1. Two folios from a bilingual PsalterFootnote ¹

The existence in the German Turfan collection of a bilingual Psalter in Syriac and New Persian was first made known in 1915 by F. W. K. Müller, who identified and published the fragment T II B 57, the upper part of a double folio. This fragment is now preserved in the Museum für Asiatische Kunst (formerly Museum für Indische Kunst) in Berlin, where it bears the shelf-mark MIK III/112. Many years later, a further fragment of the same double folio, T II B 64 [No. 4] (shelf-mark SyrHT 153), was discovered by Werner Sundermann in the Staatsbibliothek in what was then West Berlin. The addition of this fragment almost completes the second folio, which now lacks only the bottom inner corner. In his 1974 article Sundermann therefore re-edited this folio, revising Müller's text and combining it with the newly-discovered fragment. Unfortunately, he made only a few remarks on Müller's text of the first folio, although a revised edition would certainly have been worthwhile, not only because T II B 64 includes a tiny piece of the inner margin of this folio, with parts of a few letters from the beginning of R10 and the ends of V9–11, but also because Müller's mixed system of transcription and transliteration is extremely idiosyncratic and awkward to interpret. It is even more unfortunate that Sundermann's otherwise excellent edition of the second folio is disfigured by numerous misprints. In view of the uniqueness of this text and its high importance for the history of the Persian language, the history of the Syriac script, and the history of the Christian church in Central Asia, I make no further excuse for presenting a new edition and translation of the complete text.

The double folio contains Psalms 131.18–132.1, 133.1–3, and 146.5–147.7 (according to the numbering of the Peshitta), including the numbers and headings to Psalms 132, 133, and 147,Footnote ² parts of which are written in red ink, but not the “Canons” of Mar Aba. Marginal rubrics indicate the number of half-verses (petgāme) in each Psalm and the beginning of a new marmitā (a subdivision of the Psalter) with Psalm 147.Footnote ³ These annotations agree precisely with those found in the Psalter used today in the “Church of the East”.Footnote ⁴

The Persian text is written in Syriac script, making use of some non-Syriac letters and conventions.Footnote ⁵ Some of these letters and conventions are identical to those commonly found in Sogdian texts in Syriac script, in particular the use of ṣadhe <c>Footnote ⁶ to represent [č] and [ǰ] and the new characters <f> (a modified pe) and <x> (a modified kaph) to represent [f] and [x] respectively; the absence of the Sogdian character <ž> (a modified zain) may be a matter of chance, since the sound [ž] is rare in Persian and no word in which it would be expected happens to occur in this text. On the other hand, the letters qoph <q>, ṭeth <ṭ>, and ‘e <‘> are only used in Syriac words and are not used (as in Sogdian) for the sounds [k], [t], and [γ]. Instead, [k] is written by means of kaph <k>, [t] by means of tau ṭ, and [γ] by means of a modified gamal, here transliterated <ğ>. As already noted by W. B. Henning, this modified gamal is also attested in the only other known New Persian Turfan text in Syriac script, the fragmentary pharmacological manuscript published in the second part of this article;Footnote ⁷ apparently it was also used in at least one Sogdian text, but the latter is now lost and known only from a transliteration by Olaf Hansen.Footnote ⁸ As for the other voiced fricatives, [δ] is (facultatively) represented in Syriac fashion by a dalath with an extra subscript dot (rukkākā),Footnote ⁹ here transliterated <δ > , e.g. sδ beside sd [saδ] “hundred”, while [v] is (also facultatively) represented by a modified beth, here transliterated <β>. The existence of such a letter, as distinct from the simple <b>, has not previously been noticed: it occurs here only in the Persian spelling of the name of Babylon, b ^ā’β ^el and b’βl (beside b’bl), all of which, like Syriac bbl (the spelling used in the Syriac part of the bilingual), were no doubt pronounced [bāvēl] or [bāvĕl].

As Sundermann has already noted, the letter ḥeth <ḫ> is used in the Persian part of the bilingual for the equivalent Arabic letter ḥā (only attested in ḫ ^ad [ḥad(d)] “border”). One might expect the letter qoph <q> to be used for Arabo-Persian [q], but the only word in which this sound should have occurred, sāq “shank”, is spelt with <g>, s’gh ^ā’ [sāg-hā] “shanks”, perhaps indicating voicing or neutralization in final position.Footnote ¹⁰

A notable feature of this manuscript is the rather full vocalization by means of matres lectionis (the letters alaph, yodh and waw) and diacritic points: [ā] is represented by the letter alaph ( ’ ), usually accompanied by the points known as zqāpā (^ā’ or ’^ā), while [ă] can be represented by ptāḥā (^a), which in initial position is accompanied by alaph (’^a); [ē/ĕ] is represented by zlāmā qašyā (^e), with or (rarely) without an accompanying yodh (^ey or y^e) or alaph (^e’ or ’^e), [ī/ĭ] by ḥbāṣā (yⁱ), in initial position optionally preceded by alaph (’yⁱ), [ō/ŏ] by rwāḥā (w^o), [ū/ŭ] by alāṣā (w^u).Footnote ¹¹ In all cases the points are optional while the matres lectionis appear to be compulsory, at least for the long vowels.Footnote ¹² Finally, we may note the use of a point above a final -h in hm ^aḣ [hamah] “all”, presumably to indicate that it retains its consonantal value,Footnote ¹³ and over yodh to indicate a consonantal [y] in mẏ’n [mayān] “middle” (a usage also attested in some Sogdian texts in Syriac script).

