Catalogue of fossil genera of Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Javier H. Signorelli

doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.32

Catalogue of fossil genera of Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 July 2023

Javier H. Signorelli

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Javier H. Signorelli*: Affiliation:
LARBIM—Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET-CENPAT). Bvd. Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
*: *Corresponding author.

Article contents

Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Systematic paleontology
Discussion
Declaration of competing interests
References

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Abstract

All genera based on fossil type species belonging to the family Mactridae are alphabetically listed in this work. The oldest records of the Mactridae come from Cretaceous deposits of North America. However, this group of bivalves has been worldwide recorded from the Paleogene and Neogene. An emended diagnosis for each genus is herein provided. In addition to that, type species, type localities, and occurrences are included. For each genus, a remarks section includes the most recent published taxonomic opinions. Nevertheless, in some cases, new taxonomic decisions based on morphological analysis of types have been taken. Genera based on extant type species are excluded from this work. Forty-five genera are listed herein and type material has been reproduced wherever possible. Ionesimactra nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Caspimactra Ionesi (non Caspimactra Ali-Zade and Kabakova). This work constitutes the basis for future revisions related to fossil taxa of the family Mactridae from different regions.

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Information

Type: Articles
Information: Journal of Paleontology , Volume 97 , Issue 4 , July 2023 , pp. 823 - 852

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2023.32 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Paleontological Society

Introduction

The superfamily Mactroidea currently includes four families: Mactridae Lamarck, Reference Lamarck1809, Anatinellidae Gray, Reference Gray1853, Cardiliidae Fischer, Reference Fischer1887, and Mesodesmatidae Gray, Reference Gray1840. The supra-generic classification of this superfamily was recently revised and rearranged (Signorelli and Carter, Reference Signorelli and Carter2016). Four subfamilies are currently included within the family Mactridae: Mactrinae Lamarck, Reference Lamarck1809; Lutrariinae Gray, Reference Gray1853; Darininae Signorelli in Carter et al., Reference Carter, Campbell, Altaba, Anderson and Araujo2011; and Tanysiphoninae Scarlato and Starobogatov in Nevesskaja et al., Reference Nevesskaja, Scarlato, Starobogatov and Eberzin1971. Mactridae is a globally distributed family of marine to estuarine species, mainly shallow subtidal, but occasionally occurring at depths down to 200 m. Mactridae species are commonly found burrowed in sandy and muddy bottoms. The diagnostic character of this group of bivalves is the hinge morphology with an inverted V-shaped cardinal tooth in the left valve. Currently, this family includes almost 300 extant and fossil species grouped in 90 genera.

The Cretaceous origin and early evolution of the family Mactridae have been studied by Saul (Reference Saul1973). Cretaceous descendants of Isocyprina (Eotrapezium) or Isocyprina (Venericyprina), such as the genera Priscomactra and Geltena, show striated lateral teeth, and their clade may be ancestral to Cenozoic Spisula (Mactrinae). It is possible that a clade with granulated lateral teeth, as in Mulinoides, independently derived from the same ancestral stock. This second clade may be ancestral to Cenozoic Mulinia and Pseudocardium, both within Mactrinae. On the other hand, Cretaceous descendants of Isocyprina sharpi Cox, Reference Cox1947, such as Aliomactra, Pteroluter, Willimactra, and Petromactra, constitute an ancestral clade of the Cenozoic Standella (Mactrinae) and Tresus (Lutrariinae). Dall (Reference Dall1898) proposed that the external ligament and resilium were not originally separated in Mactridae. Saul (Reference Saul1973) verified Dall's (Reference Dall1898) assumption that the ancestors of Mactridae lacked the resilium, but she indicated that the resilium did not arise from splitting of a submerged ligament. The earliest mactrids have an almost completely external ligament behind a moderate to high nymph (Vokes, Reference Vokes1946; Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952).

Currently, Cretaceous mactrids are grouped in nine valid genera (Olsson, Reference Olsson1944; Vokes, Reference Vokes1946; Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952; Saul, Reference Saul1973, Reference Saul1974) with short stratigraphic ranges. Morphological studies suggest that the chondrophore is enlarged and the external ligament is retained in Cenozoic mactrids (Saul, Reference Saul1973). The parallel development of granulate or striate lateral teeth plus the enlargement of the chondrophore suggests a polyphyletic condition of mactrids.

