The United States has endorsedFootnote ¹ the World Health Assembly's (WHA) adoption of amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR).Footnote ² Based on lessons learned from the COVID-19 epidemic, the amendments are the most significant changes to global health rules in two decades.Footnote ³ Their approval comes more than two years after the United States, joined by forty other World Health Organization (WHO) member states, first proposed revisions to the IHR.Footnote ⁴ Congratulating the WHA delegates, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said: “You have strengthened the cornerstone of international health law. And in doing so, you have made the world safer.”Footnote ⁵ Commending too the “giant step [made] toward protecting the health of humanity,” Secretary of Health and Human Services Xavier Becerra emphasized that the U.S. government's “first responsibility has always been to protect the lives and livelihood of the American people and the security of our country.”Footnote ⁶ “With this agreement,” he continued, “we take steps to hold countries accountable and strengthen measures to stop outbreaks before they threaten Americans and our security.”Footnote ⁷ The amendments align with the Biden administration's new Global Health Security Strategy, which prioritizes global health security in U.S. global health policy and focuses on bilateral partnerships to curtail disease at its source.Footnote ⁸ Negotiations at the WHO to conclude a Pandemic Agreement, which will focus on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, are ongoing.Footnote ⁹

As revised in 2005, the IHR establishes binding rules for controlling the international spread of disease.Footnote ¹⁰ It obligates states to “develop, strengthen and maintain” capacity to “prevent, detect, assess, notify and report” disease or the potential for disease;Footnote ¹¹ to notify the WHO of “all events which may constitute a public health emergency of international concern [PHEIC] within its territory” within twenty-four hours;Footnote ¹² and to “develop, strengthen and maintain” capacity to “respond promptly and effectively to public health risks and [PHEICs].”Footnote ¹³ It requires states to collaborate and assist one another, including in the detection of disease, the development of capacities, and the garnering of financial resources for the implementation of IHR obligations.Footnote ¹⁴ It includes rules that regulate public health measures, such as those pertaining to conveyances and travelers.Footnote ¹⁵ It provides rules for the determination of PHEICs by the WHO director-general, and upon the issuance of such a determination, it gives the WHO director-general authority to issue temporary recommendations.Footnote ¹⁶ And it permits the WHO to collect and assess information from member states and other sources (including nongovernmental organizations), seek verification from states regarding disease events, coordinate and assist member states in investigations and responses to PHEICs, and help states build their IHR capacities.Footnote ¹⁷

The COVID-19 epidemic revealed shortcomings in the IHR's ability to provide an effective and coordinated pandemic response. States had not fully implemented the IHR's obligations, lacked capacity to do so, and failed to report the COVID-19 threat with sufficient speed.Footnote ¹⁸ And the WHO had not determined quickly enough the health emergency presented by the COVID-19 outbreak or taken the steps needed to coordinate a response.Footnote ¹⁹

To reform the IHR, the WHA in 2022 established a Working Group on Amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) (WGIHR).Footnote ²⁰ The WGIHR considered more than three hundred proposals, and after eight negotiating sessions, it submitted the IHR amendments that were agreed to by the WHA on June 1.Footnote ²¹ The U.S. delegation was active in the negotiations, proposing specific amendments that were designed to “clarify early-warning triggers for international response to widespread health emergencies, enhance biosafety and biosecurity, ensure rapid information sharing, improve WHO's ability to use publicly available information to assess global health threats, and create a mechanism to improve implementation and compliance with the IHR.”Footnote ²²

