Talledo, J, Zaurova, M, et al. Reducing unnecessary routine laboratory testing for noncritically ill patients with COVID-19. J Hosp Med 2022;17:961–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, HJ, Fay, MP, Feuer, EJ, Midthune, DN. Permutation of tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000;15:335–351.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figure 0

Figure 1.Joinpoint regression plots for Brigham and Women’s Hospital (top half) and Massachusetts General Hospital (bottom half) from January 2022 to June 2024. Normalized monthly procalcitonin volumes are plotted. Differential trends in monthly percent changes are shown by a different color line. An asterisk indicates a significant trend change.

Supplementary material: File

Hisey et al. supplementary material 1

Hisey et al. supplementary material
Download Hisey et al. supplementary material 1(File)
File 22.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Hisey et al. supplementary material 2

Hisey et al. supplementary material
Download Hisey et al. supplementary material 2(File)
File 170.4 KB