Introduction
For over a century, numerous scientific expeditions have been conducted to explore the diversity of lichens throughout Thailand, with the first publication in 1909 by Vainio documenting 95 species (Vainio Reference Vainio1909). Since then, both international and Thai lichenologists have made significant contributions (Paulson Reference Paulson1930; Homchantara & Coppins Reference Homchantara and Coppins2002; Wolseley et al. Reference Wolseley, Aguirre-Hudson and McCarthy2002; Aptroot et al. Reference Aptroot, Saipunkaew, Sipman, Sparrius and Wolseley2007; Papong & Lumbsch Reference Papong and Lumbsch2011; Sutjaritturakan et al. Reference Sutjaritturakan, Saipunkaew, Boonpragob and Kalb2014; Mongkolsuk et al. Reference Mongkolsuk, Meesim, Poengsungnoen, Buaruang, Schumm and Kalb2015). The information gathered from these studies was compiled into a checklist by Buaruang et al. (Reference Buaruang, Boonpragob, Mongkolsuk, Sangvichien, Vongshewarat, Polyiam, Rangsiruji, Saipunkaew, Naksuwankul and Kalb2017) with 1297 species. Although this number appears substantial compared to other South-East Asian countries (Aptroot & Sparrius Reference Aptroot and Sparrius2006; Sipman Reference Sipman2010; Nguyen et al. Reference Nguyen, Joshi, Lücking, Nguyen, Wang, Jin Koh and Hur2011; Joshi et al. Reference Joshi, Kondratyuk, Crişan, Jayalal, Oh and Hur2013, Reference Joshi, Jayalal, Oh, Nguyen, Dzung and Hur2014, Reference Joshi, Upreti, Oh, Nguyen, Nguyen and Hur2015, Reference Joshi, Upreti and Hur2019; Weerakoon et al. Reference Weerakoon, Ngo, Lum, Lumbsch and Lücking2015; Paguirigan Reference Paguirigan2020), there have been subsequent reports of new records and new species, leading to the 1410 species in 257 genera of lichenized fungi currently found in Thailand (Kalb et al. Reference Kalb, Lücking and Kalb2018; Naksuwankul & Lücking Reference Naksuwankul and Lücking2019; Poengsungnoen et al. Reference Poengsungnoen, Buaruang, Boonpragob and Lumbsch2021, Reference Poengsungnoen, Meethong, Buaruang, Boonpragob and Lumbsch2022). Here we focus primarily on thelotremoid lichens, which include a number of genera classified in Graphidaceae or Thelotremataceae (Rivas Plata et al. Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking, Sipman, Mangold, Kalb and Lumbsch2010, Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch2012; Kraichak et al. Reference Kraichak, Huang, Nelsen, Leavitt and Lumbsch2018), which are very diverse in tropical habitats. We add three new species to science and 15 new records for the country, further contributing to our long-term project of understanding the species diversity of lichenized fungi in Thailand. Descriptions, notes and illustrations of the new species are provided.
Materials and Methods
The majority of samples used in studies were collected in April 2008 from Tarutao National Park, situated in Satun Province on the west coast of the Thai peninsula in the Andaman Sea, between 6°30ʹ–6°44ʹN and 99°44ʹ–99°9ʹE. Examination of the external morphology of thalli and ascomata was conducted using a dissecting microscope (Olympus SZ30). Thin cross-sections were prepared by hand from ascomata and observed in material mounted in tap water under a light microscope (Olympus CH). Macroscopic photographs of the specimens were taken using an Olympus Tough TG-6 camera, while microscopic images were captured using an Olympus BX51 microscope mounted with a Canon EOS 800D camera. To determine the amyloid reaction of hymenium and ascospores, Lugol's iodine solution was employed. Spot tests were carried out using a 10% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (K), for norstictic and stictic acids. Fluorescent substances were examined under long-wavelength UV light (366 nm). Identification of secondary metabolites was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), following standard methods described in Elix (Reference Elix2014). The material studied is deposited in the herbarium of Ramkhamhaeng University (RAMK).
The Species
Ampliotrema subglobosum Poengs. & Lumbsch sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 849885
Similar to Ampliotrema globosum but differs in having larger and more septate ascospores.
