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Prolonged KPC-CRE Outbreak with Horizontal Plasmid Transfer Associated with ICU Sink Drains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Juan Teran Plasencia
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Kelly Cawcutt
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Maroya Walters
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Miranda Neumann
Affiliation:
Nebraska Medicine
Samuel Cincotta
Affiliation:
CDC
Richard Stanton
Affiliation:
CDC
Peter Iwen
Affiliation:
Nebraska Public Health Laboratory
Lacey Pavlovsky
Affiliation:
Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services
Trevor Van Schooneveld
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Jonathan Ryder
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Joe Sexton
Affiliation:
CDC
Heather Moulton-Meissner
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control
Paige Gable
Affiliation:
CDC
Christine Ganim
Affiliation:
CDC
Alyssa Kent
Affiliation:
CDC
Jennifer Vogelsberg
Affiliation:
Nebraska Medicine
Emily Barg
Affiliation:
Nebraska Medicine
Emily McCutchen
Affiliation:
Nebraska Public Health Laboratory
Paul D. Fey
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center
M. Salman Ashraf
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska Medical Center

Abstract

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Background: After CDC and local surveillance identified an increase in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (KPC-CRE) caused by multiple organisms, an investigation was conducted at an acute care hospital. Cases clustered around an intensive care unit (ICU) and step-down unit (SDU), where wastewater plumbing was a suspected transmission source. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate this outbreak. Methods: A case was defined as detection of KPC-CRE or KPC (no organism cultured) from specimens collected at the hospital between 01/2019 to 10/2025. Clinical cases were identified via carbapenemase testing of CRE isolates using PCR (Xpert Carba-R) or by multiplex PCR panels and screening cases through PCR with reflex to culture. ICU sink and hopper samples and SDU sink samples were tested using selective media, MALDI-TOF, and multiplex PCR for KPC-CRE detection. Isolates underwent short and long-read sequencing. Result: Overall, 64 cases (37 clinical; 27 screening), involving 54 patients, were identified; 28 patients had ICU/SDU admissions during their hospitalization. The 52 cases with an organism identified included seven species, of which the most common were Citrobacter (26), Klebsiella (14), and Raoultella (5); 24 harbored blaKPC-2 (37.5%), 18 blaKPC-4 (28.1%), 5 blaKPC-3 (7.8%), 1 blaKPC-160 (1.5%), and 16 were not subtyped (25%). Seventeen isolates from five species carried blaKPC-2 on a 42 kb IncP6 plasmid, while ten isolates from five species carried blaKPC-4 on a 69 kb plasmid with Col440I and IncM1 replicons. Environmental sampling in 05/2025 found KPC-CRE in 10/12 sinks and 2/12 hoppers in the ICU and 1/22 SDU sinks (fig1). KPC-CRE environmental isolates were closely genetically related to the Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Roultella clinical isolates and harbored similar KPC-carrying plasmids. Infection prevention and control (IPC) rounding identified patient items within the sink splash zone, including placing bath-in-a-bag in the sink. In 05/2025, a campaign was initiated to remove items from the splash zone, switch to chlorhexidine wipes, and implement daily use of an EPA-registered, sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based biofilm drain disinfectant product. Starting 07/2025, pouring of lipids and total parenteral nutrition down drains was stopped. While repeat environmental sampling in 6/2025 also found KPC-CRE in sink drains, no additional cases were identified in the ICU or SDU following these remediation activities (fig2). Conclusion: ICU sinks served as a reservoir for KPC-CRE, with transmission to patients. KPC-CRE persisted in drains following initial drain disinfection measures; therefore, changes in sink and splash-zone IPC practices appear to be important for interrupting transmission.

A summary of environmental sampling results for KPC and target organisms in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Step-Down Unit (SDU) as of May 2025.

A bar graph showing the epicurve of KPC-CRE by quarter.

Information

Type
Outbreaks
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America