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A NEW NINTH-CENTURY WITNESS OF A CAROLINGIAN COLD-WATER ORDEAL FROM SEPTIMANIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

MATTHIAS M. TISCHLER
MATTHIAS M. TISCHLER*
Affiliation:
ICREA/Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
*
matthias.tischler@icrea.cat

Abstract

This note presents a previously unedited ninth-century witness of a Carolingian rite of the cold-water ordeal from Septimania and provides an examination of its language and provenance.

Keywords

Carolingian historymanuscript studiescold-water ordealSeptimania

Information

Type
Research Article
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Traditio , Volume 79 , 2024 , pp. 409 - 416
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fordham University

This article identifies and examines a hitherto unknown and unedited early medieval witness of a Carolingian rite of the cold-water ordeal from Septimania discovered by the author in April 2022 while conducting research related to Carolingian textual culture in the southwestern parts of Charlemagne’s empire.Footnote 1 The rite appears on the opening folio (fol. 1r/v) of Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Ms. C. 3, a Septimanian copy of Claudius of Turin’s Commentary on Matthew (fols. 2r–202v) dated by modern scholars to the first or second quarter of the ninth century.Footnote 2 No one has discussed the opening leaf and its content, written in a ninth-century hand, for almost a century.Footnote 3

On the recto side of the leaf of modern paper preceding it (fol. IIr), an anonymous cataloguer has identified the text as: “RITUS / Probandi homines de furto accusatos / per aquę immersionem AB EUGENIO II PAPA / ut dicitur / institutus, sed postmodum ab aliis Roman. / Pontificibus abolitus.” While the text in question is indeed an unnoticed witness to the cold-water ordeal, it differs from the one falsely attributed to Pope Eugenius II (824–827).Footnote 4 Rather, it is related to the version first published by Georg Waitz in 1876 and again by Karl Zeumer in 1886 based on Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. lat. 612, fols. 39r–41r, a late ninth-century manuscript from the region of Tours.Footnote 5 The folio of the rite also has an entry from the early seventeenth century on its upper left corner (fol. 1r), from which the more recent history of the codex emerges and which explains how, from where, and by whom the manuscript was brought to Rome: “Ex Bibliotheca lugdunensi ab hereticis combusta, exemptus codex venditus ab heretico, emptus a P. Joanne a Bosco Caelestino.”Footnote 6 The manuscript was thus in Lyons in the sixteenth century, where it was purchased sometime between 1605 and 1607 by the Celestine monk Jean du Bois. He brought the manuscript with him to Rome, where he died in 1626.

The new witness appears to be older than the Codex Reginensis version from the Tours region in terms of both its script and its language. The Caroline minuscule of Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Ms. C. 3, still shows some reminiscences of older scripts, for example, its broken “st”-ligature, which occurs more frequently in Septimanian scripts, is particularly striking. Also remarkable are the Romanisms in the morphology of the Latin, such as the missing initial consonant “h” (“omines,” “abes,” “oc,” and so on) or the absence of the final consonant “m” in the accusative (“cantet … missa,” “faciat sacerdos aqua benedicta,” and “proiciet … in aqua”), a hint at a nasalising pronunciation of the Latin. Lastly, the repeated weakening of vowels is a sign of an already Romanizing Latin (“proiciet,” “que,” and “obedias”). All these morphological features point to ninth-century Septimania as the origin place of the text.

The dating of the version of the cold-water ritual presented here remains problematic. There is no clear link between the dating of the copy of Claudius of Turin’s commentary on Matthew and the composition of the ritual. Despite the prohibition of the cold-water ordeal by Louis the Pious in August 829, there is ample evidence of its continued practice throughout the ninth century.Footnote 7 For example, two replies by Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims provide arguments in support of the continued practice of this and other ordeals.Footnote 8 That being said, however, is it coincidental to find the text of the cold-water ordeal in a manuscript that can be later located in Lyons, the place where Archbishop Agobard had produced sharp criticism of the legitimacy of the legal instrument of ordeals in his treatise De divinis sententiis contra iudicium Dei (composed around 817–822)?Footnote 9 Or is our manuscript further evidence that in southern Gaul, Agobard’s fight against the practice of divine judgments such as the cold-water ordeal was ultimately in vain?Footnote 10

