Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) provide a valuable contribution with respect to the potential of online peer-to-peer support to reduce stigma, promote social connectedness and ultimately, improve the wellbeing of people with serious mental illness. We offer two additional opportunities provided by online social media by fully integrating user-led interventions with research innovation and by advancing a science of social media interventions in mental health. In addition, we provide a brief description of a new model of social media-based interventions developed to enhance engagement and long-term recovery in youth mental health.
The social media revolution has transformed the way in which people interact with one another and the wider community. Never before has information and communication been so accessible to so many. An emerging evidence base indicates that people with serious mental illness take advantage of the opportunities provided by social media (Haker et al.
Reference Haker, Lauber and Rossler2005; Schrank et al.
Reference Schrank, Sibitz, Unger and Amering2010; Rice et al.
Reference Rice, Goodall, Hetrick, Parker, Gilbertson, Amminger, Davey, McGorry, Gleeson and Alvarez-Jimenez2014). For example, people suffering from psychosis use online social networking to create new relationships, maintain existing social connections, reconnect with old friends and obtain peer support (Highton-Williamson et al.
Reference Highton-Williamson, Priebe and Giacco2015). Preliminary research indicates that use of social media is ubiquitous among young people suffering from mental disorders, with virtually all young people diagnosed with psychosis or depression using social media daily − an average of 2 and 3.5 h per day, respectively (Birnbaum et al.
Reference Birnbaum, Rizvi, Correll and Kane2015). It is clear, therefore, that novel information and communication technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to extend the well-documented benefits of peer-to-peer support (Corrigan, Reference Corrigan2006; Davidson et al.
Reference Davidson, Chinman, Sells and Rowe2006) in mental health treatment (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012).
Seizing the opportunity: integrating online peer-to-peer support and research innovation
Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) argued that artificially developed online networks may lack the norms and dynamics of naturally-occurring online peer-to-peer forums and future studies should attempt to leverage these natural online communities. While this is an interesting proposal, the field needs to guard against prematurely embracing and leveraging naturally-occurring peer-to-peer networks, without rigorously evaluating their effective components, benefits and potential harms (Linden & Schermuly-Haupt, Reference Linden and Schermuly-Haupt2014). We propose that, if the field is to maximise the potential of social media to promote recovery of mental health, online peer-to-peer support, needs to be informed by, and evaluated through, well-designed controlled studies. The WHO Global eHealth Evaluation Meeting's Call to Action (Bellagio, September 2011) consensus statement stated that ‘to improve health and reduce health inequalities, rigorous evaluation of eHealth is necessary to generate evidence and promote the appropriate integration and use of technologies’. In other words, the enthusiasm for mental health reform in the social media era must be driven and guided by evidence. This will reduce the risk of commercialisation and marketing of interventions that have not been validated. In addition, this would promote ongoing innovation in the field, with ineffective interventions likely to be discarded, and maximise the use and incorporation of effective social media-based interventions by mental health services.
As Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and BartelsNaslund et al.
pointed out, a concerted effort is needed to address the methodological challenges (and opportunities) derived from social media-based interventions (Naslund et al., Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015). Indeed, the eruption of online peer-to-peer support together with novel data analytic approaches afford fascinating new prospects to address key questions in relation to the effects and mechanisms of these networks. New data will be generated and novel data analytic approaches such as social networking analysis (Otte & Rousseau, Reference Otte and Rousseau2002) and data mining and aggreation can be used to determine how online social interactions and relationships develop and influence both mental health and social outcomes. Linguistic analytics (Tausczik & Pennebaker, Reference Tausczik and Pennebaker2010) and sentiment analysis can be employed to determine how the emotional valence of online communication affects engagement, online interactions and mental health outcomes. Coupled with machine learning methodologies, these new types of data may be used to make individualised predictions of risk for disengagement, imminent risk for relapse, self-harm, or even onset of psychosis in high-risk individuals (Bedi et al.
Reference Bedi, Carrillo, Cecchi, Slezak, Sigman, Mota, Ribeiro, Javitt, Copelli and Corcoran2015). Other important questions that the field will need to address are: What are the parameters (e.g., size, operations, etc.) of online social networks that ensure their safety and effectiveness? How do the characteristics of online social networks mediate their effects on mental health and social outcomes? What is the level of participation in a social network that is required to gain benefits? What are the appropriate targets for social media based interventions? How do clinicians or ‘peer supporters’ best intervene at the level of social networks as well as with individuals? We are still a long way from knowing the answers to these questions.
