Introduction
Circularly-polarized (CP) antennas receive a lot of attention due to their ability to combat polarization mismatch losses and multi-path interferences. A unique strategy for achieving circular polarization is introducing perturbation through corner truncation or etched slot [Reference Nasimuddin, Chen and Qing1]. CP microstrip antennas (MPAs) contain two core feed types, namely, dual or multi-feed type, and single-feed type. Although it has a portable structure, the single-feed CP MPAs have the disadvantages of narrow bandwidth and limited axial ratio (AR) bandwidth [Reference Wang, Fang, Fu and Jia2]. The narrow bandwidth of single-feed CP MPAs is solved through techniques such as the use of parasitic or stacked patches [Reference Ding, Gao, Yu, Qu and Zhang3]. These solutions create the disadvantages of increased thickness or low radiation effectiveness. High-gain CP antenna arrays are used for improving the bandwidth of single-feed CP MPAs. However, this complicates their feeding network and multilayer structure.
A sequential-phase (SP) feed is used in developing operational bandwidth and antenna gain for patch antenna arrays [Reference Huang4]. The SP feed produces CP radiation with patch antennas that are polarized linearly [Reference Huang5]. SP feed has been employed in antenna array designs for various applications [Reference Chung6–Reference Chen, Yang, Chen and Cao10]. Such arrays use a truncated patch antenna as the original radiation factor; thus, <13% of operational bandwidths were insufficient for several applications. Two-by-two H-shaped patch antennas [Reference Chung6] have been incorporated into feeding networks based on a metamaterial (MTM) line for achieving wideband operation. At 2.5 GHz, the size of the entire array is 1.67 λ 0 × 2.17 λ 0 × 0.15 λ 0, the gain bandwidth is 55.0%, and the AR bandwidth is 89.3%. Multilayer configurations and feeds, based on MTM lines and lumped factors, are rather complex. Using metasurfaces, the performance of antennas is improved to achieve mutual coupling reduction within the array, support the development of AR features, polarization conversion, antenna miniaturization, suppression of surface waves, gain enhancement, and the development of impedance matching [Reference Dong and Itoh11, Reference Holloway, Kuester, Gordon, O'Hara, Booth and Smith12]. Recently, a global bandwidth of over 20% was reported for antenna arrays that rotate sequentially and use metasurfaces [Reference Ta and Park13]. Such arrays have the disadvantage of high side lobe level (SLL). This paper proposes an MTM-based CP slot antenna array with low cost, broadband, portable size, and simple configuration. The proposal consists of a series of 2 × 2 CP L-shaped and MTM-based slot antennas incorporated with a series-parallel feed that rotates sequentially to achieve portable size and wideband operation [Reference Chen, Zhang, Shao and Zhong14, Reference Zhang, Liu and Jia15]. Corner-cutting patch antennas can achieve broadened bandwidth through the metasurface of a lattice of 4 × 4 periodic metal plates [Reference Ta and Park16]. Owing to surface waves propagating on the metasurface, additional resonant frequencies are produced that make it possible to enhance bandwidths and improve gain. Some academic literary works, including [Reference Ta and Park16], have suggested bandwidth enhancement and improvement can be achieved through loading the metasurface covering [Reference Ta and Park16]. Bandwidth enhancement is limited to applying covering to various source antennas and metasurfaces. Owing to its wideband of reflection coefficients, slot antennas are widely applied in communication systems, GPS, and so on. This paper focused on incorporating MTM in a slot antenna and achieving satisfactory results despite traded-offs regarding dimensions. For the purpose of developing a radiation model in the high-frequency area, the spacing among L-shaped slots was appropriately adjusted while maintaining metasurface size and structure. The proposed design was validated via experiments using the ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS).
