Civil Rights
Dodd, Lynda G., ed. The Rights Revolution Revisited: Institutional Perspectives on the Private Enforcement of Civil Rights in the U.S. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xvii +379. $125.00 cloth.
In recent years, a growing number of political scientists have sought to integrate studies of the rights revolution into accounts of the contemporary US state. Contributors to Dodd's volume, including political scientists and legal scholars, explore the institutional dynamics, scope, and durability of the rights revolution through an inter-branch analysis of the development of civil rights laws and policies that features the role of private enforcement.
Schmidt, Christopher W. The Sit-Ins: Protest and Legal Change in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Pp. 260. $30.00 paper.
Schmidt describes how behind the now-iconic scenes of African American college students sitting in quiet defiance at “whites only” lunch counters lies a series of underappreciated legal dilemmas—about the meaning of the Constitution, the capacity of legal institutions to remedy different forms of injustice, and the relationship between legal reform and social change. He argues that the courts, the traditional focal point for accounts of constitutional disputes, played an important but ultimately secondary role in this story. The great victory of the sit-in movement came in Congress, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Constitutional Theory and History
Brinks, Daniel M., and Blass Abby. The DNA of Constitutional Justice in Latin America: Politics, Governance, and Judicial Design. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 264. $88.00 cloth.
Brinks and Blass argue that while constitutional courts in Latin America have traditionally been used as ways to limit power and preserve the status quo, they are becoming a central component of a system of constitutional protections for social, economic, and political rights. Drawing on case studies from nineteen countries over forty years, they examine the ideas behind the new systems of constitutional justice and the political roots of this transformation, and offer a new way to understand judicial design.
Courts and Judges
Jarvis, Robert M., ed., Florida's Other Courts: Unconventional Justice in the Sunshine State. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 2018. Pp. xiii +207. $74.95 cloth.
Contributors to Jarvis's volume discuss the history of the Florida courts, challenging conventional representations of Spanish administration and examining the consequences of the takeover by the British and the situation while Florida was a US territory. They also consider how Florida is still home to alternative tribunals, including military courts, which have played an important role in the state's criminal justice system; religious courts, including Baptist, Jewish, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic courts; from 1950 to 1963 the nation's only all-black court; and the courts of the Miccosukee and Seminole Indian tribes.
Criminal Justice and Social Control
Casey-Maslen, Stuart, and Connolly Sean. Police Use of Force Under International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xi +423. $125.00 cloth.
Applying a human rights framework, Casey-Maslen and Connolly explore the tension they see between domestic and international law in the use of force by police. They review the use of force by law enforcement agencies in a range of scenarios—against detainees, during protests, and in the context of counterterrorism and counterpiracy operations—and consider the use of private security services.
Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2017. Pp. 260. $26.99 cloth.
Eubanks investigates the impacts of data mining, policy algorithms, and predictive risk models on poor and working-class people in the United States, presenting examples of very serious errors and their consequences. She argues that the United States has always used its most cutting-edge science and technology to contain, investigate, discipline, and punish the destitute; hide poverty from the middle-class public; and give the nation the ethical distance it needs to make inhumane choices.
Kohler-Hausmann, Issa. Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 308. $29.95 cloth.
Drawing on fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and analysis of three decades of data on arrests and dispositions of misdemeanors, Kohler-Hausmann finds that lower courts of New York City have largely abandoned the adjudicative model of criminal law administration in which questions of factual guilt and legal punishment drive case outcomes. Due to the sheer volume of arrests, lower courts have adopted a managerial model, which results in significant numbers of people being marked, tested, and subjected to surveillance and control, even though about half the cases result in some form of legal dismissal.
Lopez-Aguado, Patrick. Stick Together and Come Back Home: Racial Sorting and the Spillover of Carceral Identity. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 226. $29.95 paper.
Tracking the experiences of seventy youth and adults as they navigate juvenile justice and penal facilities, Lopez-Aguado finds that institutional authorities structure a “carceral social order” that racially and geographically divides criminalized populations into gang-associated affiliations. He concludes that these affiliations come to shape exposure to violence and to criminal labeling in both institutions and in high-incarceration neighborhoods, creating an insidious set of consequences that mass incarceration holds for poor communities of color.
Malka, Adam. The Men of Mobtown: Policing Baltimore in the Age of Slavery and Emancipation. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 336. $39.95 cloth.
Malka examines the origins of modern policing in the influential hub of Baltimore during and after slavery's final decades in the United States, arguing that new professional police forces and prisons were developed to expand, not curb, the reach of white vigilantes, and are best understood as a uniformed wing of the gangs that controlled free black people by branding them—and treating them—as criminals. He concludes that the post–Civil War triumph of liberal ideals also marked a triumph of an institutionalized belief in black criminality.