The science of developing and evaluating online social media interventions
We agree with Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) that the true challenge in social media-based interventions is to ascertain whether the strategies learned through the online social network are translated into tangible improvements in recovery. We propose that the design and development process of new social media-based interventions is critical in addressing this challenge and ensuring quality interventions that are safe, engaging and effective. The development process needs to follow participatory design methods, with end-users actively involved in the inception, design and delivery of the social media platform (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Alcazar-Corcoles, Gonzalez-Blanch, Bendall, McGorry and Gleeson2014). We need to advance a science of development of online social media interventions in mental health. In order to meet key challenges in the field such as promoting social connectedness and long-term recovery, we require theory-driven, testable models of user engagement, user experience and intervention effects as well as novel combinations of cross-disciplinary experts. For example, a significant challenge for online social media interventions is to create an environment that enables meaningful relationships, creating a sense of belonging and a positive therapeutic environment. Furthermore, improving social functioning requires online users to transfer the newly acquired skills, knowledge and confidence into behavioural change in the real world. Creating such a platform is likely to require the collaborative input of clinical psychologists, creative writers, software developers, experts in human computer interaction, game developers, artists and end-users.
The rapid development of online technologies has outpaced the timeline of conventional randomised controlled trials of social media-based interventions. This can result in evaluations of interventions that are obsolete by the time trial results become available. Novel research frameworks put forward solutions to this issue, balancing the need for ongoing technological improvements while maintaining the internal validity of the interventions being tested (Mohr et al.
Reference Mohr, Schueller, Riley, Brown, Cuijpers, Duan, Kwasny, Stiles-Shields and Cheung2015). In this way, the core elements and theoretical principles of an online social media-based intervention can be operationalised and remain consistent during the evaluation process while allowing for ongoing quality improvements on the functionality, thereby maintaining technological currency (Mohr et al.
Reference Mohr, Schueller, Riley, Brown, Cuijpers, Duan, Kwasny, Stiles-Shields and Cheung2015).
Integrating online peer support, research innovation and service delivery in youth mental health: the moderated online social therapy (MOST) approach
With the aim of illustrating a user-driven social media-based intervention designed to promote engagement and long-term recovery in youth mental health, we briefly describe the MOST model. The development of MOST has been guided by participatory design principles based on continual user feedback (Lederman et al.
Reference Lederman, Wadley, Gleeson, Bendall, McGorry and Alvarez-Jimenez2014). For example, focus groups with young people with psychosis and depression revealed that they favoured a social media-based platform enabling meaningful peer-to-peer contact as well as clinicians’ support (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012). This is in keeping with recent findings that over 70% of young people with psychosis or depression would like to be contacted by professionals via social media when experiencing symptoms (Birnbaum et al.
Reference Birnbaum, Rizvi, Correll and Kane2015). In addition, online peer-to-peer systems should resemble commercial social networking packages (i.e., asynchronous, ongoing communication), but be separate from them, and expert moderators should guide, but not censor, the interaction to ensure a safe and supportive network (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012). Finally, young people indicated that the system should provide self-guided, tailored interventions, relevant to their moment-by-moment needs (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012).
Informed by young people's feedback as well as research in the mental health and human computer interaction fields, MOST merges: (i) online social media, (ii) interactive therapy modules and (iii) peer and professional moderation, creating a constant flow for the user between the social and therapy elements. The online social networking component of MOST has been designed to counteract social isolation and disadvantage, enhance engagement with online interventions – a key challenge in the field (Eysenbach, Reference Eysenbach2005) – and improve uptake and acquisition of therapeutic strategies. Professional moderation follows a theory-driven model drawing on new frameworks operationalising online human support (i.e., the supportive accountability model (Mohr et al.
Reference Mohr, Cuijpers and Lehman2011)) and new models of positive psychotherapy (i.e., strengths-based models (Seligman et al.
Reference Seligman, Rashid and Parks2006)) as a means of enhancing user engagement and self-efficacy. The use of peer moderation is a key component of MOST, serving to normalise experiences, counteract stigma and promote engagement. In MOST, the sum is greater than the parts. The result is that MOST enables a completely new therapeutic milieu in which participants can safely self-disclose, take positive interpersonal risks, broaden and rehearse coping skills, obtain encouragement and validation and learn how to solve problems and discover their personal strengths (Alvarez-Jimenez et al.
Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Chinnery, Vargas, Larkin, Killackey, McGorry and Gleeson2013).
Conclusions
Online social media interventions hold great promise to advance mental health care. Guided by innovative, rigorous research, these interventions may serve to overcome some major challenges including engagement with mental health services and long-term recovery. Ultimately, online social media will empower consumers to link up and transform the nature of the services they are receiving. We agree with Naslund et al. that the time is ripe to embrace the challenge.