After the Cretaceous, the family Mactridae has been registered in several regions (Sacco, Reference Sacco, Bellardi and Sacco1901; Cossmann, Reference Cossmann1908; Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952; Stenzel et al., Reference Stenzel, Krause and Twining1957; Belokrys, Reference Belokrys1964; Habe, Reference Habe1977; Woodring, Reference Woodring1982; Ionesi, Reference Ionesi1986; Ward, Reference Ward1992; Garvie, Reference Garvie1996; Nevesskaja et al., Reference Nevesskaja, Popov, Goncharova, Guzhov, Janin, Plubotko, Biakov and Gavrilova2013). Paleocene (Danian) Mactridae from the Montien deposits of Belgium, have been studied by Chavan (Reference Chavan1946) and Marlière (Reference Marlière1954). Praerangia is the only mactrid recorded from Paleocene deposits.

In the Eocene, members of Mactridae have been recorded from different deposits exposed in North America, Central America, South America, Antarctica, and western Africa. Currently, 10 valid genera have been described based on Eocene type species. The distribution range of Eocene mactrid genera shows an Atlantic pattern. Four genera were reported from North America, Central America, and South America, two from western Africa, three from Europe, and only one from Antarctica (Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909; Böhm, Reference Böhm1929; Clark and Durham Reference Clark and Durham1946; Eames, Reference Eames1957; Woodring, Reference Woodring1982; Stilwell and Zinsmeister, Reference Stilwell and Zinsmeister1992; Garvie, Reference Garvie1996).

No mactrid genera with Oligocene type species were found in the literature. A different scenario is observed during the Miocene where members of Mactridae have been recorded in several regions. From the Burdigalian stage (Lower Miocene), mactrid genera have been recorded from different localities in western and southern Europe. From the Serravallian and Tortonian stages (upper Middle Miocene), the Eastern European clade, which commonly is known as Sarmatian Mactridae, includes nearly 70 specific names (Kolesnikov, Reference Kolesnikov1925, Reference Kolesnikov1935; Davitashvili, Reference Davitashvili, Archangelsky and Davitashvili1932; Zhizhchenko, Reference Zhizhchenko1934; Macarovici, Reference Macarovici1935, Reference Macarovici1969; Simionescu and Barbu, Reference Simionescu and Barbu1940; Papp, Reference Papp, Papp, Marinescu and Seneš1974). However, Sidorova (Reference Sidorova1959a, Reference Sidorovab, Reference Sidorova1960a, Reference Sidorovab) summarized all these previous works and reduced that number to seven valid species of Sarmatian Mactridae. Belokrys (Reference Belokrys1964), in a full revision of Sarmatian mactrids from Borisphen Gulf (southern Ukraine), recognized eight species and five subspecies. Some of these taxa are the type species of subsequently described genera (i.e., Chersonimactra, Planimactra, Podolimactra, Pseudomactra, Sarmatimactra). However, the number of valid taxa is far from being resolved and additional studies are required in order to understand the evolution of upper Middle Miocene mactrids.

Several taxa have been described from the Miocene–Pliocene of North and Central America. The North American fossil mactrids were first reported by Conrad (Reference Conrad1857, Reference Conrad1869) and subsequent works significantly contributed to the knowledge of fossil and extant taxa (Gould, Reference Gould1850, Reference Gould1852; Rémond, Reference Rémond1863; Gabb, Reference Gabb1866, Reference Gabb1869; Dall, Reference Dall1894; among others). In the early twentieth century, Packard (Reference Packard1916) summarized the knowledge of the group for the Pacific Coast of North America. Subsequently, Stewart (Reference Stewart1930) compiled the Mesozoic and Cenozoic bivalves described by Gabb. More recently, Ward (Reference Ward1992) contributed with the description of new fossil taxa from the east coast of North America. In Central America, Maury (Reference Maury1925, Reference Maury1928) studied several localities and described a new fossil genus. In the present study, six valid genera reported from Miocene–Pliocene deposits of North and Central America are listed. From the Miocene–Pleistocene of Oceania, mainly from New Zealand, several authors described new genera and species belonging to the family Mactridae (Marwick, Reference Marwick1952; Beu, Reference Beu1966, Reference Beu1968; among others). Recently, Beu (Reference Beu2004, Reference Beu2006) revised the taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Quaternary New Zealand fossil Mollusca, including Mactridae.

