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Environmental contamination of postmortem blood cultures detected by whole-genome sequencing surveillance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2023

Alexander J. SundermannOpen the ORCID record for Alexander J. Sundermann[Opens in a new window],
Marissa Griffith,
Vatsala Rangachar SrinivasaOpen the ORCID record for Vatsala Rangachar Srinivasa[Opens in a new window],
Deena Ereifej,
Kady Waggle,
Daria Van TyneOpen the ORCID record for Daria Van Tyne[Opens in a new window],
Graham M. SnyderOpen the ORCID record for Graham M. Snyder[Opens in a new window],
A. William PasculleOpen the ORCID record for A. William Pasculle[Opens in a new window],
Tanner Bartholow and
Lora Pless
...Show all authors
Alexander J. Sundermann*
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Marissa Griffith
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Vatsala Rangachar Srinivasa
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Deena Ereifej
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Kady Waggle
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Daria Van Tyne
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Graham M. Snyder
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
A. William Pasculle
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaClinical Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Tanner Bartholow
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lora Pless
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lee H. Harrison
Affiliation:
Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*
Corresponding author: Alexander J. Sundermann; Email: ALS412@pitt.edu
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Abstract

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Type
Letter to the Editor
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 44 , Issue 12 , December 2023, pp. 2103 - 2105
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Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

To the Editor—Postmortem blood cultures may assist in diagnosing a previously undetermined infection contributing to death or confirming a diagnosed infection prior to death. The collection of the blood culture during autopsy commonly entails aseptically obtaining blood from the heart. The clinical utility of postmortem blood cultures is highly debated given potential for bacterial translocation or contamination. Reference Riedel1 Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can identify patient infections that are epidemiologically related, indicating transmission or a common source. At our hospital, we recently initiated a WGS program called Enhanced Detection System for Healthcare-Associated Transmission (EDS-HAT) to enable early detection, investigation, and intervention of hospital outbreaks of bacterial pathogens. Reference Sundermann, Miller and Marsh2–Reference Sundermann, Chen and Kumar5 Here, we describe a pseudo-outbreak related to postmortem blood cultures that was incidentally detected by EDS-HAT.

Methods

This study was performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital, an adult, tertiary-care facility with surrounding affiliated UPMC hospitals. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board, the University of Pittsburgh Committee for Oversight of Research and Clinical Training Involving Decedents, and the UPMC Quality Review Committee.

Beginning in November 2021, isolates from clinical specimens (including postmortem cultures) for select bacterial pathogens were collected and sequenced if the patient had been hospitalized for ≥2 days and/or had had a UPMC exposure in the prior 30 days. Reference Sundermann, Chen and Kumar5 Isolates were sequenced weekly using methods previously described and were examined for genetic relatedness. Reference Sundermann, Chen and Kumar5

We observed autopsy practices in March 2022 and performed environmental cultures of the autopsy suite in May 2022. Cultures were taken using a sterile swab from the sink faucet where a hose connected to the table drain. Swabs were plated on MacConkey Agar containing sorbitol and colistin and were incubated for 48 hours at 35°C. Reference Grasso, D’Errico, Schioppa, Romano and Montanaro6

Data on the number of autopsies and blood cultures performed at UPMC Presbyterian from October 2021 through June 2022 were obtained. Data on possibly contaminated blood cultures, defined as any organism related by WGS without plausible epidemiological links, were merged with unique patient blood-culture isolates and autopsies to calculate an autopsy blood-culture contamination rate.

Results

From October 2021 through June 2022, we detected 4 clusters of genetically related bacterial species among 13 patients who had undergone autopsy at UPMC Presbyterian (Table 1). Initial investigation revealed that each patient had a brief inpatient stay at 1 of 3 UPMC hospitals and after death had been transported to UPMC Presbyterian for autopsy, suggesting a point source in the autopsy suite. One patient had an antemortem blood culture with S. marcescens that was genetically distinct from their postmortem blood culture but was genetically related to a subsequent patient’s postmortem culture. Epidemiological investigation did not find potential transmission routes during hospitalization.