Type: Thailand, Satun, La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 6 April 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-077 (RAMK40295—holotype).
The new species. A–C, Ampliotrema subglobosum (holotype). A, thallus with ascomata. B, ascus with young ascospores. C, mature ascospore. D–F, Ocellularia lichexanthonica (holotype). D, thallus with ascomata. E, section through ascoma. F, asci with ascospores. G & H, Ocellularia saxiprotocetrarica (holotype). G, thallus with ascomata. H, ascospore in iodine. Scales: A, D, E & G = 1 mm; B, C, F & H = 20 μm. In colour online.
Thallus corticolous, partly endoperidermal, up to c. 5 cm diam., up to 70 μm thick, continuous; surface smooth to slightly uneven, whitish grey, dull; prothallus absent. Cortex ecorticate or weakly corticate, irregular, partially endoperidermal, prosoplectenchymatous, 10–20 μm thick. Algal layer containing a trentepohlioid photobiont, indistinctly separated from medulla, 15–25 μm thick. Medulla with very few calcium oxalate crystals, 30–50 μm thick. Isidia and soredia absent.
Ascomata rounded, solitary, prominent, with nearly complete thalline margin, 1.0–1.5 mm diam.; pore 0.2–0.3 mm wide; disc slightly open, covered by whitish grey pruina; proper margin indistinct; thalline margin smooth, concolorous with thallus, sometimes yellowish circle around the pore. Excipulum entire, apically carbonized, up to 120 μm wide; lateral paraphyses absent. Columella absent. Hymenium inspersed, 120–150 μm high, hyaline, non-amyloid. Paraphyses unbranched, with slightly thickened tips. Epihymenium greyish granulose, 10–25 μm high. Asci clavate, 80–110 × 25–35 μm. Ascospores 4–8 per ascus, hyaline, ellipsoid, 15–19-septate, 55–80 × 11–13 μm, distoseptate with lens-shaped lumina, I+ violet-blue.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry
Thallus UV−, K+ pale brown, P+ red. TLC: protocetraric acid.
Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the similarity with Ampliotrema globosum.
Distribution and ecology
This species occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at 600 m elev. It is so far known only from the type locality.
Notes
At first glance, the external morphology of the new taxon resembles species in the genus Ocellularia G. Mey. However, the carbonized exciple, ecolumellate, inspersed hymenium, and the presence of protocetraric acid as a major substance suggest a placement in the genus Ampliotrema Kalb ex Kalb (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006). The closest similar species is Ampliotrema globosum (Hale) Poengs. & Lumbsch comb. nov. (MycoBank No.: MB 849889. Basionym: Ocellularia globosa Hale, Phytologia 27, 492 (1974)). However, the latter taxon differs by its smaller ascospores (40–50 × 8–10 μm) with fewer septa (8–10-septate) (Hale Reference Hale1974b). According to Mangold (A. Mangold, unpublished data), the material cited by Hale (Reference Hale1974b) under O. globosa is not conspecific. The additional material cited (Hale 30773) studied by Mangold has larger ascospores with more septa, similar to A. subglobosum, and hence might belong to the new species described here.
Additionally, two other species, A. amplius (Nyl.) Kalb and A. palaeoamplius (Aptroot & Sipman) Kalb, are similar to the new taxon in having a grey-pruinose disc and transversely septate ascospores, but the former species has smaller ascospores (15–25 × 8–10 μm), and the latter has an uneven-verrucose thallus with a dense cortex (Aptroot & Sipman Reference Aptroot and Sipman2001; Sipman et al. Reference Sipman, Lücking, Aptroot, Chaves, Kalb and Tenorio2012). For easier comparison of the new species with previously described one, we provide below a worldwide key for the identification of Ampliotrema species.
Additional specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°37ʹ12ʺN, 99°38ʹ40ʺE, c. 500 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-153 (RAMK40296).