In Upper Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Central Paratethys, a significant radiation event in the Mactridae is associated with the Great Akschagylian transgression (Nevesskaja et al., Reference Nevesskaja, Gontsharova, Ilyina, Paramonova, Popov, Bogdanovich, Gabunia and Nosovsky1984). The Akschagylian Mactridae are currently represented by six genera with >20 included species. However, a full revision of Paratethys mactrids must include not only Akschagylian mactrids (Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene), but also Sarmatian (upper Middle Miocene) taxa. In several cases, the type series of type species of Akschagylian genera are lost. A complete revision, currently in progress, will reveal if designation of neotypes is necessary. Finally, although living Mactridae are well represented in Japanese waters (Habe, Reference Habe1977, Reference Habe, Kuroda and Habe1981), Rugosoxyperas, based on a fossil type species, was registered from Pleistocene deposits of Japan (Nomura and Zinbo, Reference Nomura and Zinbo1934).

Altogether, >100 genus-level names have been proposed within the family Mactridae, 79 of which are considered valid in the literature (Huber, Reference Huber2010, Reference Huber2015; Cosel and Gofas, Reference Cosel and Gofas2019; Signorelli, Reference Signorelli2019; Valentich-Scott et al., Reference Valentich-Scott, Coan and Zelaya2020; MolluscaBase, Reference MolluscaBase2022; among others). However, only 45 genera are based on fossil specimens as type species. This catalogue aims to give a synopsis of the current knowledge of those genera based on exclusively fossil type species.

Materials and methods

This study is based on an exhaustive literature search of described genera and species belonging to the family Mactridae. All original descriptions were checked. A new diagnosis for each genus is provided. The included characters in each diagnosis depend on the level of preservation of the fossil type species. The hinge was described with the method developed by Bernard and Munier-Chalmas (according to Cox in Moore, Reference Cox and Moore1969) where Arabic numbers are used to designate the cardinal teeth and roman numbers for the lateral teeth. This method uses odd numbers for all teeth in the right valve and even numbers for all teeth in the left valve. In addition, type species, type localities, and occurrences are included. For each genus, a remarks section includes the most recent published taxonomic opinions. However, in some cases, new taxonomic decisions have been taken based on morphological analysis of types. The type material of each type species was requested and photographically reproduced when possible. Genera based on extant type species were excluded from this work.

Repositories and institutional abbreviations

Academy of Natural Science of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP); Museum für Naturkunde or Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR); Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand (CMC); Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, locality numbers (GS) and type Mollusca registration numbers (TM); Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium (IRSNB); Invertebrate Paleontology Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, USA (LACMIP); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, University, Cambridge, USA (MCZ); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Turin (MRSN); Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK); Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW); Natural History Museum, Basel, Switzerland (NMBA); Paleontological Research Institute, Ithaca, USA (PRI); Academician F.N. Chernyshev Central Geological Research Museum (TsNIGR Museum); University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP); United States National Museum (USNM).

Systematic paleontology

Family Mactridae Lamarck, Reference Lamarck1809

Diagnosis

Shell rounded to sub-trigonal, transversely elongate, equivalve, usually subequilateral, with periostracum present, glossy; externally smooth or concentrically sculptured; valves mostly closed or slightly gaping posteriorly; pallial line with sinus normally well developed; with prominent and mostly prosogyrate umbos; left valve with an inverted V-shaped cardinal tooth (2a and 2b) fitting below the two cardinal teeth in the right valve (3a and 3b), which tend to be united dorsally. Anterior and posterior lateral teeth in left valve (AII and PII) fit into respective sockets in right valve, which are limited by, in some cases, two anterior (AI and AIII) and two posterior (PI and PIII) lateral teeth. A delicate accessory dental lamella often is present (4b). External ligament placed on a nymph, absent in some groups. Siphons usually fused to their tips; mantle margins are generally smooth (sometimes papillate) and united by cuticular junctions; ctenidia are generally smooth and homorhabdic, with inner and outer demibranchs; the outer usually with a supra-axial extension; palps large, long, narrow, partly united; foot large, compressed, heeled; heart has paired auricles and a ventricle that is traversed by the rectum. Mactridae contains the subfamilies Mactrinae, Lutrariinae, Darininae and Tanysiphoninae (Carter et al., Reference Carter, Campbell, Altaba, Anderson and Araujo2011).

Aktschagylia Starobogatov, Reference Starobogatov1970
Figure 1.1–1.12

Type species

Mactra subcaspia Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902a (p. 66), by original designation. Type material: not examined, probably lost; Andrussow's (Reference Andrussow1902a, Reference Andrussow1905) described mactrids are not listed in the catalogues of the Chernishov Museum or Saint Petersburg University (S. Popov, personal communication, 2021). The original illustrations are herein reproduced. Type locality: not stated in the original description. Eastern European localities such as Utva, Rostosh, Chiri-Yurt, and Grozny are mentioned as sampled sites with specimens of Mactra subcaspia.

Figure 1.