Here follows a diplomatic edition (= R) of the cold-water rite on fol. 1r/v of Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Ms. C. 3, which makes note of variants from Zeumer’s edition (= Z).Footnote 11 The letters that have become illegible in the manuscript due to abrasion have been restored in angle brackets ‹…› using Zeumer’s edition. Although the ninth-century text has been written in one block on both sides of the folio, this edition divides it into sections (a)–(g) of Zeumer’s edition.

  1. (a) ‹C›um omines vis mittere in aquam frigidamFootnote 12 ad probacion‹em ita face›re debes accipe illos omines quos voluntatem abes mittere ‹in aqua› educ eos in ecclesia quor‹amFootnote 13 om›nibus illis cantet presbiter missa et ‹fac eos ad› ipsam missam offere Cum autem ad communionem venerint anteaquamFootnote 14 com‹municent› interroget eos sacerdos cum coniuracioneFootnote 15 ita dicat

  2. (b) adiuro vos om‹ines per patrem et› filium spiritum sanctum et per vestram cristianitatem quam suscepistis et per unig‹enitum› filium dei et per sanctam trinitatem et per sanctum euuangelium et per istas reliquias que in ista ‹ecclesia› suntFootnote 16 ut non presumatis ullo modo communicare neque accedere ad altare si vos hoc fecistis . aut consentistisFootnote 17 aut scitis quis oc egerit

  3. (c) si autem omnes tacuerint et nullus hoc dixerit accedat sacerdos adFootnote 18 altare . si vos hec fecistisFootnote 19 et communi‹cet eosFootnote 20 po›stea vero communicet illosFootnote 21 quos vult in aquam mittere ‹c›um autem ‹com›municatFootnote 22 dicat sacerdos per singulos corpus hic et sanguisFootnote 23 domini nostri iesu christi sit tibi ad probacionemFootnote 24 odie

  4. (d) expleta missa faciat sacerdos aqua benedictaFootnote 25 acc‹ipiat aquam be›nedictam etFootnote 26 vadat ad illum locoFootnote 27 ubi omines probabuntur cum autem ve‹nerint ad ipsum› locum det illis omnibusFootnote 28 bibere de aqua benedicta cu‹m autem dede›rit dicat ‹ad unumquemque› hec aqua fiat tibi ad probacionem Postea v‹ero coniuret aquam› ubi illos mittit post coniuracionem aque exuat illis vestim‹entis eorum et faciat› eos per singulos obsculareFootnote 29 sanctum euuangelium et crucem christi et post ‹hec de ipsa aq›ua benedicta unumquemqueFootnote 30 et proicietFootnote 31 eos statim per singulos in aqua ‹hec autem omnia› facere debes ieiunosFootnote 32 neque illi antea commedent queFootnote 33 ipsos mittunt ‹in aqua›