TextFootnote ¹⁴

folio I, recto (Plate 1a)

Plate 1a–b.

Syriac–New Persian bilingual Psalter (T II B 57 = MIK III/112 + T II B 64 [No. 4] = SyrHT 153), folio I, recto and verso

1  bhtt’. wmr dw^ušmn^ā’n^aš r^ā’ ’^andr

2  pwš^ā’n^am š^arm w‘lwhy n‘p_..’ qwdšy.

3  wbr y^ak dw^u bw^aδ p'kyⁱm {red} dm’’ wtltyn wtrtyn

4  {black} sδ wsyⁱ wdw^uw^um {red} mbdq ‘l pwnyh d‘m’

5  dbbbl {black} nm'y^aδ br b'zg^ašt^an yⁱ r^am kFootnote ¹⁵ ’^az

6  b^ā’β^el ’kḫd’ ‘tydyn hw^uw lm‘mr

7  dbyt ysryl wyhwd’ {red} py^akc^ā’y pyr^ā'st bw^uδnd

8  p m'nyⁱšn d’št^an x'ng'hyⁱ [y]sryl wyhwd’Footnote ¹⁶

9  {black} m’ ṭb wm’ špyr. cw^u ny^ek wcw^u nyⁱkw^o

10  (l)[’ḫ^··’ m](’)[d‘m](r^··)[yn]’(k)[ḫ](d)’[ ](mr)[ ](br)’δr^ā’nFootnote ¹⁷

11  [r^ā’           ](’)

folio I, verso (Plate 1b)

1  Footnote ¹⁸{red} dm’’ wtltyn wtlt {black} sd wsyⁱ ws’^ew^um {red} m_..lp

2  l‘m’ dṃn btr pwnyhwn dṃn bbl {black} ’^āmw^ozδ

3  mr rm r^ā’ k ’^az spsyⁱ b^ā’z gšt^an š^ā’n k ’^az b’βl

4  tšbḫ^··t’ dl’ šlw’ nsqwn l'lh’ {red} st'yⁱšyⁱ b^e’

5  ’^ās'yⁱš br brnd p ’yⁱzδFootnote ¹⁹ {black} brkw lmry’ klkwn <‘bdẅhy dmry’ > Footnote ²⁰

6  ’^āfryⁱn kw^un’^eδ p xwδ’h hm^aḣ

7  t^ā’n b^andg^ā’nyⁱ xwδ’h ’ylyn dymyn bbyth

8  dmry’ blylẅt’. wš^ā’n k yⁱst’δFootnote ²¹ ’^andFootnote ²² ’^andr

9  x'nyⁱ xwδ’h p š^abh^ā’ ’rymw ’ydÿkwn

10  lqwdš(’ wbrkw )l(mr)y’[ b](r)[ ](’)[w](r)[’^eδ dst](h)’

11  (t^ā’)[n            nbrk](k)

folio II, recto (Plate 2)

Plate 2.

Syriac–New Persian bilingual Psalter (T II B 57 = MIK III/112 + T II B 64 [No. 4] = SyrHT 153), folio II, recto

1  wp’δy^ā’w^andst zw^ohrš wl(y)t sk’ lswklh.

2  wny^est cwmlgyⁱ mr šn^ā's^ā’yⁱš r^ā’ mrym

3  mry’ lmsk^··n’. bzw^urg kw^un^aδ xwδ’hFootnote ²³ mr

4  drwy^eš^ā’n r^ā’ wmmk_..k l‘ẅ^āl’Footnote ²⁴ ‘dm’ l'r‘’.

5  wp^ast kw^un^aδ mr b^eyd’δyⁱ gr^ā’n t^ā’ zmyⁱ

6  <šbḫw>Footnote ²⁵ lmry’ bšwbḫ’. st'yⁱš th’^eδ mr

7  xwδ’hFootnote ²⁶ r^ā’ p st'yⁱš zmrw lmry’ bknr^··’.

8  sr^āw’^eδ mr xwδ’h r^ā’ p ky^en^ā’rh^ā’ dmks_..’

9  šmy’ b‘n^··n’. k pw^oš^ā’n^aδ ’^āsm^ā’n r^ā’ p

10  ’^ab(r)[h](^ā)’ ẏhb mṭr’Footnote ²⁷ ‘l ’r‘’.