Worldwide key to species Ampliotrema
1 Isidia or soredia present; apothecial disc yellow-orange pruinose; transversely septate ascospores, 50–90 um long ……… 2
Isidia or soredia absent; apothecial disc variable; ascospore variable ……… 3
2(1) Isidia present; ascospores 4 per ascus; apothecial disc with 0.2–0.5 mm wide pore ……… Ampliotrema dactylizum
Soredia present; ascospores 4–8 per ascus; apothecial disc with 0.2–0.3 mm wide pore ……… Ampliotrema sorediatum
3(1) Ascospores (sub)muriform; apothecial disc yellow-orange pruinose ……… 4
Ascospores transversely septate; apothecial disc variable ……… 7
4(3) Ascospores muriform, 80–100 × 17–22 μm ……… Ampliotrema cocosense
Ascospores submuriform, 15–30 × 8–12 μm ……… 5
5(4) Ascospores hyaline ……… Ampliotrema auratum
Ascospores brown ……… 6
6(5) Ascospores 15–20 μm long; laterally carbonized exciple ……… Ampliotrema sanguineum
Ascospores 24–28 μm long; apically carbonized exciple ……… Ampliotrema panamense
7(3) Apothecial disc grey-pruinose ……… 8
Apothecial disc yellow-red pruinose ……… 11
8(7) Ascospores 15–25 μm long, 5–9-septate ……… Ampliotrema amplius
Ascospores 40–80 μm long, 8–21-septate ……… 9
9(8) Ascospores 40–50 μm long, 8–10-septate ……… Ampliotrema globosum
Ascospores 55–80 μm long, 13–21-septate ……… 10
10(9) Thallus ecorticate or weakly corticate, smooth to slightly uneven, whitish grey……… Ampliotrema subglobosum
Thallus corticate, rugulose to finely warted, grey-olive ……… Ampliotrema palaeoamplius
11(7) Ascospores 40–150 μm long; protocetraric acid present ……… 12
Ascospores 20–35 μm long; secondary metabolites variable ……… 13
12(11) Ascospores 40–80 × 9–15 μm long, 11–17-septate ……… Ampliotrema megalostoma
Ascospores 60–150 × 10–12 μm long, 15–35-septate ……… Ampliotrema lepadinoides
13(11) Apothecial disc yellow-pruinose, 0.3–0.5 mm wide pore; protocetraric acid present ……… Ampliotrema discolor
Apothecial disc red-pruinose, 0.1–0.2 mm wide pore; lichen substances absent……… Ampliotrema rimosum
Ocellularia lichexanthonica Poengs. & Lumbsch sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 849887
Similar to Ocellularia subdolichotata but with larger ascomata, a deeply cracked thallus and containing lichexanthone.
Type: Thailand, Satun, La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 6 April 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-240 (RAMK40298—holotype).
Thallus corticolous, partly endoperidermal, up to c. 10 cm diam., up to 150 μm thick, deeply cracked; surface smooth to uneven, yellowish green, dull; prothallus absent. Cortex ecorticate or weakly corticate, prosoplectenchymatous, sometimes difficult to separate from the algal layer, 10–20 μm thick. Algal layer containing a trentepohlioid photobiont, indistinctly separated from medulla, 15–30 μm thick. Medulla with very few calcium oxalate crystals, 60–100 μm thick, irregularly immersed in the periderm. Isidia and soredia absent.
Ascomata rounded, mostly solitary, erumpent to prominent, with nearly complete thalline margin, 1.5–2.5 mm diam.; pore 0.5–1.0 mm wide; disc invisible, hidden by a black columella covered by a white pruina; proper margin indistinct; thalline margin smooth, concolorous with thallus. Excipulum entire, lateral carbonized, up to 150 μm wide; lateral paraphyses absent. Columella present, completely carbonized, conical, up to 500 μm high, 350 μm wide. Hymenium clear, 250–300 μm high, hyaline, amyloid. Paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Epihymenium indistinct, 5–10 μm high. Asci cylindrical, 200–250 × 25–30 μm. Ascospores 2–4 per ascus, hyaline, fusiform, 17–25-septate, 150–200 × 15–20 μm, distoseptate with lens-shaped lumina, I+ violet-blue.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry
Thallus UV+ yellow, K−, P−. TLC: lichexanthone.
Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the occurrence of lichexanthone in the species.
Distribution and ecology
This species occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at c. 600 m elev. It is so far known only from the type locality.
Notes
Ocellularia subdolichotata Papong et al. is similar to the new species, which shares the columellate ascomata, clear hymenium and large, transversely septate ascospores, 2–4 per ascus, but differs in the smooth thallus, smaller ascomata diameter and lack of secondary metabolites (Papong et al. Reference Papong, Mangold, Lücking and Lumbsch2014b). The species is also similar to O. fecunda (Vain.) Hale in general ascoma anatomy and ascospore size (Hale Reference Hale1974a), but can be distinguished by the presence of lichexanthone. Another similar species is O. lichexanthocavata Aptroot, which has similar, transversely septate ascospores and also contains lichexanthone. However, it differs in having smaller ascospores (18–21 × 5.5–6.5 μm) (Aptroot Reference Aptroot2023).
Ocellularia saxiprotocetrarica Poengs. & Lumbsch sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 849888
Similar to Ocellularia gentingensis but differing in having narrower ascospores, more ascospores per ascus and containing protocetraric acid.
Type: Thailand, Satun, La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°37ʹ18ʺN, 99°38ʹ13ʺE, c. 200 m elev., on rock, Lo Poh waterfall, 7 April 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-268 (RAMK40299—holotype).
Thallus saxicolous, up to c. 10 cm diam., up to 150 μm thick, continuous to finely cracked; surface smooth to uneven, yellowish brown, dull; prothallus absent. Cortex ecorticate or weakly corticate, prosoplectenchymatous, 10–20 μm thick. Algal layer containing a trentepohlioid photobiont, indistinctly separated from medulla, 20–30 μm thick. Medulla with very few calcium oxalate crystals, 40–60 μm thick, up to 120 μm thick. Isidia and soredia absent.
Ascomata rounded, mostly solitary, prominent, with complete thalline margin, 1.0–2.0 mm diam.; pore 0.3–0.5 mm wide; disc invisible, hidden by a black columella covered by white pruina; proper margin indistinct; thalline margin smooth, concolorous with thallus, sometimes yellowish circle around the pore. Excipulum entire, apically to laterally carbonized, up to 250 μm wide; lateral paraphyses absent. Columella present, completely carbonized, conical, up to 500 μm high, up to 400 μm wide. Hymenium clear, 350–500 μm high, hyaline. Paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Epihymenium indistinct, 5–10 μm high. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 280–350 × 35–50 μm. Ascospores 4–8 per ascus, hyaline, fusiform, 25–35-septate, 175–225 × 15–20 μm, distoseptate with lens-shaped lumina, I+ violet-blue.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry
Thallus UV−, K+ pale brown, P+ red. TLC: protocetraric acid.
Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the habitat and the occurrence of protocetraric acid in the species.
Distribution and ecology
This species occurred on rock in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 200 m elev. It is so far known only from the type locality.
Notes
The new saxicolous species exhibits similarities, in terms of length and the number of septations of the ascospores, with O. domingensis (Fée ex Nyl.) Müll. Arg. However, the latter species differs in having wider ascospores (120–220 × 20–40 μm) with 1–2 ascospores per ascus, and by containing hypoprotocetraric acid (Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009). Ocellularia cocosensis Lücking and O. neopertusariiformis Hale both share similarities in ascospore size but can be distinguished by their cinnabar-red medulla and ecolumellate ascomata, respectively (Hale Reference Hale1981; Sipman et al. Reference Sipman, Lücking, Aptroot, Chaves, Kalb and Tenorio2012). The combination of large, transversely septate ascospores and the presence of protocetraric acid in the new species makes it almost unique in the genus Ocellularia. Another similar species is O. gentingensis Nagarkar & Hale, but that species differs in having smaller ascospores (54–69 × 9–12 μm) and ecolumellate ascomata (Nagarkar & Hale Reference Nagarkar and Hale1989).
The New Records
Austrotrema bicinctulum (Nyl.) I. Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Fieldiana, Life and Earth Sciences 9, 15 (2017).
Illustration in Medeiros et al. (Reference Medeiros, Kraichak, Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2017).
