1.1. Length

Articles intended for consideration in the ‘Main’ section of The Journal may be up to 6,000 words long. The Journal encourages accurate and succinct writing. Articles that exceed this length will be returned to the submitting author for shortening unless an extended word count has been pre-negotiated with the Editor-in-Chief. Relaxations of article length will only be considered in exceptional circumstances. Papers should be presented in single column 12-point Times New Roman with 2·54 cm margins. Total submission page length should be no more than 20 sides including Figures and Tables. Figures and Tables must all be clearly legible. For subjects that require significantly higher page counts, two-part papers should be considered but this must be discussed with the Editor-in-Chief in advance of submission. The ‘Forum’ section exists for the expression of opinion, and allows authors to submit material which might not be appropriate for full length papers but which contain ideas worthy of publication and discussion (up to 2,500 words).

1.2. Figures and Tables

All Figures should be supplied in an appropriate size and the specified file formats (see further details in Section 4 – Figures). Figures and Tables should be incorporated into the submitted text, so reviewers can see them in context. Separate Figures and Tables may also be uploaded, particularly if high-resolution images are included.

1.3. Original, Unpublished Material

Contributions are normally received on the understanding that they comprise original, unpublished material and are not being submitted for publication elsewhere. Corresponding authors will be asked to confirm this and to state whether earlier versions, even those in a less-developed or abbreviated form (e.g., conference proceedings, websites, magazines or other journals, etc.) have been published. Such earlier versions will not necessarily preclude publication in The Journal but full details will be required. Papers are peer-reviewed to ensure both accuracy and relevance, and amendments to the submission may thus be required before final acceptance. On acceptance, contributions are subject to editorial amendment, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.

1.4. Capacity Limitations

There is limited capacity to publish work in The Journal. It is entirely possible that work that has been recommended for publication by reviewers will not be published due to space constraints. Every effort will be made to publish all worthy articles but the Editor-in-Chief reserves the final decision on publication.

2.1. Submission Format

When submitting papers in MS Word (The Journal's preferred medium) the following global settings should be applied:

• • The spelling language should be set to English (United Kingdom).

• • All acronyms, even those considered to be commonplace, should be decoded on first usage e.g., Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

• • Automatic numbering of paragraphs, Figures, Tables etc., should be switched OFF throughout the paper. Manual numbering (Arabic numerals) should be input instead.

• • Automatic linking / hyperlinks within the paper should NOT be used.

• • Font should be set to 12-point Times New Roman. Bold font should NOT be used for headings.

• • Formatting should be kept as simple as possible, with single line spacing and paragraph spacing (before and after) set to ‘0’. Indents should NOT be used.

• • Text should be fully justified. Tables and Figures should be sequentially numbered from ‘1’ (e.g. Table 1, Table 2; Figure 1, Figure 2 etc.) and centre justified. Each Table caption should be placed above the Table and each Figure caption placed below the Figure.

• • All Equations should be numbered sequentially from ‘(1)’. Equations should ideally be placed in a full-width 2-cell table with borders suppressed, with the mathematical expression centre-aligned within its cell and the Equation number right aligned within its cell (see example below – cell borders have been shown here for clarity). Equations are to be in an editable format and not “picture” formats that has been cut and pasted from another document as this significantly delays typesetting and raises the risk of errors being made in transcription.

  (1)$$T= e^{T}Q^{-1}_{e}C_{e}\lpar C_{e}^{T}Q^{-1}_{e}C_{e}\rpar ^{-1}C^{T}_{e}Q^{-1}_{e}$$

2.2. Layout of Papers

The layout of papers should be as follows:

• • Title Block. The title block should contain a short title (up to 40 characters), subtitle (if desired), authors' names, affiliations and only the corresponding author's e-mail address (this e-mail address is particularly important, as it will be used by the typesetters for forwarding proofs of papers accepted for publication). The respective affiliations of co-authors should be clearly indicated by superscript numbering.

• • Abstract. A self-contained ‘Abstract’ of up to about 150 words should outline in a single paragraph the aims, scope and conclusions of the paper. See also notes below on the ‘Conclusions’ section.

• • Keywords. A maximum of four ‘Keywords’ are permitted. These must be the same as selected when submitting the paper to ScholarOne. Suggestions for new Keywords should be forwarded to the Editor-in-Chief at journal@rin.org.uk.

• • Main Text. The main body of text should be suitably divided with numbered main paragraphs, with headings in capitals. Related, numbered sub-paragraphs may be used, for which headings (headings in italics, with first letter of each word capitalised) are optional but recommended. Paragraph / sub-paragraph numbering should follow the convention shown in the following example (e.g., 3., 3.1., 3.1.1. etc.).

• • Footnotes. Footnotes may be used, but their use should be kept to a minimum.

• • Conclusions. A concise, self-contained ‘Conclusions’ section should outline the outcome of the paper, its perceived benefits to the wider community and any intentions for further research. The Abstract and Conclusions are of major importance as many busy readers look at these two sections first, to see if the main paper is worth reading. It is thus essential that Abstract and Conclusions do the paper full justice.

• • Acknowledgements. You may acknowledge individuals or organisations that provided advice, support (non-financial), but The Journal of Navigation should NOT be mentioned. Formal financial support and funding should be listed in the following section.

• • Financial support. Please provide details of the sources of financial support for all authors, including grant numbers. For example, “This work was supported by the Medical research Council (grant number XXXXXXX)”. Multiple grant numbers should be separated by a comma and space, and where research was funded by more than one agency the different agencies should be separated by a semi-colon, with “and” before the final funder. Grants held by different authors should be identified as belonging to individual authors by the authors' initials. For example, “This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (A.B., grant numbers XXXX, YYYY), (C.D., grant number ZZZZ); the Natural Environment Research Council (E.F., grant number FFFF); and the National Institutes of Health (A.B., grant number GGGG), (E.F., grant number HHHH)”. Where no specific funding has been provided for research, please provide the following statement: “This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.”