11  th^aδ b'r^ā’n br zmyⁱ mw‘_..’ ‘myr’ ‘l

12  ṭwr^··’. rw^oy^ā’n^aδ gy^ā’ br kw^oh^ā’ ẏhb

13  lb‘yr’ m'kwlt’. th^aδ mr stw^or r^ā’ xw^ordnyⁱ

14  wlbn^··y n‘b’ m'kwlt’. wmr gw^ur^ā’ğ [b]cg^ā’nFootnote ²⁸

15  [r](’)[k](x)[w](’)n^and l’ ċb’ mry’ bḫylh

16  [dswsy’ n]xw^ā’h^aδ xwd'h p nyⁱrw^o yⁱ ’^asp

17  [’pl’ bšqw]hy dgnbr’ ċb’. n^anyⁱz p s'gh^ā’yⁱ

18  [     k’]m^aδ ’l’ ċb’ mry’ bdḫ^··lwhy.

19  [     xwd](’)h p t^ars^ā’^ān^ašFootnote ²⁹ wb'ylyn

20  [dmskyn lṭyb](w)th {red} dm’’ w'rb‘yn wšb‘ {black} sd

21  [wcyhyl whftw](m) {red} ‘l ’pÿ ’ylyn d'st‘r lwt

22  [‘m’ dpnw mn bb](l) {black} (b)r ’^ān cyⁱzh^ā’ k krdh bw^uδnd

folio II, verso (Plate 3)

Plate 3.

Syriac–New Persian bilingual Psalter (T II B 57 = MIK III/112 + T II B 64 [No. 4] = SyrHT 153), folio II, verso.

1  Footnote ³⁰nyⁱzdyⁱ rm k b'zgšt^andFootnote ³¹ ’^az b'byl wmwd’

2  ṃn prcwphwn l'lh’ ’ḫyd kl.Footnote ³² xwstwyⁱFootnote ³³

3  {red} th^aδ ’^az rw^oyⁱ ’^eš^ā’n mr ’yⁱzδ r^ā’ d^ā’rndh hm^ah

4  {black} šbḫy ’wršlm lmry’. st^ā’yⁱš d^e’

5  ’wršlm p xwδ’h wšbḫy l'lhky

6  chywn. wst'yⁱš d^e’ p ’yⁱzδt chywn mṭl

7  d’‘š_..n mwk^··l’ dtr^··‘yky. ’^er^ā’ k pnyⁱrw^o

8  k^ard pw^uštyb^ā’nh^ā’yⁱ drh^ā’tFootnote ³⁴ wbr_..k

9  lbnÿky bgwky. w’^āfryⁱn k^ard mr frznd'n^at

10  r^ā’ ’^andr mẏ’nyⁱ tw^u s^āṃ tḫwm^··(yky) bšlm’.

11  nh^ā’δ ḫ^adh^ā’tFootnote ³⁵ p drw^oδ wbšwmn’ d(ḫ)ṭ’

12  sb‘ky. wp c^arbw^uyⁱ g^andw^um sy^er k^ard twr^ā’

13  sy^er mšdr mlth ‘l ’r‘’. fryⁱst^aδ

14  sxw^u[n^a](š)Footnote ³⁶ br zmyⁱ wb‘gl rhṭ pt(g)mh[.]

15  wsbw^uk dw^aδ sxw^un^aš ẏhb [tlg’ ’yk]

16  ‘mr’. th^aδ b^arf cw^u pšm [ w‘rpl’]

17  ’yk qṭm’ mbdr. wmy^eğ [      ]

18  pr^ā’gn^aδ rm’ gly(d)’Footnote ³⁷ ’yk (p ^··)[t’  ]

19  y^ax cw^u pšyⁱst^ah^ā’ wq(d)[m ‘ryh mnw]

20  mškḫ lmqm. wpy^ešyⁱ [          ]

21  tw^ā’n^aδ p yⁱst^ā’δn m(š)[dr mlth wmpšr]

22  lhwn. fryⁱst^ad sx[w^un^aš      ]

2. Two folios from a pharmacological textFootnote ⁴⁴

M 7340 (T II Toyoq) is a squarish fragment from one of the bottom corners of a folio, with symmetrical creases and tears which indicate that it was formerly folded both horizontally and vertically. No single line is complete; to judge from those lines which can be at least partially reconstructed, not more than two-thirds of the width of the original page survives at any point. Most of the text is written in red ink. Although the signature M 7340 suggests a Manichaean manuscript, Mary Boyce's catalogue of the Turfan texts in Manichaean script rightly identifies it as “New Pers[ian] in Syriac script”, citing W. B. Henning's identification of the fragment as containing a pharmacological text concerning kinds of oils.Footnote ⁴⁵

Since recto and verso cannot be determined with complete certainty, the two sides of this fragment will be referred to here as A and B. Side B is somewhat faded and in parts obscured by ink impressions from another folio. The first two lines of this side are inscribed in black ink and may contain a section title. The rest of the text contains recipes for three kinds of medicinal oil (rōγan), whose names may mean “brassiness oil”, “watermelon oil” and “camel-blanket oil”. Each of these names is written on a separate line, centred on the page (A6, A14, B3), and repeated in black ink in the side margins. Each recipe begins with a paragraph (A7, A15–16, B4–7) listing the medical conditions for which it is effective: the formula šāyaδ … -rā “it is appropriate for …” is best preserved in B4–7. It continues on a new line (as is clear from the fact that the last part of line A7 is left blank) with a list of ingredients and amounts, the latter expressed in zwz “drams”, with an occasional instruction as to the preparation of the ingredients: […] ǰudābī-tar “[make it] drier” (B10). Although the text is poorly preserved, its formulaic structure and regular layout make it relatively easy to determine the general sense, for instance, which words are names of diseases and which those of ingredients.