Medwed, Daniel S., ed. Wrongful Convictions and the DNA Revolution: Twenty-Five Years of Freeing the Innocent. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xix + 419. $125.00 cloth.
Contributors to Medwed's volume discuss the efforts of the Innocence Movement over the past quarter-century to expose the phenomenon of wrongful convictions and implement lasting reforms, and to look ahead to evaluate what still needs to be done.
Schoenfeld, Heather. Building the Prison State: Race and the Politics of Mass Incarceration. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018.Pp. viii +370. $35.00 paper.
Reframing the story of mass incarceration in the United States, Schoenfeld argues that the unfinished task of full equality for African Americans led to a series of policy choices that expanded the government's power to punish, even though they were designed to protect individuals from arbitrary state violence. Examining civil rights protests, prison condition lawsuits, sentencing reforms, the War on Drugs, and the rise of Tea Party politics, she analyzes why politicians veered from skepticism of prisons to an embrace of incarceration as the appropriate response to crime.
Worden, Robert E., and McLean Sarah J. Mirage of Police Reform: Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 254. $34.95 paper.
Worden and McLean argue that while contemporary prescriptions for US police reform hold that the public would better trust the police and feel a greater obligation to cooperate if higher levels of procedural justice existed, this procedural justice model is a mirage. They conclude that procedural justice seemingly offers relief from strained police-community relations, but a closer look at police organizations and police-citizen interactions shows that the relief offered by that reform is illusory.
Zaibert, Leo. Rethinking Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. x + 265. $32.99 paper.
Mobilizing recent developments in moral philosophy, Zaibert offers a pluralistic justification of punishment that is more complex than the traditional views of retributivists and consequentialists, views that he sees as structurally similar in spite of their substantive differences. He concludes that an understanding of the pluralistic justification should promote a more cautious approach to punishing individual wrongdoers.
Human Rights
Pils, Eva. Human Rights in China. Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2018. Pp. xv + 228. $22.95 paper.
Drawing on a wide range of resources, including interactions with Chinese human rights defenders, Pils discusses what gives rise to systematic human rights violations, what institutional avenues of protection are available, and how social practices of human rights defense have evolved. She addresses three areas—liberty and integrity of the person, freedom of thought and expression, and inequality and socioeconomic rights—and argues that the party-state system is inherently opposed to human rights principles—and becoming more repressive—in all these areas. Yet, she concludes that despite authoritarianism's lengthening shadows, China's human rights movement has proved resourceful and resilient.
Jurisprudence and Sociolegal Theory
Desautels-Stein, Justin. The Jurisprudence of Style: A Structuralist History of American Pragmatism and Liberal Legal Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 305. $49.99 cloth.
Applying the tools of legal structuralism and phenomenology to real-world cases in areas of contemporary legal debate, Desautels-Stein presents a practice-oriented understanding of legal thought. He recounts how and why “thinking like a lawyer” became a dominant trope, and why it matters. Drawing on and updating the work of Harvard Law School's first generation of critical legal studies, he uncovers the intellectual alliance, first emerging at the end of the nineteenth century and maturing in the last third of the twentieth century, between US pragmatism and liberal legal thought.
Justice and the University
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. Decolonising the University: The Challenge of Deep Cognitive Justice. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2017. Pp. xxiii +457. £61.99 cloth.
Santos argues that at each historical moment, the university appears as a rigid structure resisting changes, whereas, throughout time, it has actually undergone profound transformation. He explores the nature and dynamics of the current transformation, and concludes that some of the current reform projects are so radical that the question of the future of the university may well turn into the question of whether the university has a future. A specific feature of his inquiry is the realization that questioning the future of the university involves questioning its past as well.
Law and Family Relationships
Paul, Darel E. 2018. From Tolerance to Equality: How Elites Brought America to Same-Sex Marriage. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. Pp. xi +244. $39.95 cloth.
Paul argues that US elites use opinion on homosexuality as a mark of social distinction and a tool for accumulating cultural authority and political power. He finds that this process can be traced through cultural pathways, as first professionals and, later, corporate managers took up the cause, facilitated by the waning status of religious belief and authority.
Law and Immigration
Kang, S. Deborah. The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border, 1917–1954. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 282. $35.00 cloth.
