It can be said of comparatively few scholars that their work will last for several generations. With the publication of this corpus, Denys Pringle joins that select group. The study of the surviving buildings from the period of crusader rule in the Levant, from Cilicia to the Sinai, began in earnest with the surveys by Clermont-Ganneau, Enlart and the Survey of western Palestine in the late nineteenth century. Archaeological surveys undertaken by the French Dominicans Vincent and Abel in the early twentieth century, and by the Italian Franciscans of the Studium Biblicanum Franciscanum in Jerusalem concentrated on analysing and reconstructing the architectural histories of the great shrine churches in Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Not until the last quarter of the twentieth century, however, was the first complete survey of all churches in the kingdom of Jerusalem undertaken, under the auspices of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem (now the Kenyon Institute). Denys Pringle began work on the survey in 1979 when he was assistant director of the school, and the first volume was published in 1993. With this final volume, covering the churches of Acre and Tyre, he brings the corpus to a triumphant conclusion. The strength of the corpus as a whole lies in its comprehensive coverage of all ecclesiastical buildings, whether crusader or Byzantine in origin, and whether they survive as physical evidence or only in the documentary record. As in previous volumes, each church is analysed according to categories of surviving evidence: all documentary references are used to provide a brief historical survey, then, where appropriate, the buildings and epigraphy are described and discussed. This volume, like its predecessors, is fully illustrated with photographs, and many of the churches are reconstructed by means of Peter Leach's ground-plan drawings. Detailed essays laying out the general building histories of each of the two cities introduce each section of the volume. The picture that emerges from this final volume is of two comparatively small cities that were, particularly in the case of Acre, subject to enormous population expansion after 1187 as the kingdom of Jerusalem contracted in territorial size. In consequence, large numbers of new churches were consecrated, many of which functioned as new homes for parishes or regular communities that had been forced to abandon their original locations. Thirteenth-century Acre was a vibrant city with a mixed religious identity, and the affiliation of some churches to a particular confession or Church is not always easy to determine. Especially from the middle of the century onward, some churches seem to have changed hands from Orthodox to Latin or vice-versa, reflecting the changing demographics of the city. While Acre is easily accessible to visitors today, this is far from being the case for Tyre, and historians of the Crusader States must be particularly indebted to Denys Pringle for what is effectively the first systematic treatment of its ecclesiastical buildings.
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