Distribution and ecology
This taxon has been found mainly in the Australasian region (Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009). It is a corticolous species that is typically found in relatively exposed environments such as mangroves, seashores and lowland rainforests (Medeiros et al. Reference Medeiros, Kraichak, Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2017). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in mangrove forest at an altitude of c. 5 m elev.
Notes
Three species of the lichen genus Austrotrema I. Medeiros et al. have been reported so far (Medeiros et al. Reference Medeiros, Kraichak, Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2017). Austrotrema terebrans (Nyl.) I. Medeiros et al. and A. bicinctulum are similar species in having transversely septate ascospores, but the former has an uneven to verrucose thallus surface, more distinct periphysoids, and persistently weakly amyloid ascospores. The other species, A. myriocarpum (Fée) I. Medeiros et al., can be distinguished by muriform ascospores (Medeiros et al. Reference Medeiros, Kraichak, Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2017).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, mangrove forest, c. 5 m elev., on bark, 06°42ʹ14ʺN, 99°38ʹ56ʺE, 5 m elev., 2008, S. Santanoo & W. Polyiam TAL-TT-194 (RAMK40301).
Baeomyces heteromorphus Nyl. ex C. Bab. & Mitt.
Bot. Antarct. Voy., III, Fl. Tasman. 2, 351 (1859) [1860].
Illustration in Galloway (Reference Galloway1980).
Distribution and ecology
Baeomyces heteromorphus is a widely distributed terricolous species in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Tasmania (Galloway Reference Galloway1980, Reference Galloway2007; Johnston Reference Johnston and McCarthy2001; Lumbsch et al. Reference Lumbsch, Lücking, Divakar, van Konrat and Naikatini2011). It has also been recorded from New Guinea and the Philippines (Streimann Reference Streimann1986; Paguirigan Reference Paguirigan2020). In Thailand, it occurred on soil and rock in lower montane rainforest at c. 1000–2500 m elev.
Notes
This species is characterized by a green corticate thallus, pale pink to brown apothecia, hyaline, simple ascospores, 8–13 × 3–5 μm in size, and by containing the norstictic acid chemosyndrome (Galloway Reference Galloway1980; Johnston Reference Johnston and McCarthy2001).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Chiang Mai: Chom Thong District, Doi Inthanon National Park, lower montane rainforest, 18°35ʹ22ʺN, 98°29ʹ15ʺE, 2400–2500 m elev., on soil, 2005, J. Phraphuchamnong CP2224 (RAMK35442), CP2228 (RAMK35444). Nakhon Ratchasima: Pak Chong District, Khao Yai National Park, lower montane rainforest, 14°21ʹ39ʺN, 101°23ʹ35ʺE, 1000–1200 m elev., on rock, 2005, P. Nirongbut RU–PN22615 (RAMK08413).
Chapsa niveocarpa Mangold
Flora of Australia 57, 654 (2009).
Illustration in Mangold et al. (Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009).
Distribution and ecology
The taxon was originally described from tropical rainforests in Australia and was recently documented in China (Dou et al. Reference Dou, Li and Jia2021). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 700 m elev.
Notes
The new record and C. meridensis (Kalb & Frisch) Lücking et al. can be distinguished from other similar species in the genus by their inspersed hymenium and muriform ascospores. However, C. niveocarpa occurs on bark and has an ecorticate thallus, whereas C. meridensis is commonly found on moss and has a corticate thallus (Rivas Plata et al. Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking, Sipman, Mangold, Kalb and Lumbsch2010).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°37ʹ11ʺN, 99°38ʹ54ʺE, c. 700 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim TAL-TT-128 (RAMK40300).
Chiodecton sphaerale Ach.
Syn. Meth. Lich. (Lund), 108 (1814).
Illustration in Thor (Reference Thor1990).
Distribution and ecology
The taxon was found in various locations within the neotropical region (e.g. Vainio Reference Vainio1890; Thor Reference Thor1990; Ertz et al. Reference Ertz, Flakus, Oset, Sipman and Kukwa2015) and was also recorded from Australia (McCarthy Reference McCarthy2023). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 600 m elev.