In an examination of the activities of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in the US Southwest, Kang finds that the agency defined itself not only as a law enforcement unit but also as a lawmaking body. She concludes that local immigration officials constructed a complex approach to border control, closing the line in the name of nativism and national security, opening it for the benefit of transnational economic and social concerns, and redefining it as a legal jurisdiction for the policing of undocumented immigrants.
Law and Indigenous Peoples
Dickson, Jane. By Law or In Justice: The Indian Specific Claims Commission and the Struggle for Indigenous Justice. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018. Pp. vi + 232. $35.95 paper.
Dickson, a longstanding member of the Indian Specific Claims Commission (ICC), traces the history of indigenous claims and the work of the ICC. She draws on her experience and the records of the Commission to provide an analysis of Canada's claims policy and to make a plea for greater claims justice.
Kedar, Alexandre, Amara Ahmad, and Yiftachel Oren. Emptied Lands: A Legal Geography of Bedouin Rights in the Negev. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 410. $69.54 cloth.
In this legal geographic analysis, Kedar, Amara, and Yiftachel argue that Israel has manipulated Ottoman, British, and Israeli law to dispossess and displace indigenous Bedouin inhabitants in the Negev. At the same time, they find that the indigenous property and settlement system still functions, creating an ongoing resistance to the Jewish state. They examine key land claims, court rulings, planning policies, and development strategies to offer alternative local, regional, and international routes for justice.
Law and Islam
Rosen, Lawrence. Islam and the Rule of Justice: Image and Reality in Muslim Law and Culture. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 2018. Pp. viii +280. $35.00 paper.
Rosen explores the application of Islamic law to the treatment of women (who win most of their cases), the relations between Muslims and Jews (which frequently involve close personal and financial ties), and the structure of widespread corruption, with a focus on the role of informal mechanisms in the resolution of local disputes. He also provides a close reading of the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui and examines how Islamic cultural concepts may come to bear on the constitutional structure and legal reforms many Muslim countries have been undertaking.
Law and Markets
Carstensen, Peter C. Competition Policy and the Control of Buyer Power: A Global Issue. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2017. Pp. vi + 298. $135.00 cloth.
Drawing on economic analysis and cases from around the world, Carstensen finds that conventional seller-side analyses do not provide an adequate framework for responding to the problems that buyer power can create, and that abuse of buyer power is a serious problem for the competitive process. He evaluates the potential for remedies via conventional competition law or special rules aimed at abusive conduct, including strict controls limiting the size of buyer groups, prohibition in most instances of buyer cartels, and strict standards to bar mergers creating buyer power.
Posner, Eric. Last Resort: The Financial Crisis and the Future of Bailouts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Pp. 219. $27.50 cloth.
During the recent financial crisis, Posner agues, the law did not give US agencies sufficient power to rescue the financial system, but harm was limited because the agencies generally violated, or improvised elaborate evasions of, the law. If illegal actions were what it took to advance the public interest, he argues, we ought to change the law, but we need to do so in a way that also prevents agencies from misusing their authority.
Law and Medicine
Jones, David Albert, Chris Gastmans, and Calum MacKellar, eds. Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Lessons from Belgium. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 363. $125.00 cloth.
Examining the evidence from Belgium—one of only five countries where euthanasia is legal—contributors to Jones, Gastmans, and MacKellar's volume consider the ethical implications of euthanasia and assisted suicide.
Law and Mental Health
Lerner-Wren, Ginger, with Eckland Rebecca A. A Court of Refuge: Stories from the Bench of America's First Mental Health Court. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2018. Pp. xi +192. $26.95 cloth.
Judge Lerner-Wren describes how the first dedicated mental health court in the United States grew from an offshoot of her criminal division, held during lunch hour. Of the two-hundred thousand people behind bars at the court's inception in 1997, more than one in ten were known to have schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. She reports that the court has successfully diverted more than twenty thousand people from jail into treatment and has spawned a national movement to conceptualize courts as a place of healing.
Law and Myth Making
Amatrudo, Anthony, and Regina Rauxloh, eds. Law in Popular Belief: Myth and Reality. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017. p. xii + 206. $110.00 cloth.
Contributors to Amatrudo and Rauxloh's volume examine how law is perceived by the general public in contrast to by the legal profession. Essays consider how myths about law are formed and the inevitable constitutive power aspect of this myth making.
Law and Politics
Wilson, Richard Ashby. Incitement on Trial: Prosecuting International Speech Crimes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 356. $29.99 paper.
International and national armed conflicts are usually preceded by a media campaign in which public figures foment ethnic, national, racial, or religious hatred, inciting listeners to acts of violence. This book evaluates the efforts of international criminal tribunals to hold such inciters criminally responsible. Wilson argues that inciting speech should be handled under the preventive doctrine of inchoate crimes, but that once international crimes have been committed, then ordering and complicity are the most appropriate forms of criminal liability. He also proposes an evidence-based risk assessment model for monitoring political speech.