Another folio of this manuscript is constituted by a group of three small fragments (T II B 69, T II B 69, T II B 14[b]) which are now joined together into a single fragment of irregular shape bearing the shelf-mark n 175. The shape of the fragment, especially the positions of the tears, makes it likely that it was at some time folded together with M 7340, despite the signatures implying that one was found in Toyoq and the other at Bulayïq. Once again, the order of the two sides is unclear: here they will be referred to as C and D. In this case the text is written entirely in black ink, except for a few punctuation marks in red. Unfortunately only a word or two is preserved in each line, but the general structure of the text seems to be similar to that of M 7340, as is indicated in particular by the centred heading in D11, probably naming a particular kind of pill (gōlī), and the immediately following formula with šāyaδ … “it is appropriate (for) …” in D12. A similar recipe probably began in C15, where the blank space at the end of the line suggests the former presence of a centred heading. As in M 7340, most of the surviving text consists of lists of ingredients and amounts. Once the amount is given in stēr “staters” (D5) instead of zwz “drams”. A few verbal forms, e.g. bar āmēz “mix” (D8), are attested as part of the instructions for preparing the medicine.

This manuscript displays a considerable linguistic variety. The text as a whole is clearly in Persian, and the greater part of its vocabulary consists of Persian words (including those of Arabic origin). Words of foreign origin are of course used for some of the plants and other ingredients, but sometimes Syriac words are used rather than their Persian counterparts for no discernible reason. Examples are ḥmr’ “wine” (D10) and knšmy’ “dropsy” (B1*, B4), as well as the numbers to be mentioned below. Sogdian influence may also be seen in gāw-rōγan (A4) or γāw-rōγan (A8) “butter” as opposed to Persian rōγan-i gāw,Footnote ⁴⁶ while the verbal form buwā “let it be” (D2, D9) seems to be of Parthian origin.

The present text is similar in many points to the prescriptions or recipes in the first part of the Syriac “Book of Medicines” published by Budge (Reference Budge1913). These typically begin with a statement of the illness or illnesses for which the medicine is efficacious (ḥšḥ “is suitable”) followed by a list of ingredients and amounts, commonly measured in drams (zwz’, zwz, pl. zwz ^··’, zẅz) but also in ounces (’ẅn), staters ('styr ^··’) etc., and instructions for preparing the medicine. Many of the ingredients, such as aniseed, ginger, liquorice, pepper and spikenard, are also the same as those attested in our text.

A remarkable feature of Budge's manuscript is its systematic use of the ancient Aramaic numeral symbols.Footnote ⁴⁷ In our text the numbers are generally written in words, either Syriac (‘sr’ “10” or ‘sryn “20”,Footnote ⁴⁸ḥmšt‘sr “15”, št‘sr “16”, ’rb‘m’’ “400”) or Persian (čahār “4”, hašt “8”, sēzdah “13”, bīst “20”, sī(?) “30”, hazār “1000”), but, as Sebastian Brock has kindly pointed out to me, the numeral symbols are attested at least once, in line C11: 3 .. 3 .. (written zyz .. zyz .., exactly as apud Budge) “three (drams) each”. Just above this, at the end of line C9, is a complex character which seems most likely to represent the numeral symbol for “100”. In this connection it is worth mentioning that the symbol for “5”, which resembles the letter ‘e, may occur in T II B 17 No. 4 (shelf-mark SyrHT 1), a Syriac pharmacological fragment from Bulayïq published by Miklós Maróth in 1984. In line 9 of this text, a recipe for preventing the growth of unwanted hair begins with the words ṣwr ‘. prḥdẅd’ b'wrq‘t’ dktn’, which I understand as: “tie up five bats in a piece of linen cloth”.Footnote ⁴⁹

The orthography of these pharmacological fragments resembles that of the bilingual Psalter in many respects. In particular we may observe the use of ṣadhe <c> to represent [č] and [ǰ] and the occurrence of the non-Syriac letters <f>, <x>, <ğ> and <β> (this last only in C6, in an incomplete word). On the other hand, [δ] is always represented by the simple <d>, not by <δ>. The letters ḥeth <ḫ> and ‘e <‘> are attested only in Syriac words, but qoph <q> is used, as expected, for Arabo-Persian [q] in words such as qwlnc [qaulanǰ] “colic”.Footnote ⁵⁰

This text is much less fully vocalized than the Psalter, though the system seems to be the same in general. However, a word-internal [ā] is not always represented by alaph but is sometimes indicated by zqāpā (^ā) alone as in g ^āw [gāw] “cow”, or left unmarked as in the final syllables of k ^ā’hš-grftgn [kāhiš-griftagān] “those affected by consumption” and spndn [spandān] “mustard”. As in the Psalter, [ē] can be represented by the combination of zlāmā qašyā with alaph (^e’) as in s ^e’zd ^ah [sēzdah] “13”, but here too it may be that the points could be omitted and that alaph alone could represent [ē], in which case rwy'ny (B3 and margin) may be read [rōyēnī] “redness, brassiness”.Footnote ⁵¹

Finally, we may note that k- [ke] “who” is written together with the following word and that the ezafe -y [-i] is always attached to the preceding word, unlike the Psalter, where k is always and y ⁱ is usually written separately.