  5. (e) ‹Adiuro te aqua in n›omine dei patris omnipotentis qui te in principio creavit ‹et te iussit ministrare› humanis necessitatibus qui etiam te ‹iu›ssit segre‹gari ab aquis superiori›bus Adiuro te etiam per ineffabile nomen ‹christi iesu› filii dei omnipotentis (fol. 1r/v) sub cuius pedibus mare etFootnote 34 elementum aquarum . se calcabile prebuerisFootnote 35 qui eciam batizare in aquarum elemento voluitFootnote 36 adiuro te etiam per spiritum sanctum qui super dominum batizatoFootnote 37 descendit . Adiuro te per nomen sancteFootnote 38 trinitatis cuius voluntate aquarum elementum divisum est . et populus israelFootnote 39 per illutFootnote 40 vestigiisFootnote 41 transitFootnote 42 ad cuius etiam vestigiiFootnote 43 invocacionem eliasFootnote 44 ferrum quod de manubrio exierat super aquam natare fecit ut nullo modo suscipias unc ominem nomine illoFootnote 45 siFootnote 46 aliquo ex ocFootnote 47 culpabilisFootnote 48 obicitur scilicet aut per opera aut per consensu aut per scienciaFootnote 49 aut per ullum ingeniumFootnote 50 sed fac eum natare super te . et nulla possit esse contra te causa ab aquaFootnote 51 facta aut ulla iorestigacioFootnote 52 que illut possit non manifestare . adiurata autem per nomen christi precipim‹us tibi› ut nobis per nomen eius obediesFootnote 53 cui omnis creatura servit quem herubin et serafim clamantFootnote 54 dicentes Sanctus Sanctus Sanctus dominus deus exercituum qui etiam regnat et dominator per infinita secula seculorum . amen .

  6. (f) Adjuro te omo illoFootnote 55 per invocacionem domini ‹nostri› iesu christi . et per iudicium aqua frigidaFootnote 56 adiuro te per patrem et filiumFootnote 57 spiritum sanctumFootnote 58 trinitatem inseparabilem et per dominum nostrum iesum christum et per omnes angelos et arcangelos et per omnes sanctos dei et per diem trementeFootnote 59 iudicii et per ‹xxiiii› seniores qui cotidie deoFootnote 60 laudant et per iiiior euuangelistas . marcum et matteumFootnote 61 lucam et ‹iohannem et› per xii apostolos et per xii profetas . et per omnes sanctos dei etFootnote 62 per martiresFootnote 63 virgines adque confessoresFootnote 64 . prin‹cipa›tus . et potestates . et per dominaciones et virtutes et per tronos cherubin adqueFootnote 65 serafim ‹et› per omnia celestium agminaFootnote 66 te adiuro . et per iii pueros qui cotidie ante dominum adsis‹t›untFootnote 67 sidrac misac et abdenago . et per centum quadraginta iiiior milia qui pro chri‹sti nom›inaFootnote 68 passi sunt . et per mariam matrem domini nostri iesu christi et perFootnote 69 populum sanctum dei . et per illumFootnote 70 babtismum quemFootnote 71 ‹super te r›egeneraveritFootnote 72 sacerdos te adiuroFootnote 73 . si de oc furtoFootnote 74 scistiFootnote 75 aut vidisti aut baiolasti $ \dagger $ Footnote 76 in domum ‹t›uam recepisti aut consenciens vel consentenusFootnote 77 exinde fuisti aut si aliutFootnote 78 cor incrassatum aut corFootnote 79 induratum . aut si culpabilisFootnote 80 es evanescat cor tuum et non suscipiat ‹te aqua ne›queFootnote 81 illumFootnote 82 malificium tuumFootnote 83 possit contra oc prevalere sed manifesteturFootnote 84 propter hoc nixis sed‹epreca›murFootnote 85 domine iesu christe fac signum tale ut si culpabilis est hic omo nullatenus recipiant‹urFootnote 86 ab aqua› Hoc autem domine iesu christe fac ad laudem et gloriamFootnote 87 invocacionem nominis tui . ut omnes cognos‹cant› quia tu es deus nosterFootnote 88 benedictus qui cum patre et filio spiritu sanctoFootnote 89 vivis et regnas per inmortalia s‹eculaFootnote 90 . A›men .

  7. (g) oc iudicium creavit omnipotens deus quia verum est et beatus eugenius papaFootnote 91 et domnus ‹hludouicus im›perator illudFootnote 92 constituerunt ut istud faciant omnesFootnote 93 episcopi abbati et comitesFootnote 94 in omnem ‹regionem et probatum› aput nos estFootnote 95 et certum et verum utique est ideoFootnote 96 autem inventum est etFootnote 97 non licet omi‹nibusFootnote 98 periurare in› sancta sanctorum

Footnotes

The new manuscript witness discussed in this article was identified and analyzed in the framework of the FWF project “Carolingian Culture in Septimania and Catalonia” (Vienna and Barcelona, P 33080-G). The author would like to thank the staff of the Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome for the opportunity to consult the original manuscript.