Antenna configuration and analysis
Geometry of the antenna array
Figure 1 presents the geometry of the proposed antenna array, made up of a series of 2 × 2 mushroom L-shaped and MTM-based slot antennas, powered by an SP network. The substrates consist of Duriod material (tanδ = 0.0027, ɛr = 2.65) and F4B (tanδ = 0.0009, ɛr = 2.2) with thicknesses h 2 = 3.0 mm and h 1 = 0.5 mm, respectively. The SP network was printed on the bottom and top sides of substrate #1 and substrate #2, respectively. The L-shaped slots were etched on the ground plane, while the mushroom MTM structures were put on substrate #2 as the radiation part. Substrate #2 was stacked over substrate #1 without air gap in order to ease fabrication. The radiation mechanism and fundamental design of the single factor have some similarities with those of the antenna shown in [Reference Chen, Zhang, Shao and Zhong14]. In other words, it was made up of a ground plane etched with L-shaped slots, sandwiched between MTMs of a periodic structure with 4 × 4 metallic square plates, and short pins linking to the ground plane. Surface waves propagating through the metasurface were excited, creating other resonances and minimum AR points for broadening AR bandwidth and impedance. The optimal dimensions of the antenna were obtained through numerical simulation experiments, as listed in Table 1.
Geometry of the CP MTM-based antenna array; (a) side and top views, and (b) geometry of feeding network.
The optimal dimensions of the proposed antenna
The L-shaped slot antenna, based on mushroom MTM, was fed by a microstrip line to ease integration with the SP network. The SP network was modified by a series-parallel strip with a curved structure, designed to equally distribute signals from the microstrip-line input to four microstrip-line outputs with phases of 270, 180, 90, and 0° [Reference Chung, Chaimool and Zhang17]. Seven quarter-wavelength impedance transformers were connected in sequential rotation with a series of links and alternative parallel for achieving the required output phases and impedance matching. The SP network was designed for matching to a 50 Ω subminiature version A (SMA) connector. The center frequency was selected as 6.15 GHz. Four CP L-shaped slot antennas were arranged in sequential rotation and incorporated into the SP network to achieve wideband operation. Isolation and SLL factors were proportional to center-to-center spacing. A vertical part-to-center spacing of 7 mm (~0.6 λ 0 at 6.5 GHz) was selected for the primary array to ensure sufficient isolation and low SLL. Due to the gradually increasing center-to-center spacing of the wavelength (32.6 mm is 0.71 λ 0 at 6.5 GHz), the radiation model of the primary array degrades within the high-frequency area – particularly the SLL – relative to the center frequency. Spacing between the L-shaped slots d was decreased while maintaining metasurface size and structure for mitigating issues. Decreasing spacing between the L-shaped slots was limited by allowance for an SP network, so spacing between L-shaped slots d = 6.0 mm (~0.5 λ 0 at 6.5 GHz). The L-shaped slots had an off-center position, related to MTM in terms of the ultimate array's single factor. The antenna was designed on ANSYS HFSS to achieve 3 dB AR bandwidths, wide impedance matching, low profile, high gain with low variation, and a radiation model with low SLL. The optimized design parameters of the antenna are shown in Table 1.
Analysis of the single-element design
The single factor's geometry is described in Fig. 2(a), and the MTM structure's dispersion was calculated within the connected boundary conditions using HFSS software [Reference Jia, Liu, Zhang, Wang and Liao18]. The original eigenmodes were calculated and shown in Fig. 2(b). The surface wave resonance point is mainly obtained using graphical methods, and it was obtained as the intersection of the dispersion curve and equation (1). When N = 3, transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) waves are 7.25 and 7.95 GHz, respectively; when N = 4, 6.6, and 7.12 GHz, respectively; when N = 5, 6.23, and 6.66 GHz, respectively; and when N = 6, 6.03, and 6.38 GHz, respectively. Referring to Fig. 3, the bandwidth properties of L-shaped slot antennas with and without MTM superstrates are compared to verify the superiority of the proposed design. Referring to Fig. 4(a) and 4(b), the L-shaped slot antenna yielded one minimum point with the AR profile and three resonances with the |S11| profile. Thus, the existence of surface-wave resonances in the proposed antenna can be verified through the introduction of minimum points and extra resonances within the AR and SLL profiles, respectively.
where β SW is the propagation constant of the wave resonances, which has been discussed above, and L g is the overall length of the metasurface structure, given by equation (2).
where P is the periodicity of the metasurface, and N is the number of unit cells.