• • Conflict of interest. Please provide details of all known financial, professional and personal relationships with the potential to bias the work. Where no known conflicts of interest exist, please include the following statement: “None.”

• • Ethical standards. Where research involves human and/or animal experimentation, the following statements should be included (as applicable): “The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.” and “The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional guides on the care and use of laboratory animals.”

• • References. The reference end-list should be in alphabetical order of family names of the first author of each reference (see further details at Section 3 – References).

• • Appendices. Appendices (lettered A., B., etc.) may be used for supporting information which is not appropriate for inclusion in the main text (i.e., descriptive or explanatory passages, supporting equations or proofs etc). Figure, Table and Equation numbering in Appendices should start again from 1, but be prefixed by the Appendix letter (e.g. A1., A2., etc.).

• • Additional Material. There is currently no facility to publish material “online only” or host video material. This material should not be submitted. It may be hosted elsewhere and referred to by hyperlink and listed appropriately in the Reference list provided it will remain available for at least two years after publication.

• • Copies of Figures and Tables. A copy of all Figures and Tables should ideally be uploaded to ScholarOne as separate files in their original format (this may bundled in.zip or.rar format for convenience). This helps to speed up the typesetting process for papers selected for publication and can significantly improve the quality of reproduction.

2.3. Style of Writing

Authors are urged to write as concisely as possible but not at the expense of clarity. Particular attention should be paid to the correct use of English vocabulary, punctuation and grammar. Papers will be returned if the standard of language is such that the paper is difficult to read.

2.4. Units, Symbols and Abbreviations

Units, symbols and abbreviations should conform to the recommendations contained in the Royal Society publication Quantities, Units and Symbols (1975).

2.5. Experimentation

Where appropriate, every effort should be made to include real-world experimentation results. Papers with only simulation as verification of concept will be generally judged less favourably than those with extensive experimentation.

3.1. Reference Citations in the Text

References should NOT be numbered. Reference citations in the text should give authors' names (no initials) and date e.g., (Kemp, 1998), or (Steele and White, 1996) or for more than two authors (Cole et al., 2007). Specific pages should be added only in the case of direct quotations, e.g., (Kemp, 1998. P. 29). Where the context demands it, the name(s) may be moved out of the brackets e.g., “.... Kemp (1999) states that...”.

3.2. Reference End List

References should NOT be numbered. The reference end-list should be in alphabetical order of family names of the first named author of each reference. Full details should be included, even if the list of authors is extensive in any particular reference. The reference formats should conform to the current Journal style, as in the following examples:

• • Example for The Journal of Navigation.

  Rosenkrans, W. A. (1978). Aeronautical Charts. The Journal of Navigation, 31, 39–51.

• • Example for Other Journals.

  Smart, W. M. (1946). On a Problem in Navigation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 106, 124–127.

• • Example for Books.

  Skolnik, M. I. (1976). Radar Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

• • Example for Websites or Website Access.

  Open Geospatial Consortium. (2011). OGC Making Location Count. http://www.opengeospatial.org. Accessed 12 January 2018.

• • Example for Proceedings.

  Helwig, A. W. S., Offermans, G. W. A. and van Willigen, D. (1996). Implementation and Testing of Eurofix in Standard Loran-C Receiver Technology. Proceedings of the 25 ^th Annual Technical Symposium of the International Loran Association, San Diego, CA.

• • Other Publications. Where there is doubt, include all bibliographical details.

4.1. Colour

Any figures supplied in colour will automatically be published in colour online, but will be printed (hard-copy) in black and white unless accompanied by specific instructions to be printed in colour. There is a charge for hard-copy colour printing (in 2018, the cost was UK£200 for one figure up to a maximum of UK£1000). This charge will be invoiced directly to the author. Authors are reminded that it is their responsibility to ensure that figures supplied in colour are still meaningful when printed in black and white.

4.2. Size

All figures should be sized to final publication size (see the latest issue of The Journal for the page width) and ideally supplied in the recommended file formats. Following these guidelines will result in high-quality images being reproduced in both the print and the online versions of the journal. Recommended file formats are:

• • Line Artwork. Format: tif or eps. Colour mode: black and white. Resolution: 1200 dpi.

• • Combination Artwork (Line/Tone). Format: tif or eps. Colour mode: greyscale. Resolution: 800 dpi.

• • Colour or Black and White Halftone Artwork. Format: tif. Colour mode: CMYK colour or grayscale. Resolution: 300 dpi or higher.

7.1. Article Processing Charge

An author also has the option to publish their paper under a fully ‘Open Access’ arrangement, termed a ‘Gold OA’ agreement, upon the payment of a one-off ‘Article Processing Charge’ of UK£1780/US$2835 (in 2018). In this case, the final published ‘Version of Record’ will be made freely available to all, in perpetuity, and will be published under a creative commons licence, enabling its free re-use and re-distribution for non-commercial means.

7.2. Authors' Choice between Regular and Open Access Publication

If a paper is selected for publication, at the acceptance for publication stage of the procedure, the corresponding author will be able to choose between ‘Green OA’ or ‘Regular Publication’ and publication under the ‘Gold OA’ or ‘Open Access’ agreement. If authors wish their article to be published under a ‘Gold OA’ agreement they should indicate so on the Copyright Assignment Form and inform the Editor-in-Chief of their wishes. They will subsequently be sent an invoice.