Notes
Chiodecton sphaerale differs from its morphologically most similar species, C. malmei G. Thor, by having larger ascospores (26–41 μm vs 20–30 μm long) and conidia (8–14 μm vs 5–7 μm long) (Thor Reference Thor1990).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-324 (RAMK40302).
Erythrodecton malacum (Kremp.) G. Thor
Op. Bot. 103, 78 (1991).
(Fig. 2A)
New records. A, Erythrodecton malacum (W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-111), thallus with ascomata. B–D, Lecanora subjaponica (V. Poengsungnoen VP-1392). B, thallus with ascomata. C, section through ascoma. D, asci with ascospores. E, Ocellularia khasiana (W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-47), thallus with ascomata. F & G, Thelotrema diplotrema, (P. Pornprom PP-TT-132). F, thallus with ascomata. G, thick-walled ascospores. H, Thelotrema isidiophorum (B. Wannaluk BW-TT-152), thallus with ascomata and isidia. Scales: A, B, E, F & H = 1 mm; C, D & G = 30 μm. In colour online.
Distribution and ecology
This is a widespread corticolous species in the eastern Paleotropics (Thor Reference Thor2007). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 600 m elev. This is the first record of the genus for Thailand.
Notes
The species is similar to E. granulatum (Mont.) G. Thor, differing by lacking soredia and having a black hypothecium (Thor Reference Thor1990).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-111(RAMK40303), WP-TT-283 (RAMK40304).
Lecanora subjaponica L. Lü & H. Y. Wang
Lichenologist 44, 466 (2012).
Distribution and ecology
This corticolous species has been described from montane habitats in China (Lü et al. Reference Lü, Zhang, Liu, Zhao and Wang2012). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a lower montane rainforest in northern Thailand at an altitude of c. 1640 m elev.
Notes
Lecanora subjaponica differs from its morphologically similar species, L. japonica Müll. Arg. and L. pseudojaponica Lijuan Li & Printzen, by having 16–32 ascospores per ascus (Lü et al. Reference Lü, Zhang, Liu, Zhao and Wang2012; Li et al. Reference Li, Zhang and Printzen2023).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Chiang Mai: Chom Thong District, Inthanon Lady's Slipper Orchid Conservation Project, lower montane rainforest, 18°35ʹ06ʺN, 98°30ʹ50ʺE, c. 1640 m elev., on bark, 2021, V. Poengsungnoen VP-1392 (RAMK40305).
Leucodecton subcompunctum (Nyl.) Frisch
Biblioth. Lichenol. 92, 162 (2006).
Illustration in Hale (Reference Hale1974a) as Thelotrema subcompunctum.
Distribution and ecology
This taxon is a common species occurring from the coastline in mangrove forests to altitudes up to 1500 m (Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009). It has been reported from palaeotropical regions, including Kenya, Tanzania and New Caledonia (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006; Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 600 m elev.
Notes
Leucodecton subcompunctum is similar to L. fissurinum (Hale) A. Fisch. but is distinguished by its lepadinoid ascomata and conspicuously free excipulum (Rivas Plata et al. Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking, Sipman, Mangold, Kalb and Lumbsch2010).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-69 (RAMK40305).
Myriotrema concretum (Fée) Hale
Mycotaxon 11, 133 (1980).
Illustration in Hale (Reference Hale1981).
Distribution and ecology
Myriotrema concretum is a pantropical species (Lücking et al. Reference Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2016). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a lower montane rainforest at an altitude of c. 1500 m elev.
Notes
This species closely resembles M. hartii (Müll. Arg.) Hale in terms of its prominent ascomata, fused excipulum, small muriform ascospores, and the presence of psoromic acid. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species by the absence of isidia (Lücking et al. Reference Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2016).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Chiang Mai: Mae Rim District, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, lower montane rainforest, 18°48ʹ56ʺN, 98°53ʹ40ʺE, c. 1500 m elev., on bark, 2022, V. Poengsungnoen VP-1393 (RAMK40307), VP-1394 (RAMK40308).
Myriotrema neoterebrans Frisch
Biblioth. Lichenol. 92, 179 (2006).
Illustration in Frisch et al. (Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006).