References

1 This text is not found in the database “Formulae, Litterae, Chartae” hosted by the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Hamburg and directed by Prof. Dr. Philippe Depreux (University of Hamburg).

2 See, for example, M. M. Gorman, “The Commentary on Genesis of Claudius of Turin and Biblical Studies under Louis the Pious,” Speculum 72 (1997): 279–329, at 322 (“saec. ix 1, southern France … later at Lyons”); P. Boulhol, Claude de Turin, un évêque iconoclaste dans l’Occident carolingien: Étude suivie de l’édition du ‘Commentaire sur Josué’ (Paris, 2002), 21 n. 42 (“1re moitié [sc. “du ix e siècle”], sud de la France”) and 336–37 (“1re moitié, ix e s., sud de la France; plus tard à Lyon”); B. Valtorta, Clavis Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Aevi: Auctores Italiae (700–1000) (Florence, 2006), 78; and B. Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), 4 vols. (Wiesbaden, 1998–2017), 3:230 (no. 5354): “(Südliches) Frankreich (nicht Lyon), ix. Jh., 1./2. Viertel.” Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Ms. C. 3 has been digitized on the manuscript platform “ARCA.”

3 E. Comba, Claudio di Torino, ossia la protesta di un vescovo: Cenno storico (Florence, 1895), 154; G. Boffito, “Il codice Vallicelliano C III: Contributo allo studio delle dottrine religiose di Claudio, vescovo di Torino,” Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino: Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche 33 (1897–98): 250–85, at 250–51 and 256; and S. Tafel, “The Lyons Scriptorium,” in Palaeographia Latina, Part IV, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1925), 40–70, at 54.

4 Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum mcxcviii 1–2, ed. P. Jaffé et al. (Leipzig, 1885–1886), 322 (no. 2565), where it is dated “824–827”; and idem, Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum mcxcviii 2 (Göttingen, 2017), 318 (no. 5114), where it is dated “824–827.” Neither of these repertories mentions the editions by E. de Rozière, Recueil général des formules usitées dans l’Empire des Francs du Ve au Xe siècle, 3 vols. (Paris, 1859–1871), 2:809–10 (no. 592); and K. Zeumer, in MGH, Formulae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi (Hanover, 1886), 618–19 (no. 17). See also von Nostiz-Rieneck, R., “Hat Papst Eugen II die Kaltwasserprobe bestätigt? (Jaffé Ewald 2565),” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 20 (1896): 710–16Google Scholar; A. Franz, Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter, 2 vols. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1909), 2:321; M.-A. Michel, “Ordalies,” in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique 11: Naasséniens–Ordalies (Paris, 1931), 1139–52, at 1146; H. Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien (Munich, 1956), 324 and 328–32 (in favor of Eugenius’s agency in the authorization of this version of the rite); C. Leitmaier, Die Kirche und die Gottesurteile: Eine rechtshistorische Studie (Vienna, 1953), 17–18 and 75; P. Dinzelbacher, Das fremde Mittelalter: Gottesurteil und Tierprozess, 2nd ed. (Darmstadt, 2020), 81. R. Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1986), 11 does not seem to be aware of these well-founded doubts about Eugenius’s authorship of this text.

5 See the editions by Waitz, G., “Formeln zu Gottesurtheilen,” Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte 16 (1876): 619–25Google Scholar, at 619–21 (no. 1); and by K. Zeumer in MGH, Formulae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi, 620 (no. 18). Further on Reg. lat. 612, see most recently Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, 3:434 (no. 6723), who dates it to “ix. Jh., ca. Ende”; and L. Kéry, Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages (ca. 400–1140): A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature (Washington D.C., 1999), 120, who provides no information on its date or place of origin.