3. Glossary

The pages of the Psalter are cited as Ir, Iv, IIr, IIv, those of the pharmacological fragments as A, B, C, D. The glossary does not include words occurring in the Syriac part of the Psalter. No transcription is given for words and names which are taken over in their Syriac spelling.

’^abrh^ā’ [abr-hā] “clouds” IIr10*

’^aβ•g[ (a plant?) C6*

’^āfryⁱn [āfrīn] “blessing” Iv6, IIv9

’lb• (an ingredient?) B12*

’^āmw^ozδ [āmōzaδ] “teaches” Iv2

’myz: see br ’myz

’^ān, ’n [ān] “that” IIr22, C4

’^and: see yⁱst’δ ’^and

’^andr [andar] “in” Iv8, IIv10. See also the next.

’^andr pwš^ā’n^am [andar pōšānam] “I clothe” Ir1–2

’nyswn [anīsūn] “aniseed” C10

’^er^ā’ [ē-rā] “for this reason” IIv7

’rb‘m’’ “400” A8. Syriac.

’^ās'yⁱš [āsāyiš] “ceasing” Iv5

’^āsm^ā’n [āsmān] “sky” IIr9

’^asp [asp] “horse” IIr16

'spyd [ispēδ] “white” D10*(?). If correctly restored, perhaps to be understood as part of the name of “white mustard” (Sinapis alba), cf. Arabic 'spyδ 'sfnd etc. (Henning Reference Henning1965: 37), or “white lead”, cf. Syriac 'spydk’ etc. (Ciancaglini Reference Ciancaglini2008: 111).

’^eš^ā’n, ’yš’n [ēšān] “those” IIv3, B6. Cf. wš^ā’n.

’wr’^eδ: see br ’wr’^eδ

’wršlm “Jerusalem” IIv5. Syriac form.

’yš’n: see ’^eš^ā’n

’yⁱzδ [īzaδ] “God” Iv5, IIv3, IIv6

’^az [az] “from” Ir5, Iv3, IIv1, IIv3. See also the next.

’^az sps-yⁱ [az spas-i] “after” Iv3. See Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 448.

’[ B8*

‘sr’ “ten” (or ‘sryn “twenty”) B12*. Syriac.

b^ā’ [bā] “with” D8

b^e’ [bē] “without” Iv4

b^ā’β^el, b’βl, b'byl [bāvel] “Babylon” Ir6, Iv3, IIv1. Cf. Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 449.

b'r^ā’n [bārān] “rain” IIr11

b'zg^ašt^an, b^ā’z gšt^an [bāz-gaštan] “return” Ir5, Iv3

b'zgšt^and [bāz-gašt-and] “they returned” IIv1

b’[ C1

bcg^ā’n [baččagān] “children” IIr14*

bls'n [balsān] “balsam, balm of Gilead” C12. The history of this form has recently been discussed by Maggi Reference Maggi2003: 120–22.

b^andg^ā’n [bandagān] “servants” Iv7

br [bar] “upon” Ir3, Ir5, Iv5, IIr11, IIr12, IIr22*, IIv14. See also br ’myz, br ’wr’^eδ, br brnd.

br’δr^ā’n [brāδarān] “brothers” Ir10*

br ’myz [bar āmēz] “mix” (2 sg. impv.) D8

br ’wr’^eδ [bar āwarēδ] “raise” (2 pl. impv.) Iv10*

br brnd [bar barand] “they offer” Iv5

b^arf [barf] “snow” IIv16

brnd: see br brnd

b^astwl'k (a plant?) C8

bw’, bw^ā’ [buwā] “let it be” D2, D9. Apparently a 3 sg. subj. à la parthe. It is noteworthy that this form is attributed to Firdausi by his lexicographer ʿAbd al-Qādir, see Salemann Reference Salemann1895: 24 (no. 230); Wolff Reference Wolff1935: 155.

bw^aδ, bwd(?) [buwaδ] “becomes, is” Ir3, B7*

bw^uδnd [būδ-and] “they were” Ir7, IIr22

bw^eyd [buwēδ] “be” D6*(?). Apparently a 2 pl. form (indic. or impv.), despite the clear 2 sg. impv. bar āmēz which follows in D8.