Distribution and ecology
Myriotrema neoterebrans has previously been recorded from tropical Africa (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006; Lücking et al. Reference Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2016). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a beach forest at an altitude of c. 15 m elev.
Notes
This species is similar to M. glauculum (Nyl.) Hale and M. neofrondosum Sipman in terms of the presence of lichexanthone and very small, 3-septate ascospores (10–15 × 5–7 μm). Myriotrema neoterebrans can be differentiated from those species by having a free excipulum and containing protocetraric acid and ‘neoterebrans unknown’ (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006; Lücking et al. Reference Lücking, Mangold and Lumbsch2016).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, beach forest, 06°37ʹ15ʺN, 99°37ʹ08ʺE, c. 15 m elev., on bark, 2008, P. Nirongbut PN-TT-122 (RAMK40309).
Ocellularia khasiana (Patw. & Nagarkar) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch
Phytotaxa 189, 74 (2014).
(Fig. 2E)
Distribution and ecology
This species was first described from India (Patwardhan & Nagarkar Reference Patwardhan and Nagarkar1980) and subsequently recorded from New Caledonia, Australia and the Philippines (Kraichak et al. Reference Kraichak, Parnmen, Lücking, Rivas Plata, Aptroot, Cáceres, Ertz, Mangold, Mercado-Díaz and Papong2014). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 370 m elev.
Notes
This species can be distinguished from the similar O. microstoma (Müll. Arg.) Hale by producing protocetraric acid as a major substance (Kraichak et al. Reference Kraichak, Parnmen, Lücking, Rivas Plata, Aptroot, Cáceres, Ertz, Mangold, Mercado-Díaz and Papong2014).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ48ʺN, 99°39ʹ51ʺE, c. 370 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-47 (RAMK40310).
Ocellularia upretii S. Joshi et al.
Lichenologist 50, 660 (2018).
Illustration in Joshi et al. (Reference Joshi, Upreti, Divakar, Lumbsch and Lücking2018).
Distribution and ecology
Ocellularia upretii has so far been known only from India, where it is common across various altitudes and substrata within the evergreen forests and tropical rainforests of south India and the eastern Himalaya (Joshi et al. Reference Joshi, Upreti, Divakar, Lumbsch and Lücking2018). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 20 m elev.
Notes
This species is mainly characterized by a brownish exciple, simple columella, large transversely septate ascospores (100–125 × 15–25 μm) and the absence of secondary metabolites (Joshi et al. Reference Joshi, Upreti, Divakar, Lumbsch and Lücking2018). It resembles O. allosporoides (Nyl.) Patw. & Kulk. in the morphology and ascospore size; however, the latter species produces norisonotatic and norsubnotatic acids.
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°38ʹ44ʺN, 99°37ʹ23ʺE, c. 20 m elev., on bark, 2008, N. Phenporm & S. Senglek SI-TT2-10 (RAMK40311).
Pseudotopeliopsis scabiomarginata (Hale) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch
PLoS ONE 7(12), e51392, 11 (2012).
Illustration in Hale (Reference Hale1981).
Distribution and ecology
The taxon was described from rainforest habitats at low to mid elevations in Sri Lanka (Hale Reference Hale1981). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 600 m elev.
Notes
The main distinguishing characteristics of this species are the presence of hyaline, large muriform ascospores and the absence of phenolic substances. It can be distinguished from the similar P. laceratula (Müll. Arg.) Parnmen et al. by its amyloid ascospores and larger ascomata (Rivas Plata et al. Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking, Sipman, Mangold, Kalb and Lumbsch2010; Parnmen et al. Reference Parnmen, Lücking and Lumbsch2012).
Specimen examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°36ʹ41ʺN, 99°39ʹ29ʺE, c. 600 m elev., on bark, 2008, W. Polyiam & S. Meesim WP-TT-31 (RAMK40312).
Sulzbacheromyces sinensis (R. H. Petersen & M. Zang) Dong Liu & Li S. Wang
Mycologia 109, 740 (2017).
Illustration in Liu et al. (Reference Liu, Wang, Wang, Maekawa and Hur2019).