6 Pellegrin, É., “Nouveaux fragments du lectionnaire hagiographique de Fleury Paris, Bibl. Nat. Lat. 12606,” Scriptorium 39 (1985): 269–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 273–74 (incorrectly referring to the library of Saint-Martin de l’Île-Barbe). On the right-hand side of this entry stands the late medieval shelfmark “C xliij.”

7 Capitulare missorum Wormatiense 12: “Ut examen aquae frigidae, quod actenus faciebant, a missis nostris omnibus interdicatur, ne ulterius fiat,” ed. A. Werminghoff and V. Krause, MGH, Capitularia regum Francorum 2 (Hanover, 1897), 14–17 (no. 192), at 16. See also Franz, Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter, 2:355; Leitmaier, Die Kirche und die Gottesurteile, 18; Barthélemy, D., “Diversité des ordalies médiévales,” Revue historique 280 (1988): 3–25 Google Scholar, at 16; K. Ubl, “Der Entwurf einer imaginären Rechtsordnung im 9. Jahrhundert: Die Kapitulariensammlung des Benedictus Levita,” in La productivité d’une crise: Le règne de Louis le Pieux (814–840) et la transformation de l’Empire carolingien, ed. P. Depreux and S. Esders (Ostfildern, 2018), 185–204, at 194 and 196; Dinzelbacher, Das fremde Mittelalter, 77; and Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien, 330–31. Based on a mistranslation of the passage, Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water, 11, interprets this as a ban on an older form of the rite rather than on the practice itself.

8 Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii regis et Theutbergae reginae, Interrogatio 6, ed. L. Böhringer, in Hinkmar von Reims, De divortio Lotharii regis et Theutbergae reginae, in MGH, Concilia 4: Supplementum 1 (Hanover, 1992), 101–261, at 150–59 (composed in 860); and Hincmar, Epistola 25, PL 126, cols, 161–71 (dated to 870/875). See also Schrörs, H., Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims: Sein Leben und seine Schriften (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1884), 544 (no. 355) and 581 Google Scholar; Franz, Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter, 2:316–19, 322, 355–56, and 398; Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien, 334–37; Leitmaier, Die Kirche und die Gottesurteile, 18, 49, 50, 52–55, 75, 78 and 121; Gaudemet, J., “Les ordalies au Moyen Âge: Doctrine, législation et pratique canoniques,” in La prevue 2: Moyen Âge et temps modernes (Bruxelles, 1965), 99–135 Google Scholar, at 109; Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water, 74–75, 77, 84–85, 88, 90, and 118; Barthélemy, “Diversité des ordalies médiévales,” 16, 18, and 24; M. Schmoeckel, “Glaube und Glaubwürdigkeit vor Gericht: Ordale im Spannungfeld von Recht und Gesellschaft,” in Karl von Amira zum Gedächtnis, ed. P. Landau et al. (Frankfurt am Main, 1999), 291–308, at 303; and Dinzelbacher, Das fremde Mittelalter, 46, 84, and 111.

9 Agobard of Lyons, De divinis sententiis contra iudicium Dei, ed. L. van Acker, in Agobardi Lugdunensis opera omnia, CCCM 52 (Turnhout, 1981), 31–49. See also Franz, Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter, 2:314–15 and 328; S. Grelewski, La réaction contre les ordalies en France depuis le ix e siècle jusqu’au Décret de Gratien: Agobard, archevêque de Lyon et Yves, évêque de Chartres (Rennes, 1924), 7–10 and 23–39; Leitmaier, Die Kirche und die Gottesurteile, 47, 49, 54–55, 75–76, and 104; Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien, 333–34; Gaudemet, “Les ordalies au Moyen Âge,” 109; E. Boshof, Erzbischof Agobard von Lyon: Leben und Werk, (Cologne, 1969), 43 and 45–46; Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water, 72–73 and 84; Schmoeckel, “Glaube und Glaubwürdigkeit vor Gericht,” 294–95 and 301; Ubl, “Der Entwurf einer imaginären Rechtsordnung,” 191–92; and Dinzelbacher, Das fremde Mittelalter, 110.