(1–12) Aktschagylia subcaspia (Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902a), original illustrations. (13) Aliomactra compressa Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952, USNM 105517, holotype. (14–16) Allomactra grateloupi Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909, original illustrations. (17–22) Andrussella acutecarinata (Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902a), original illustrations. Scale bars (1–13) 1 cm; (14–22) 2 cm.

Mactra (Avimactra) aviculoides Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1905 (p. 393), by monotypy. Type material: not examined, probably lost (see type material section of Aktschagylia). The original illustrations are herein reproduced. Type locality: limestone rocks of Shorsulu, Azerbaijan.

Figure 2.

(1–4) Avimactra aviculoides (Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1905), original illustrations. (5–8) Barymactra burdigalensis (Mayer-Eymar, Reference Mayer-Eymar1864), NMBA 3030, syntypes. (9–17) Caspimactra naphtalanica Ali-Zade and Kabakova in Ali-Zade, Reference Ali-Zade1969, original illustrations. Scale bars (1–4, 9–17) 2 cm; (5–8) 4 cm.

Mactra bulgarica Toula, Reference Toula1892 (p. 435), by original designation. Type material: NHMW 1998/0001/0005, 4 syntypes. Type locality: ‘Seitenschlucht in Balžik,’ German for ‘side gorge/ in Balchik, Bulgaria.

Figure 3.

(1–6) Chersonimactra bulgarica (Toula, Reference Toula1892), NHMW 1998/0001/0005, 4 syntypes. (7–9) Spisula (Crepispisula) amekiensis Eames, Reference Eames1957: (7, 8) holotype (NHMUK L. 48224), (9) paratype (NHMUK L. 48219). (10–18) Cryptomactra pesanseris (Mayer-Eymar, 1857), lot NMBA 1053 from Sevastopol. (19–23) Cymbophora ashburnerii (Gabb, Reference Gabb1864): (19, 20) ANSP 4441b and (21, 22) ANSP 4441a, paralectotypes; (23) ANSP, lectotype 4441. Scale bars (1–18) 1 cm; (19–23) 2 cm.

Darcinia colombiana Clark in Clark and Durham, Reference Clark and Durham1946 (p. 74), by original designation. Type material: UCMP 34873 holotype, a right valve. Type locality: Bolivar, Colombia.

Figure 4.

(1–3) Darcinia colombiana Clark and Durham, Reference Clark and Durham1946, UCMP 34873, holotype. (4–6) Eomactra basteroti (Mayer-Eymar, 1853), NMBA 3020, probable syntype. (7–10) Eopapyrina darienensis (Dall, Reference Dall1898), original illustrations of Dall, Reference Dall1898: (7) USNM 112271, syntype; (8, 9) USNM 647513, hypotype; (10) USNM 647512, hypotype. (11–16) Geltena subequilatera: (11, 12) USNM 103761, holotype, original illustration; (13–16) USNM 103762A, 103762B, 103762C, and 103762D, respectively, paratypes. Scale bars (1, 2, 4–16) 1 cm; (3) 5 mm.

Mactra caspia Eichwald, Reference Eichwald1840 [1841, 1842] (p. 260), by typification of replaced name. Type material: not examined, Eichwald's collections mainly housed at Saint Petersburg University, but not listed at the university collections. Illustrations of Eichwald (Reference Eichwald1840 [1841, 1842]) (Fig. 5.1) and Macarovici (Reference Macarovici1940) (Fig. 5.2–5.7) are reproduced. Type locality: calcareous deposits exposed at Tükkaragani, Russia.

Figure 5.

(1–7) Ionesimactra caspia (Eichwald, Reference Eichwald1840 [1841, 1842]) n. comb.: (1) original illustration; (2–7) illustrations from Macarovici (Reference Macarovici1940). (8–14) Kirghizella pisum (Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902a), original illustrations. (15–20) Leptomactra delumbis (Conrad, Reference Conrad1832), ANSP 30532, syntypes. Scale bar (8–20) 2 cm.

Other species

Mactrodesma Conrad, Reference Conrad1869
Figure 6.1–6.8

Type species

Mactra ponderosa Conrad, Reference Conrad1830 (p. 228) (non Eichwald, Reference Eichwald1830, p. 207; non Philippi, Reference Philippi1844, p. 165), (= Mactra subponderosa d’Orbigny, Reference d'Orbigny1852, by monotypy). Type material: ANSP 30497, lectotype, designated by Ward (Reference Ward1992), and six paralectotypes. Type locality: St. Marys River, Maryland, USA.

Figure 6.