Delays in concluding the Pandemic Agreement and interest, mainly from developing countries, in creating a new fund to support IHR implementation nearly prevented the amendments’ adoption by the WHA.Footnote ²³ Though supporting the negotiation of a Pandemic Agreement,Footnote ²⁴ the United States sought to delink the two negotiating processes.Footnote ²⁵ It also demurred on the creation of a new fund.Footnote ²⁶ Separating out a decision on the IHR amendments from the Pandemic Agreement negotiations, Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto, the U.S. Chief Negotiator for the Pandemic Accord Negotiations, said that the agreement would require “one to two [more] years” of negotiations, as “fundamental differences remain on core issues central to the agreement.”Footnote ²⁷ The WHA moved forward without establishing a new fund and approved the IHR amendments. At the same time, the WHA decided to extend the mandate of the Pandemic Agreement negotiations, with a direction “to finish . . . work [on the agreement] as soon as possible, and submit its outcome for consideration by the [next meeting of the WHA in] 2025, or earlier . . . if possible in 2024.”Footnote ²⁸

The IHR amendments seek to enhance implementation of the regulations and promote equity. Negotiators designed three new bodies as ways to facilitate and improve performance. At the state level, each party is required to establish a National IHR Authority to “coordinate the implementation of the[] Regulations within the jurisdiction of the State Party.”Footnote ²⁹ At the WHO level, the new rules establish a States Parties Committee “to facilitate the effective implementation of [the] Regulations . . . [through] promoting and supporting learning, exchange of best practices, and cooperation among States Parties.”Footnote ³⁰ Also at the WHO level, the rules now create a Coordinating Financial Mechanism to “promote the provision of timely, predictable, and sustainable financing for the implementation of the[] Regulations,” “seek to maximize the availability of financing,” and “work to mobilize new and additional financial resources.”Footnote ³¹ How successful these implementation techniques will be is unclear. They are all facilitative; none requires a specific outcome, such as the contribution of financial resources, or establishes a compulsory procedure, such as a compliance mechanism.Footnote ³²

The IHR amendments also provide the WHO with some new authorities. One is the ability of the WHO director-general to determine the existence of a “pandemic emergency” to denote a higher level of emergency than a PHEIC.Footnote ³³ Such a designation, however, is merely a signaling device. Identification of a “pandemic emergency” creates no additional requirements upon states in the IHR, and it also has no specific implications for the WHO. Any additional consequences, rights, and obligations that might stem from the existence of a “pandemic emergency” will need to be agreed upon in the context of the negotiations of a Pandemic Agreement.

The IHR amendments also task the WHO with “facilitat[ing], and work[ing] to remove barriers to, timely and equitable access by States Parties to relevant health products after the determination of and during” a PHEIC.Footnote ³⁴ “Relevant health products” are health products needed to respond to a PHEIC, such as “medicines, vaccines, diagnostics, medical devices” (among others).Footnote ³⁵ To this end, the WHO director-general is given the authority to “conduct, and periodically review and update, assessments of the public health needs,” “publish such assessments,” “facilitate timely and equitable access to relevant health products,” support states in “scaling up and geographically diversifying the production of relevant health products,” and support states “to promote research and development and strengthen local production of quality, safe and effective relevant health products.”Footnote ³⁶ The United States said of these provisions that they “improve[] access to critical health products so we can more equitably prevent, prepare and respond to pandemic emergencies regardless of where they arise.”Footnote ³⁷

While the IHR amendments are not as strong on implementation as the proposals made by the United States, they elaborate positions that the United States endorses while at the same time not creating substantive obligations that it opposes, such those pertaining to financing and equity. The United States has not yet made public any reservation it might submit regarding the new amendments. In 2006, the United States announced its acceptance of the 2005 IHR amendmentsFootnote ³⁸ and submitted one reservation—relating to federalism—and three understandings.Footnote ³⁹ While an announcement of acceptance is not required for the IHR amendments to take effect, any reservations must be submitted within eighteen months.Footnote ⁴⁰ The Senate Republican caucus objected to the IHR amendments and anticipatorily argued that a Pandemic Agreement must be submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification in accordance with Article II of the U.S. constitution.Footnote ⁴¹ The WHO constitution was approved by a joint resolution of Congress.Footnote ⁴²Footnote *