10 For example, the synod of Narbonne in 1054 attests to the survival of the cold-water ordeal in the region by stipulating this trial of God as a sanction in the event of a breach of the Peace of God. See Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien, 391; and Gaudemet, “Les ordalies au Moyen Âge,” 113 and 117.

11 For Zeumer’s edition, see n. 5, above. For the variants of sections (e)–(f), see MGH, Formulae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi, 694–97 (nos. 1, 3, and 5).

12 aquam frigidam] aquae frigidae Z

13 quoram] et coram Z

14 anteaquam] antequam Z

15 cum coniuracione] coniurationem Z

16 in ista ecclesia sunt] in ista sunt ecclesia Z

17 consentistis] consensistis Z

18 ad] add. supra lin. R

19 si vos hec fecistis] om. Z

20 eos] om. Z

21 illos] eos Z

22 communicat] communicant Z

23 sanguis] sanguinis Z

24 probacionem] comprobationem Z

25 aqua benedicta] aquam benedictam et Z

26 et] om. Z

27 loco] locum Z

28 illis omnibus] omnibus illis Z

29 obsculare] osculare Z

30 unumquemque] aspergat super unumquemque hominem Z

31 proiciet] proiciat Z

32 debes ieiunos] debeat ieiunus Z

33 commedent que] comedant qui Z

34 et] om. Z

35 prebueris] prebuit Z

36 batizare in aquarum elemento voluit] in aquarum elemento baptizari voluit Z

37 batizato] baptizatum Z

38 sancte] sanctae et individuae Z

39 israel] Israheliticus Z

40 illut] illud Z

41 vestigiis] siccis vestigiis Z

42 transit] transivit Z

43 vestigii] om. Z

44 elias] Heliseus Z

45 nomine illo] N. Z

46 si] in add. Z

47 ex oc] est add. Z

48 culpabilis] quod illi add. Z

49 aut per consensu aut per sciencia] aut per consensum, aut per conscientiam Z

50 ingenium] o corr. u R

51 ab aqua] aliqua Z

52 iorestigacio] sic R. prestigatio Z

53 obedies] obedias Z

54 clamant] laudant Z

55 omo illo] N. Z

56 aqua frigida] aquae frigidae Z

57 filium] et add. Z

58 spiritum sanctum] et per add. Z

59 tremente] tremendum Z

60 deo] Deum Z

61 marcum et matteum] Matheum Marcum Z

62 et] om. Z

63 per martires] et add. Z

64 virgines adque confessores] adque R. confessores atque virgines Z. et per add. Z

65 adque] et Z

66 celestium agmina] secreta caelestia Z

67 dominum adsistunt] Deum laudant Z

68 nomina] nomine Z

69 per] cunctum add. Z

70 illum] illud Z

71 quem] quod Z

72 regeneraverit] regeneravit Z

73 adiuro] ut add. Z

74 furto] furtu Z

75 scisti] scis Z

76 †] aut Z

77 consentenus] consentaneus Z

78 aliut] habes Z

79 aut cor] vel Z

80 culpabilis] inde add. Z

81 neque] nec Z

82 illum] add supra lin. R. ullum Z

83 tuum] om. Z

84 possit contra oc prevalere sed manifestetur] contra hoc prevaleat Z

85 propter hoc nixis sedeprecamur] sic R. Propterea obnixe te deprecamur Z

86 recipiantur] recipiatur Z

87 ad laudem et gloriam] tuam per add. Z

88 deus noster] noster om. Z

89 cum patre et filio spiritu sancto] om. Z

90 per inmortalia secula] in secula seculorum Z

91 eugenius papa] papa Eugenius Z

92 illud] illi Z

93 omnes] homines add. Z

94 abbati et comites] abbati comiti Z

95 probatum aput nos est] probatum est apud nos Z

96 utique est ideo] est utique id. Hoc Z

97 et] ut Z

98 ominibus] om. Z