b^ad’[ D7*

b^eyd’δyⁱ gr^ā’n [bēdāδī-garān] “doers of iniquity” IIr5

byst [bīst] “20” D4

bzw^urg [buzurg] “great” IIr3

c^ā’y [ǰāy] “place” Ir7

cd'by-tr [ǰudābī-tar] “drier” B10. This interpretation was suggested to me by Werner Sundermann. Cf. the Pahlavi compound adjectives with ǰud- as privative prefix.

ch'r [čahār] “four” A4 (x2)

chywn “Zion” IIv6. Syriac form.

cmlfr’š [ǰamal-firāš] “camel-blanket”(?) A14, A14m

c^arbw^u [čarbū] “fatness” IIv12

cw^u [ču] “how, like” Ir9 (x2), IIv16, IIv19

cwmlgyⁱ [ǰumlagī] “summation” IIr2. See Benveniste Reference Benveniste1938: 461–2; Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 445 n. 33.

cyⁱzh^ā’ [čīz-hā] “things” IIr22

d^e’ [dē] “give” (2 sg. impv.) IIv4, IIv6. Cf. th’^eδ, th^aδ.

d^ā’rndh [dārandah] “holding” IIv3

d’št^an [dāštan] “to have” Ir8

drd [dard] “pain” A15, B1, B5* (x2)

drh^ā’ [dar-hā] “gates” IIv8

drwy^eš^ā’n [darwēšān] “the poor” IIr4

drw^oδ [drōδ] “peace” IIv11

dsth [dastah] “handful” B12*

dsth’ [dast-hā] “hands” Iv10*

dw^u [du] “two” Ir3

dw^aδ [dawaδ] “runs” IIv15

dw^ušmn^ā’n [dušmanān] “enemies” Ir1

dw^uw^um [duwum] “second” Ir4

fndq [funduq] “hazelnut” D9

fryⁱst^aδ, fryⁱst^ad [fristaδ] “sends” IIv13, IIv22

frznd'n [farzandān] “children” IIv9

frz[ (a plant?) C3

g^andw^um [gandum] “wheat” IIv12

grfth, grftgn: see škm-grfth, k^ā’hšgrftgn

g^āw [gāw] “cow, ox” A4. See also gwrwğn, ğ^āwrwğn.

gwl [gul] “flower” C3(?)

gwly [gōlī] “ball, pill” D11*

gw^ur^ā’ğ [gurāγ] “crow, raven” IIr14. See Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 445 n. 36.

gwrwğn, ğ^āwrwğn [gāw-rōγan, γāw-rōγan] “butter, ghee” A4, A8. Cf. g^āw and rwğn.

gy^ā’ [giyā] “grass” IIr12

g[ D3, C7

hftwm [haftum] “seventh” IIr21*

hm^aḣ, hm^ah [hamah] “all” Iv6, IIv3

hšt [hašt] “eight” A11 (x2)

hz'r [hazār] “1000” B9*

ḫ^adh^ā’ [ḥad(d)-hā] “borders” IIv11

ḫmr’ “wine” D10. Syriac.

ḫmšt‘sr “15” B11. Syriac.

k, k- [ke] “who, which, that” Ir5, Iv3 (x2), Iv8, IIr9, IIr15, IIr22, IIv1, IIv7, B6, B7*. Translates Syriac d-, see Benveniste Reference Benveniste1938: 459.

k^ā’hš-grftgn [kāhiš-griftagān] “those affected by wasting disease, consumptive” A15–16

k'm^aδ [kāmaδ] “desires, takes pleasure” IIr18*

k'my [kāmī?] (an ingredient?) B9

knšmy’ “dropsy” B1*, B4. Syriac knāš-mayye, lit. “gathering of waters”.

k^ard [kard] “he made” IIv8, IIv9, IIv12

krdh [kardah] “done” IIr22

kw^oh^ā’ [kō(h)-hā] “mountains” IIr12

kw^un’^eδ [kunēδ] “make” (2 pl. impv.) Iv6

kw^un^aδ [kunaδ] “makes” IIr3, IIr5

ky^en^ā’rh^ā’ [kēnār-hā] “harps” IIr8

-m [-m] (1 sg. encl. pron.) Ir3

m'nyⁱšn [māniš(n)] “dwelling” Ir8. The final -n may be historical, since the suffix is otherwise written -y ⁱš in this manuscript, cf. Benveniste Reference Benveniste1938: 459.

mr [mar] (object marker) IIr5. See also the next. Misunderstood by Müller as Syriac mār “Lord”, first correctly identified by Schaeder Reference Schaeder1935: 570 n. 2. Cf. also Benveniste Reference Benveniste1938: 459–61.

mr … r^ā’ [mar … rā] (object marker) Ir1, Ir10–11*, Iv3, IIr2, IIr3–4, IIr6–7, IIr8, IIr13, IIr14–15*, IIv3, IIv9–10

mẏ’n [mayān] “middle” IIv10

my^eğ [mēγ] “fog” IIv17

my^elyc (a disease?) B1*

n^a- [na-] “not” IIr17

nh^ā’δ [nihāδ] “he established” IIv11

nm'y^aδ [nimāyaδ] “reveals” Ir5

ny^ek, nyk [nēk] “good” Ir9, D4

nyⁱkw^o [nīkō] “excellent” Ir9

nym [nīm] “half” D1. See also the next.