Law and Property
Kantor, Georgy, Tom Lambert, and Hannah Skoda, eds. Legalism: Property and Ownership. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 300. $82.60 cloth.
The chapters in Kantor, Lambert, and Skoda's collection, ranging from Roman provinces to modern-day piracy in Somalia, address questions such as: How are legal property regimes intertwined with economic, moral-ethical, and political prerogatives? How far do the assumptions of the Western philosophical tradition explain property and ownership in other societies? Is the “bundle of rights” a useful way to think about property? How are property regimes managed by states, and what kinds of conflicts are thus generated?
Upham, Frank K. The Great Property Fallacy: Theory, Reality, and Growth in Developing Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xi +151. $96.99 cloth.
Starting in the sixteenth century with the English enclosures and ending with the World Bank's recent attempt to reform Cambodian land law—and moving through nineteenth-century America, postwar Japan, and contemporary China—Upham draws on empirical analysis and economic theory to challenge the assertion that growth cannot occur without stable legal property rights. He argues for the replacement of Western myths and theoretical simplifications with nuanced approaches to growth and development that are sensitive to complexity and difference and responsive to the political and social factors essential to successful broad-based development.
Law and Race
García, David G. Strategies of Segregation: Race, Residence, and the Struggle for Educational Equality. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018. Pp. xv + 276. $29.95 paper.
Drawing on archival sources and oral histories, Garcia analyzes racial inequality within and beyond schools in Oxnard, California from 1903 to 1974 and finds a separate and unequal school system with purposeful links to racially restrictive housing covenants. His narrative culminates in an examination of one of the nation's first desegregation cases filed jointly by Mexican American and black plaintiffs.
Hinnershitz, Stephanie. A Different Shade of Justice: Asian American Civil Rights in the South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. Pp. x + 283. $39.93 cloth.
In the Jim Crow US South, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese—and, later, Vietnamese and Indian—Americans faced obstacles similar to those experienced by African Americans in their fight for civil and human rights. From the formation of Chinese and Japanese communities in the early twentieth century through Indian hotel owners’ battles against business discrimination in the 1980s and 1990s, Hinnershitz draws on legislative and legal records as well as oral histories, memoirs, and newspapers to describe a movement that ran alongside and at times intersected with the African American fight for justice.
Walsh, Camille. Racial Taxation: Schools, Segregation, and Taxpayer Citizenship, 1869–1973. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 235. $29.95 paper.
Walsh examines the genealogy of the concept of “taxpayer citizenship” in the United States—the idea that, as taxpayers, people deserve access to certain social services like a public education. Considering events from the origins of unequal public school funding after the Civil War through school desegregation cases from Brown v. Board of Education to San Antonio v. Rodriguez in the 1970s, she finds that tax policy and taxpayer identity were built on the foundations of white supremacy and intertwined with ideas of whiteness.
Law and Redress of Injury
Bloom, Anne, David M. Engel, and Michael McCann, eds. Injury and Injustice: The Cultural Politics of Harm and Redress. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xv + 378. $110.00 cloth.
Essays in Bloom, Engel, and McCann's volume address the experience of injury and its implications for social inequality in different cultural settings. Topics include the tension between physical and reputational injuries, the construction of human injuries versus injuries to nonhuman life, virtual injuries, the normalization and infliction of injuries on vulnerable victims, reparations for slavery, and the paradoxical degradation of victims through legal actions meant to compensate them for their disabilities. Examples are drawn from North America, the Middle East, and Asia.
Law and Slavery
Hartog, Hendrik. The Trouble with Minna: A Case of Slavery and Emancipation in the Antebellum North. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 197. $27.95 cloth.
Hartog uses a forgotten 1840 case to explore the regime of gradual emancipation that took place in New Jersey over the first half of the nineteenth century United States. In Minna's case, white people fought over who would pay for the care of a dependent, apparently enslaved, woman. Using this case as a springboard, he explores the statutes, situations, and conflicts that helped produce a regime where slavery was usually but not always legal and where a supposedly enslaved person may or may not have been legally free.
Welch, Kimberly M. Black Litigants in the Antebellum American South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. xiv + 306. $39.95 cloth.