(a) Geometry of the single factor, (b) dispersion diagram of the graphical solution, and the MTM structure of equation (1) for different numbers of unit cells.
Various configurations of microstrip-fed L-shaped slot antennas; (a) without MTM superstrate and (b) with MTM superstrate.
AR and simulated reflection coefficients of various antenna designs; (a) S11 and (b) AR.
The antenna units were arranged in a “chessboard” configuration. The antenna arrangement at various sections avoided in-phase exciting to prevent model troughs in the composite radiation fields [Reference Jia, Liu, Zhang, Wang and Liao18]. A sequentially rotated feeding network was necessary for the antenna array to realize sufficient CP radiation features. Figure 1(a) shows the fending phase of the units and the schematic diagram of the antenna array. The LP and CP units were able to achieve the desired radiation features. The overall gain of the antenna array was relative to the unit's polarization state.
Referring to Fig. 2, it was necessary to use right-hand circularly-polarized (RHCP) units in order to realize the desired circular polarization radiation feature. The overall E-field left-hand circularly-polarized radiation is calculated using equation (3).
It is shown in Fig. 3 that the MTM-based configuration yielded a narrow bandwidth when functioning with low gain and AR and |S11| profiles. Nevertheless, the co-polarization's broadside gain, impedance matching, and CP bandwidths increase significantly because of the mushroom cells' loading instead of covering by the MS array as displayed in Fig. 5.
Configuration of the metasurface-based L-shaped slot antenna array.
According to Fig. 6, the metasurface-based configuration yielded a narrow bandwidth when functioning with low gain and AR and |S11| profiles. However, broadside gain, impedance matching, and CP bandwidths increase significantly due to the metamaterial superstrate.
Simulated outcomes for various kinds of L-shaped slot antennas with MTM superstrate and with MS superstrate: (a) |S11| and (b) AR and broadside gain.
As discussed earlier, the array's radiation model within the high-frequency area is influenced by changing the spacing between the L-shaped slots while maintaining the entire size and structure of the MTM. To demonstrate this, the proposed design is simulated with different spacing values d, and the results are presented in Fig. 7(a) and 7(b). Appropriately adjusting d significantly increased the array's bandwidth and improved the radiation model within the high-frequency area. According to Fig. 7, d = 6 mm created a |S11| bandwidth, wider AR, and lower SLL in comparison to d = 7 mm and d = 5 mm.
Simulated outcomes of the suggested array antenna for different distances between the L-shaped slots: (a) |S11| and (b) AR and gain.
Real-world and simulation results
For the purpose of verification, the proposed design was simulated, fabricated, and tested. A sample fabrication prototype is shown in Fig. 7(a). In comparison with the simulation model, substrate #1 of the fabrication prototype was extended by 10 mm for the purpose of fastening a 3.5 mm SMA connector. The size of the fabricated array was 90 mm × 80 mm × 3.5 mm, as shown in Fig. 8.
Fabrication of the proposed antenna array.
Figure 9(a) presents the S-parameters of the proposed antenna, obtained from simulation and real-world testing. The simulated S11 was below −10 dB for 4.6–8.8 GHz. The simulated isolation was below 15 dB at most impedance bandwidths. According to real-world measurements, the antenna may possess an impedance bandwidth of 62.7% (4.6–8.8 GHz) for S11 < − 10 dB. The simulation and real-world outcomes were in line with expectations. The measured ARs and gain versus frequency plot are presented within Fig. 9(b). Referring to Fig. 9(b), the 3 dB AR bandwidth measured from simulation and real-world testing could both be 56.7% (4.8–8.6 GHz). The real-world measurements slightly deviate from those predicted by HFSS simulation. This deviation can be attributed to the tolerance of the fabricated antenna array.