nym-sr [nīm-sar] “migraine” B1*(?)

nyⁱrw^o [nīrō] “strength” IIr16, IIv7

ny^est [nēst] “is not” IIr2

nyⁱz [nīz] “also” IIr17

nyⁱzd-yⁱ [nizd-i] “with regard to” IIv1. This form, which puzzled Müller, must represent a variant of nazd-i “near to, in the opinion of, etc.”.

p, p- [pe] “in, to, with” Ir7, Ir8, Iv5, Iv6, Iv9, IIr7, IIr8, IIr9, IIr16, IIr17, IIr19, IIv5, IIv6, IIv7, IIv11, IIv12, IIv21

p’δy^ā’w^and [pāδyāwand] “mighty” IIr1. Cf. Pahlavi p'tyd'wnd, JP p'dywnd (MacKenzie Reference MacKenzie1968: 251).

p'kyⁱ [pākī] “purity” Ir3

phlwh^ā- [pahlū-hā] “sides” A15

plpl: see pylpl

pr^ā’gn^aδ [parāganaδ] “scatters” IIv18

p^ast [past] “cast down” IIr5

pšm [pašm] “wool” IIv16

pšyⁱst^ah^ā’ [pašista(h)-hā] “scraps, morsels” IIv19. On the etymology of this word see Sims-Williams Reference Sims-Williams1985: 59.

pw^oš^ā’n^aδ [pōšānaδ] “he clothes” IIr9

pwš^ā’n^am: see ’^andr pwš^ā’n^am

pw^uštyb^ā’nh^ā’ [puštebān-hā] “bars (of a gate)” IIv8. The -y- presumably represents an anaptyctic vowel.

pylpl, plpl [pilpil] “pepper” A2, D14

pyr^ā'st [payrāst] “prepared” Ir7

py^eš-yⁱ [pēš-i] “before” IIv20

pywndh- [paywand-hā] “joints” B5

qdr [qadar?] (an ingredient) A2

qnd [qand] “sugar, candy” A9

qwlnc [qaulanǰ] “colic” B4

qyrfh [qirfa] “bark, peel, sort of cinnamon” A10

r^ā’, -r^ā’, -r’ [rā] “to, for” (also object marker) IIr9, IIv12, A7*, A7, A15, A16, B1*, B1 (x2), B2* (x2), B4 (x2), B5, B6, C16*. See also ’^er^ā’, mr … r^ā’.

r^am, rm [ram] “people” Ir5, Iv3, IIv1

rw^o [rō] “face, presence” IIv3

rwğn [rōγan] “oil” A6, A6m, A14, A14m, B3, B3m. Cf. also gwrwğn, ğ^āwrwğn.

rw^oy^ā’n^aδ [rōyānaδ] “causes to grow” IIr12

rwy'ny [rōyēnī] “redness, brassiness” B3, B3m

s'd [sād] (an ingredient?) A10. Perhaps a variant of sādah, sādaǰ “Indian spikenard”?

s'gh^ā’ [sāg-hā] “shanks” IIr17

s’^ew^um [sewum] “third” Iv1

s^e’zd^ah [sēzdah] “13” D5

sbw^uk [sabuk] “quickly” IIv15

sδ, sd [saδ] “hundred” Ir4, Iv1, IIr20

sgbyn [sagbīn] “sagapenum” B9

slyxh [salīxah] “benzoin” C9

spndn [spandān] “mustard” A2

sps-yⁱ see ’^az sps-yⁱ

sr^āw’^eδ [srāwēδ] “sing” (2 pl. impv.) IIr8

ss'l’ws “seseli” C5*. Syriac form. Cf. also Persian sasāliyūs.

-st [ast] “is” IIr1. See also ny^est.

st'yⁱš, st^ā’yⁱš [stāyiš] “praise” Iv4, IIr6, IIr7, IIv4, IIv6

stw^or [stōr] “cattle” IIr13

st^eyr [stēr] “stater” D5

swmbl [sumbul] “spikenard” C7

swn'q (an ingredient) A3

sws [sūs] “liquorice” B10

sw[ D13

sxw^un [saxun] “word” IIv14*, IIv15, IIv22*

syⁱ, sy [sī] “thirty” Ir4, Iv1, C13(?)

syr [sīr] “garlic” A3

sy^er [sēr] “satisfied” IIv12, IIv13

-š, -^aš [-š, -aš] (3 sg. encl. pron.) Ir1, IIr1, IIr2, IIr19, IIv14*, IIv15

š^ā’n [-šān] (3 pl. encl. pron.) Iv3

š^ā’yd, š’yd [šāyaδ] “it is appropriate” B4, D12

š^abh^ā’ [šab-hā] “nights” Iv9

škm-grfth [šikam-griftah] “constipated” B6*(?)