Table 1.

List of Clustered Isolates From Patients and Environmental Cultures

Observation of the suite revealed that the autopsy table was rinsed with tap water using a hose attached to a water source on the table to reduce friction of sliding a decedent from the stretcher to the table. Postmortem blood-culture collection was performed using a sterile syringe inserted in the patient’s inferior vena cava. A swab stick with tincture of benzoin was used for aseptic preparation of blood cultures due to supply chain shortages of povidone iodine. Cultures of the sink faucet swab had overgrowth of P. aeruginosa. One sequenced isolate clustered with a patient’s postmortem isolate (cluster 4) collected 2 days prior to the environmental sample, indicating the water as the plausible contamination source.

Between October 2021 and June 2022, 309 autopsies were performed. Among them, 183 (59.2%) had postmortem blood cultures, of which 157 (85.8%) were positive for any bacteria; 18 (11.5%) of these 157 were sequenced according to our inclusion criteria. Among 18 patients with sequenced isolates, 13 (72.2%) were genetically related to at least 1 other isolate. Therefore, the minimum estimate of postmortem blood-culture contamination rate was 7.1% (ie, 13 of 183 postmortem blood cultures performed).

Autopsy staff were educated on the findings and disinfection equipment to use for blood-culture collection, and povidone iodine preparations were supplied to the autopsy suite. At the end of the study period (June 2022), there were no additional cases of contaminated cultures.

Discussion

In this study, we identified a pseudo-outbreak involving 13 patients who underwent autopsy in the same autopsy suite. The most likely source was a sink used to rinse the autopsy table which was found to harbor an isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was genetically related to a patient’s autopsy blood culture. Education on proper blood-culture disinfection was associated with termination of blood-culture contamination during the study period.

Our study had several limitations. First, we only sampled select bacterial pathogens from patients. However, this limitation only underestimates the true bacterial contamination rate. Second, we started sequencing in November 2021, and it is possible that the pseudo-outbreak began previously. Third, as mentioned above, the contamination rate is likely an underestimate of the true rate. Fourth, we do not know how generalizable our results are to other institutions that perform postmortem blood cultures. Fifth, an environmental source of S. marcescens was not identified. However, it is likely P. aeruginosa overgrew other organisms present in the sink faucet.

In conclusion, we describe a pseudo-outbreak of contaminated postmortem blood cultures that was detected by WGS surveillance. As WGS surveillance becomes more widespread, this method provides additional opportunity to examine the role of all postmortem cultures. Institutions should examine their practices to ensure diagnostic accuracy and determine the utility of routinely perform postmortem blood cultures.

Acknowledgements

We thank Jane W. Marsh for her contributions to this project.

Financial support

This research was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH grant no. R01AI127472). The NIH played no role in data collection, analysis, or interpretation; study design; writing of the manuscript; or decision to submit for publication.

Competing interests

All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

References

Riedel, S. The value of postmortem microbiology cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:1028–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundermann, AJ, Miller, JK, Marsh, JW, et al. Automated data mining of the electronic health record for investigation of healthcare-associated outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019;40:314–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundermann, AJ, Chen, J, Miller, JK, et al. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections from a contaminated gastroscope detected by whole-genome sequencing surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e638–e642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundermann, AJ, Babiker, A, Marsh, JW, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in interventional radiology: detection through whole-genome sequencing-based surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70:2336–2343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundermann, AJ, Chen, J, Kumar, P, et al. Whole-genome sequencing surveillance and machine learning of the electronic health record for enhanced healthcare outbreak detection. Clin Infect Dis 2022;75:476–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grasso, GM, D’Errico, MM, Schioppa, F, Romano, F, Montanaro, D. Use of colistin and sorbitol for better isolation of Serratia marcescens in clinical samples. Epidemiol Infect 1988;101:315–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Table 1.List of Clustered Isolates From Patients and Environmental Cultures