You have
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Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) provide a valuable contribution with respect to the potential of online peer-to-peer support to reduce stigma, promote social connectedness and ultimately, improve the wellbeing of people with serious mental illness. We offer two additional opportunities provided by online social media by fully integrating user-led interventions with research innovation and by advancing a science of social media interventions in mental health. In addition, we provide a brief description of a new model of social media-based interventions developed to enhance engagement and long-term recovery in youth mental health.
The social media revolution has transformed the way in which people interact with one another and the wider community. Never before has information and communication been so accessible to so many. An emerging evidence base indicates that people with serious mental illness take advantage of the opportunities provided by social media (Haker et al. Reference Haker, Lauber and Rossler2005; Schrank et al. Reference Schrank, Sibitz, Unger and Amering2010; Rice et al. Reference Rice, Goodall, Hetrick, Parker, Gilbertson, Amminger, Davey, McGorry, Gleeson and Alvarez-Jimenez2014). For example, people suffering from psychosis use online social networking to create new relationships, maintain existing social connections, reconnect with old friends and obtain peer support (Highton-Williamson et al. Reference Highton-Williamson, Priebe and Giacco2015). Preliminary research indicates that use of social media is ubiquitous among young people suffering from mental disorders, with virtually all young people diagnosed with psychosis or depression using social media daily − an average of 2 and 3.5 h per day, respectively (Birnbaum et al. Reference Birnbaum, Rizvi, Correll and Kane2015). It is clear, therefore, that novel information and communication technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to extend the well-documented benefits of peer-to-peer support (Corrigan, Reference Corrigan2006; Davidson et al. Reference Davidson, Chinman, Sells and Rowe2006) in mental health treatment (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012).
Seizing the opportunity: integrating online peer-to-peer support and research innovation
Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) argued that artificially developed online networks may lack the norms and dynamics of naturally-occurring online peer-to-peer forums and future studies should attempt to leverage these natural online communities. While this is an interesting proposal, the field needs to guard against prematurely embracing and leveraging naturally-occurring peer-to-peer networks, without rigorously evaluating their effective components, benefits and potential harms (Linden & Schermuly-Haupt, Reference Linden and Schermuly-Haupt2014). We propose that, if the field is to maximise the potential of social media to promote recovery of mental health, online peer-to-peer support, needs to be informed by, and evaluated through, well-designed controlled studies. The WHO Global eHealth Evaluation Meeting's Call to Action (Bellagio, September 2011) consensus statement stated that ‘to improve health and reduce health inequalities, rigorous evaluation of eHealth is necessary to generate evidence and promote the appropriate integration and use of technologies’. In other words, the enthusiasm for mental health reform in the social media era must be driven and guided by evidence. This will reduce the risk of commercialisation and marketing of interventions that have not been validated. In addition, this would promote ongoing innovation in the field, with ineffective interventions likely to be discarded, and maximise the use and incorporation of effective social media-based interventions by mental health services.
As Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and BartelsNaslund et al. pointed out, a concerted effort is needed to address the methodological challenges (and opportunities) derived from social media-based interventions (Naslund et al., Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015). Indeed, the eruption of online peer-to-peer support together with novel data analytic approaches afford fascinating new prospects to address key questions in relation to the effects and mechanisms of these networks. New data will be generated and novel data analytic approaches such as social networking analysis (Otte & Rousseau, Reference Otte and Rousseau2002) and data mining and aggreation can be used to determine how online social interactions and relationships develop and influence both mental health and social outcomes. Linguistic analytics (Tausczik & Pennebaker, Reference Tausczik and Pennebaker2010) and sentiment analysis can be employed to determine how the emotional valence of online communication affects engagement, online interactions and mental health outcomes. Coupled with machine learning methodologies, these new types of data may be used to make individualised predictions of risk for disengagement, imminent risk for relapse, self-harm, or even onset of psychosis in high-risk individuals (Bedi et al. Reference Bedi, Carrillo, Cecchi, Slezak, Sigman, Mota, Ribeiro, Javitt, Copelli and Corcoran2015). Other important questions that the field will need to address are: What are the parameters (e.g., size, operations, etc.) of online social networks that ensure their safety and effectiveness? How do the characteristics of online social networks mediate their effects on mental health and social outcomes? What is the level of participation in a social network that is required to gain benefits? What are the appropriate targets for social media based interventions? How do clinicians or ‘peer supporters’ best intervene at the level of social networks as well as with individuals? We are still a long way from knowing the answers to these questions.