šn^ā's^ā’yⁱ [šnāsāyī] “knowledge” IIr2

š^arm [šarm] “shame” Ir2

št‘sr “16” A12. Syriac.

šwq[ D16*

šwsth [šustah] “washed” (or “handkerchief, towel”) C2

-t, -^at [-t, -at] (2 sg. encl. pron.) IIv6, IIv8, IIv9, IIv11

t^ā’ [tā] “unto” IIr5

t^ā’n [-tān] (2 pl. encl. pron.) Iv7, Iv11*

tbh [tabah] “fever” or tbh- [tabhā] “fevers” A7

th’^eδ [thēδ] “give” (2 pl. impv.) IIr6. Cf. d^e’ and the next. On the devoicing of initial d- before -h- see Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 445 n. 34.

th^aδ [thaδ] “gives” IIr11, IIr13, IIv3, IIv16

t^ars^ā’^ān [tarsā’ān] “those who fear” IIr19. For similar ENP and JP examples of hiatus between the ā of the stem and that of the suffix (including ENP tarsā’ān “Christians”) see Lazard Reference Lazard1963: 173.

trym'n [trēmān?] “ficus heterophylla” C4. Identified by Dieter Maue, who kindly refers me to Skt. trāyamāṇa/ā- “id.” and Uygur trym’n in a list of drugs in Rachmati Reference Rachmati1932: 30 (= 428), text 3, line 177.

tryn [tarīn] “moist, fresh” D3

trywšn (an ingredient) B8*

tw^u, tw [tu] “you” (sg.) IIv10, IIv12

tw^ā’n^aδ [tuwānaδ] “he can” IIv21

twrpl [turpil] “turpeth” B8. The final -l agrees not with the usual NP form turbid but with forms from further east, cf. Khot. ttrolä, Sogd. ṭrypl(?), Skt. tripuṭā- etc. (see Maue and Sims-Williams Reference Maue and Sims-Williams1991: 491).

twxm [tuxm] “seed” C6, C8*

w- [u] “and” Ir1, Ir3, Ir4 (x2), Ir8, Ir9, Iv1 (x2), IIr1, IIr2, IIr5, IIr14, IIv6, IIv9, IIv12, IIv15, IIv17, IIv20, A3 (x2), A7*, A10 (x2), A12, A15 (x2), B2*, B4, B5*, B5, B6, B9, A2 (x2), D1, D6, D7*, D8, D9, D10, D13, C4, C7, C10

wš^ā’n [wašān?] “those” Iv8. Cf. ’^eš^ā’n. Unclear form, presumably etymologically identical to MMP ’wyš’n. In favour of the reading wa-, P. O. Skjærvø draws my attention to va- in ENP va-rā (cf. Lazard Reference Lazard1963: 225). It does not seem that the initial w- is the conjunction “and”.

x'n [xān] “house” Iv9

x'ng'h [xāngāh] “house” Ir8

xr'c(?) [xurāǰ] “pimple”(?) D12*

x^arbwz, xrbwz [xarbūz] “water-melon” A6, A6m

xw^ā’h^aδ [xwāhaδ] “desires, takes pleasure” IIr16

xw'n^and [xwānand] “they cry” IIr15*

xwδ’h, xwd'h [xuδāh] “Lord” Iv6, Iv7, Iv9, IIr3, IIr7, IIr8, IIr16, IIr19*, IIv5

xwlng'n [xūlangān] “galangale” D15*

xw^ordnyⁱ [xordanī] “food” IIr13

xwstwyⁱ [xustūwī] “confession” IIv2

xwzy [xūzī] “of Khuzistan” A9

yhwd’ “Judah” Ir8. Syriac form.

-yⁱ, -y, yⁱ [-i] (ezafe) Ir5, Ir8, Iv3, Iv4, Iv7, Iv9, IIr16, IIr17, IIv3, IIv8, IIv10, IIv12, A2, A4, A6, A6m, A9, A10, A14, A14m, A15, B1*, B3, B3m, B5, D3(?), C2(?), C3(?), C4, C6, C8, C12. See also ’^az sps-yⁱ, nyⁱzd-yⁱ, py^eš-yⁱ.

y^ak [yak] “one” Ir3, Ir7

ysryl “Israel” Ir8. Syriac form.

yⁱst^ā’δn [istāδan] “to stand” IIv21

yⁱst’δ ’^and [istāδ-and] “they stood” Iv8

y^ax [yax] “ice” IIv19

zmyⁱ [zamī] “ground, earth” IIr5, IIr11, IIv14

zncbyl [zanǰabīl] “ginger” A12

zw^ohr [zōhr] “power” IIr1. The spelling with unetymological h, which is also found in Pahlavi and JP, is probably a hypercorrection resulting from the loss of etymological h in zōr from older zōhr “libation”. See Sundermann Reference Sundermann, Gignoux and Tafazzoli1974: 444 n. 32; Nyberg Reference Nyberg1974: 232; Shaked Reference Shaked2003: 217.

zwz “drams” A4, A8, A11, A13*, D1*, C6*, C11, C13, C14*. Syriac abbreviation.