Distribution and ecology
Sulzbacheromyces sinensis has been recorded from China, Japan, Korea and the Philippines (Liu et al. Reference Liu, Wang, Wang, Maekawa and Hur2019; Suwannarach et al. Reference Suwannarach, Kumla, Satienperakul, Sungpalee, Hermhuk, Suttiprapan, Sri-Ngernyuang and Lumyong2019). In Thailand, it occurred on soil in evergreen forests between 200–800 m elev.
Notes
This species is characterized by a green to dark green crustose thallus, white to grey or silver prothallus, yellow to red-orange basidiomata and basidia 26–38 × 3.5–8 μm (Liu et al. Reference Liu, Goffinet, Ertz, De Kesel, Wang, Hur, Shi, Zhang, Yang and Wang2017).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Prachin Buri: Mueang Prachin Buri District, Khao Yai National Park, dry evergreen forest, on soil, c. 800 m elev., 2019, P. Fangkaew KYPF01 (RAMK35446). Trad: Ko Kut District, evergreen forest, on soil, c. 200 m elev., 2019, K. Buaruang et al. KOB104 (RAMK36059).
Thelotrema diplotrema Nyl.
Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4 11, 258 (1859).
Distribution and ecology
This species is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Australia, Asia and Africa (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006; Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009; Joshi et al. Reference Joshi, Jayalal, Oh, Park and Hur2012). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in tropical rainforests between 15–60 m elev.
Notes
The species is characterized by a loosely corticate, smooth to uneven thallus, immersed to emergent ascomata, a free exciple, transversely, 10–20-septate, 45–100 × 7–12 μm, amyloid ascospores with thick outer walls, and a lack of secondary substances (Frisch et al. Reference Frisch, Kalb and Grube2006; Mangold et al. Reference Mangold, Elix, Lumbsch and McCarthy2009). It is similar to T. perriei Papong et al. but that species has smaller ascospores (50–60 × 6–8 μm) and a corticate, verrucose thallus (Papong et al. Reference Papong, Lücking, Kraichak, Parnmen, Konrat and Lumbsch2014a).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°37ʹ09ʺN, 99°40ʹ43ʺE, c. 60 m elev., on bark, 2008, P. Pornprom PP-TT-132 (RAMK40313), M. Phaengphech MP-TT-181 (RAMK40314); ibid., 06°37ʹ15ʺN, 99°37ʹ08ʺE, c. 15 m elev., on bark, 2008, B. Wannaluk BW-TT-132 (RAMK40315).
Thelotrema isidiophorum (Kremp.) Zahlbr.
Cat. Lich. Univers. 2, 619 (1923) [1924].
(Fig. 2H)
Distribution and ecology
This species has been described from Singapore and has also been recorded from Malaysia (Homchantara & Coppins Reference Homchantara and Coppins2002). In Thailand, it occurred on bark in a tropical rainforest at an altitude of c. 200–300 m elev.
Notes
This species is readily distinguished from other species in the genus Thelotrema by having isidia (Rivas Plata et al. Reference Rivas Plata, Lücking, Sipman, Mangold, Kalb and Lumbsch2010).
Specimens examined
Thailand: Satun: La-ngu District, Tarutao National Park, tropical rainforest, 06°37ʹ18ʺN, 99°38ʹ13ʺE, c. 200–300 m elev., on bark, 2008, B. Wannaluk BW-TT-150 (RAMK40316), BW-TT-152 (RAMK30317).
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). The Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn and the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation are thanked for permission to collect specimens. Thanks also to Todd Widhelm (Chicago) for help with specimens for comparison, and the staff of the lichen research unit at Ramkhamhaeng University for their assistance and support in collecting specimens in the field. We are also grateful to Armin Mangold for allowing us to cite his unpublished results.
Author ORCIDs
Vasun Poengsungnoen, 0000-0001-8905-1098; Phimpha Nirongbut, 0009-0001-3100-881X; Kawinnat Buaruang, 0000-0001-6759-7487; Kansri Boonpragob, 0009-0004-1212-4366; H. Thorsten Lumbsch, 0000-0003-1512-835X; Wetchasart Polyiam, 0009-0002-5593-4508.