The science of developing and evaluating online social media interventions
We agree with Naslund et al. (Reference Naslund, Aschbrenner and Bartels2015) that the true challenge in social media-based interventions is to ascertain whether the strategies learned through the online social network are translated into tangible improvements in recovery. We propose that the design and development process of new social media-based interventions is critical in addressing this challenge and ensuring quality interventions that are safe, engaging and effective. The development process needs to follow participatory design methods, with end-users actively involved in the inception, design and delivery of the social media platform (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Alcazar-Corcoles, Gonzalez-Blanch, Bendall, McGorry and Gleeson2014). We need to advance a science of development of online social media interventions in mental health. In order to meet key challenges in the field such as promoting social connectedness and long-term recovery, we require theory-driven, testable models of user engagement, user experience and intervention effects as well as novel combinations of cross-disciplinary experts. For example, a significant challenge for online social media interventions is to create an environment that enables meaningful relationships, creating a sense of belonging and a positive therapeutic environment. Furthermore, improving social functioning requires online users to transfer the newly acquired skills, knowledge and confidence into behavioural change in the real world. Creating such a platform is likely to require the collaborative input of clinical psychologists, creative writers, software developers, experts in human computer interaction, game developers, artists and end-users.
The rapid development of online technologies has outpaced the timeline of conventional randomised controlled trials of social media-based interventions. This can result in evaluations of interventions that are obsolete by the time trial results become available. Novel research frameworks put forward solutions to this issue, balancing the need for ongoing technological improvements while maintaining the internal validity of the interventions being tested (Mohr et al. Reference Mohr, Schueller, Riley, Brown, Cuijpers, Duan, Kwasny, Stiles-Shields and Cheung2015). In this way, the core elements and theoretical principles of an online social media-based intervention can be operationalised and remain consistent during the evaluation process while allowing for ongoing quality improvements on the functionality, thereby maintaining technological currency (Mohr et al. Reference Mohr, Schueller, Riley, Brown, Cuijpers, Duan, Kwasny, Stiles-Shields and Cheung2015).
Integrating online peer support, research innovation and service delivery in youth mental health: the moderated online social therapy (MOST) approach
With the aim of illustrating a user-driven social media-based intervention designed to promote engagement and long-term recovery in youth mental health, we briefly describe the MOST model. The development of MOST has been guided by participatory design principles based on continual user feedback (Lederman et al. Reference Lederman, Wadley, Gleeson, Bendall, McGorry and Alvarez-Jimenez2014). For example, focus groups with young people with psychosis and depression revealed that they favoured a social media-based platform enabling meaningful peer-to-peer contact as well as clinicians’ support (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012). This is in keeping with recent findings that over 70% of young people with psychosis or depression would like to be contacted by professionals via social media when experiencing symptoms (Birnbaum et al. Reference Birnbaum, Rizvi, Correll and Kane2015). In addition, online peer-to-peer systems should resemble commercial social networking packages (i.e., asynchronous, ongoing communication), but be separate from them, and expert moderators should guide, but not censor, the interaction to ensure a safe and supportive network (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012). Finally, young people indicated that the system should provide self-guided, tailored interventions, relevant to their moment-by-moment needs (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Gleeson, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Killackey and McGorry2012).
Informed by young people's feedback as well as research in the mental health and human computer interaction fields, MOST merges: (i) online social media, (ii) interactive therapy modules and (iii) peer and professional moderation, creating a constant flow for the user between the social and therapy elements. The online social networking component of MOST has been designed to counteract social isolation and disadvantage, enhance engagement with online interventions – a key challenge in the field (Eysenbach, Reference Eysenbach2005) – and improve uptake and acquisition of therapeutic strategies. Professional moderation follows a theory-driven model drawing on new frameworks operationalising online human support (i.e., the supportive accountability model (Mohr et al. Reference Mohr, Cuijpers and Lehman2011)) and new models of positive psychotherapy (i.e., strengths-based models (Seligman et al. Reference Seligman, Rashid and Parks2006)) as a means of enhancing user engagement and self-efficacy. The use of peer moderation is a key component of MOST, serving to normalise experiences, counteract stigma and promote engagement. In MOST, the sum is greater than the parts. The result is that MOST enables a completely new therapeutic milieu in which participants can safely self-disclose, take positive interpersonal risks, broaden and rehearse coping skills, obtain encouragement and validation and learn how to solve problems and discover their personal strengths (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. Reference Alvarez-Jimenez, Bendall, Lederman, Wadley, Chinnery, Vargas, Larkin, Killackey, McGorry and Gleeson2013).
Conclusions
Online social media interventions hold great promise to advance mental health care. Guided by innovative, rigorous research, these interventions may serve to overcome some major challenges including engagement with mental health services and long-term recovery. Ultimately, online social media will empower consumers to link up and transform the nature of the services they are receiving. We agree with Naslund et al. that the time is ripe to embrace the challenge.