Real-world and simulation results: (a) |S11| and (b) axial ratio and broadside gain.
Figure 10 presents the simulated and real-world radiation models at 7.3, 6.5, and 5.5 GHz in the yoz and xoz planes, respectively. The proposed L-shaped slot MTM-based antenna possesses steady radiation models within the operating bandwidth. At 5.5 GHz, the measurements show an SLL of <−20 dB and a front-to-back ratio of 21 dB, and the HPBW corresponding to the xoz and yoz planes was 31 and 38°, respectively. At 6.5 GHz, the measurements show that the corresponding xoz and yoz planes are 34 and 32°, respectively, when SLL does not exceed −18 dB. At 7.3 GHz, the measurements show that when the front-to-back ratio is 25 dB, SLL does not exceed −14 dB, and the corresponding xoz and yoz planes were 30 and 29°, respectively. The proposed design was compared with other MTM-based antennas, as presented in Table 2. The proposed design has a portable size, the broadest 3 dB AR bandwidth, and the broadest impedance bandwidth.
Simulation and real-world radiation models of the proposed array at (a) 5.5 GHz, (b) 6.5 GHz, and (c) 7.3 GHz.
Performance comparison of the proposed design and other MTM-based antenna arrays
BW, bandwidth.
Conclusions
The paper described a portable wideband CP antenna array, employing a mushroom-like MTM. The antenna array consists of a series of 2 × 2 CP L-shaped and MTM-based slot antennas, incorporated with an SP network for the purpose of achieving wideband operation. The antenna array caused a steady LHCP radiation with a 3 dB gain and a bandwidth of 4.8–7.0 GHz (37.3% and peak gain of 14.1 dB). The proposed antenna array is a viable candidate for wideband wireless communication systems, because of its simple configuration, steady radiation profile, wide operating frequency, low profile, and high gain.
Financial support
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51366013.
Qiang Chen was born in Jiangxi, China. He received the master and Ph.D. degree from Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China, in 2015 and 2019, respectively. He is currently a lecturer of Air Force Early Warning Academy, Wuhan, Hubei, China. His research interests include microwave circuits, antennas, and arrays.
Guolin Zhang was born in Jiangxi, China. He received the bachelor degree from Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang， China, in 1991. His research interests include computer communication and network technology.
Changhui He was born in 1973. She received the master degree from Central China Normal University. She is currently an associate professor of Air force early warning institute. She is interested in electromagnetic field, microwave technology, and antenna design. She has published over 20 technical papers and authored one book. She is holding four national invention patents.
Ya Fan received the B.S. degree from Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China, 2013; the M.S. degree in physical electronics from Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China, 2015; the Ph.D. degree in physical electronic from Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China. From 2015 to the present, he has been employed in Air Force Early Warning Academy, where he is currently a lecturer of the department of information countermeasure. His research interests are mainly on surface plasma polaritons, design and applications of metasurfaces, metasurface-inspired antenna, and microwave devices.
Zhenbo Zhu was born in Wuhan, China, in 1977. He received the M.S. degree from Air Force Early Warning Academy, Wuhan, China, in 2003. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Navy Engineering University, Wuhan, China, in 2007. He is currently an associate professor of the Air Force Early Warning Academy. His current research interests include radar target detection and imaging.
Di Zhang received the B.S., M.S., and the Ph.D. degrees from Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China, in 2013, 2015, and 2019, respectively. He is currently a lecturer with Air Force Early Warning Academy. His research interests include RF orbital angular momentum antennas, reflect array antennas, and metasurface.
Jing Li received the Ph.D. degree in information and communication engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2013. He is currently a lecturer of Air Force Early Warning Academy. His research interests include optical communication systems, EW antennas, and signal processing.
Yuanqing Zhao was born in 1989. She received the master degree from Air Force Engineering University. She is interested in signal and information processing. Now she is mainly working on the research of communication and navigation technology.