In the Natchez district, in the heart of antebellum US slave country, free and enslaved blacks sued whites in all-white courtrooms with significant success. Drawing on over one thousand cases from obscure archives in rural Mississippi and Louisiana, Welch argues that to understand their success, we must understand the language they used—the language of property, in particular—to make their claims recognizable and persuasive to others and to link their status to the ideal of a free, autonomous citizen.
Law and Torture
Anderson, Scott A., and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds. Confronting Torture: Essays on the Ethics, Legality, History, and Psychology of Torture Today. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 2018. Pp. viii +356. $35.00 paper.
In Anderson and Nussbaum's volume, scholars from psychology, history, sociology, law, and philosophy grapple with many of torture's complexities, including: How should we understand the impetus to use torture? Why is torture seen as a particularly heinous means of war-fighting? Are there any sound justifications for its use? How does torture affect the societies that employ it? How can we develop ethical or political bulwarks to prevent its use?
Law and Women
Bano, Samia, ed. Gender and Justice in Family Law Disputes: Women, Mediation, and Religious Arbitration. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2017. Pp. xi +334. $45.00 paper.
Contributors to Bano's volume explore how women's autonomy and personal decision-making capabilities are expressed via multiple formal and informal dispute-resolution mechanisms and as part of their social and legal lived realities. They analyze the specific ways mediation and religious arbitration take shape in contemporary and comparative family law across jurisdictions. Demarcating lines between contemporary family mediation and new forms of religious arbitration, they consider the complexities of these processes across multiple national contexts.
Oberman, Michelle. Her Body, Our Laws: On the Front Lines of the Abortion Wars, from El Salvador to Oklahoma. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 174. $27.95 cloth.
Drawing research in El Salvador, one of the few countries to totally ban abortion, Oberman explores what happens when abortion is criminalized. She examines the challenges raised by a thriving black market in abortion drugs, and describes a system in which doctors and lawyers collaborate to identify and prosecute people suspected of abortion-related crimes. Turning to Oklahoma, one of the most pro-life states in the United States, she draws on stories from crisis pregnancy centers and abortion clinics to discuss the ways the law shapes women's responses to unplanned pregnancy.
Legal Profession
Kritzer, Herbert M., and Vidmar Neil. When Lawyers Screw Up: Improving Access to Justice for Legal Malpractice Victims. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2018. Pp. xv + 231. $45.00 cloth.
In this empirical study of legal malpractice in the United States, Kritzer and Vidmar use quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the frequency and nature of claims, the areas of practice producing them, the amounts at stake, and the resolutions. They also study the frequency and outcomes of legal malpractice bench and jury trials. A significant finding is a gross disparity between cases involving the corporate and personal service sectors; the difficulties confronting claimants from the personal sector often deny victims redress, even when they have suffered significant harm.
Transformation of Legal Systems
Crouch, Melissa, ed. The Business of Transition: Law Reform, Development and Economics in Myanmar. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xxiv +288. $88.00 cloth.
Using Myanmar as a case study, contributors to Crouch's volume identify the ways law reform creates new markets, embodies hopes of social transformation, and is animated by economic gain in times of political transition. Contributions speak to land rights, access to finance, economic development, the role of law, including its potential and its limits, and the intersection between local actors, globalized ideas, and the international community.
Transitional Justice
Brants, Chrisje, and Susanne Karstedt, eds. Transitional Justice and the Public Sphere: Engagement, Legitimacy and Contestation. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2017. Pp. xii + 345. $94.00 cloth.
Contributors to Brants and Karstedt's volume discuss the question of transparency from the perspective of transitional justice, focusing on socio-legal, cultural studies, and practitioner perspectives. They consider basic principles guiding justice globally, how courts make justice visible, and the interface between law, transitional justice institutions, and the public sphere.
Horne, Cynthia M., and Lavinia Stan, eds. Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union: Reviewing the Past, Looking Toward the Future. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xx + 420. $125.00 cloth.
Contributors to Horne and Stan's volume represent disparate post-communist studies and transitional justice scholarly communities who reflect on the past and its implications for the future of the countries in the former Soviet Union. Essays assess how governments “address, distort, ignore, or recast the past through the use, manipulation, and obstruction of transitional justice measures and memory politics initiatives.”
US Supreme Court
Hasen, Richard L. The Justice of Contradictions: Antonin Scalia and the Politics of Disruption. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 226. $30.00 cloth.
This book argues that the late US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was crucial to reshaping jurisprudence on issues from abortion to gun rights to separation of powers. Hansen sees Scalia as a jumble of contradictions, promising neutral tools to legitimize the Supreme Court, but with a jurisprudence and confrontational style that moved the Court to the right, alienated potential allies, and helped delegitimize the institution he was trying to save.