(1–8) Mactrodesma ponderosa (Conrad, Reference Conrad1830): (1, 2) ANSP 30497, lectotype; (3–8) paralectotypes. (9–11) Mactrona mula (Marwick, Reference Marwick1948): (9) GS3528, R11/f7014, TM1280 holotype; (10) GS4348, S22/f6473; (11) GS4265, S22/f6455, all taken from Beu (Reference Beu2004). (12–19) Miorangia johnsoni (Dall, Reference Dall1892), USNM MO 107033, syntypes. Scale bars (1–11) 2 cm; (12–19) 1 cm.

Mulinoides chilca Olsson, Reference Olsson1944 (p. 217), by original designation. Type material: PRI 4854, holotype; paratypes: PRI 4855, 4856. Type locality: Baculites Zone, Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Cretaceous, Piura Department, Peru.

Figure 7.

(1–5) Mulinoides chilca Olsson, Reference Olsson1944: (1) PRI 4854, holotype; (2, 3) PRI 4855, paratype, (4, 5) PRI 4856, paratype. (6, 7) Nelltia stenzeli Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952, USNM 105431, holotype. (8–10) Nymphactra jonasseni Stilwell and Zinsmeister, Reference Stilwell and Zinsmeister1992: (8, 10) PRI 452, holotype (ex USNM 441633), (9) PRI 1077, paratype (ex USNM 441634). (11) Ovamactra cyma Woodring, Reference Woodring1982, USNM 135235, holotype. (12–14) Tellina mathewsonii Gabb, Reference Gabb1864: (12) UCMP 10077, paralectotype, (13) UCMP 10072, paralectotype, (14) UCMP 10078, paralectotype. Scale bars (1–10, 12–14) 2 cm; (11) 1 cm.

Mactra alata Macarovici, Reference Macarovici1940 (p. 217) (non Spengler, Reference Spengler1802, p. 99) (= Mactra plana Belokrys, Reference Belokrys1964 (p. 1843, pl. 2 figs. 1–9), by original designation. Type material: Mactra alata not examined, type measurements mentioned in the original description: 9.5 mm length, 7.5 mm height, 1.5 mm width; Mactra plana holotype, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, N° 1647/27-11, River Yuzhnyy Bug, Konstantinovka; Kherson horizon (upper Sarmatian). Type locality: Tighina (currently Bender), Moldavia.

Figure 8.

(1, 2) Planimactra alata (Macarovici, Reference Macarovici1940), original illustration. (3–6) Mactra fragilis var. buglovensis Laskarew, Reference Laskarew1903, syntypes, TsNIGR Museum, col. 2430, (3, 4) specimen 77/2430, (5, 6) specimen 79/2430 (Podolimactra eichwaldi [Laskarew, Reference Laskarew1914] is a replacement name). (7–10) Praerangia minuscula Cossmann, Reference Cossmann1908: (7, 8) IRSNB 02954, (9, 10) IRSNB 2955. (11–14) Priscomactra cymba Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952: (11–13) USNM 105509, holotype; (14) USNM 105512, paratype. Scale bars (1–6, 11–13) 1 cm; (7–10) 3 mm; (14) 2 cm.

Cardium gabbii Rémond, Reference Rémond1863 (p. 13) (= Mulinia densata Conrad, Reference Conrad1857, p. 313), by monotypy. Type material: not examined; Rémond (Reference Rémond1863, p. 13) mentioned that the specimens “…are in the collection of Mr. W. M. Gabb and my own…”. One of Gabb's (Reference Gabb1866) figured specimens (MCZ 15047) of Pseudocardium is from Sierra Bonita, below Tres Pinos (Stewart, Reference Stewart1930). The illustration of Gabb (Reference Gabb1866) is reproduced. Type locality: vicinity of Kirker's Pass, Contra Costa County, California, USA.

Figure 9.

(1–3) Pseudocardium gabbii (Rémond, Reference Rémond1863), illustration of Gabb (Reference Gabb1866). (4–7) Pseudomactra poroschini Steklov, Reference Steklov1960, original illustration. (8–15) Pseudoxyperas proaspersa Sacco, Reference Sacco, Bellardi and Sacco1901: (8, 9) MRSN BS 144.04.001, (10, 11) MRSN BS 144.04.002; (12, 13) MRSN BS 144.04.003; (14, 15) MRSN BS 144.04.004, syntypes. (16–19) Mactra elongata Quoy and Gaimard, 1835, MNHN-IM-2000-35987, syntypes. Scale bars (4–7) 5 mm; (8–19) 2 cm.

Pteroluter othnius Saul, Reference Saul1973 (p. 16), by original designation. Type material: LACMIP 10753-1, specimen N° 10109, holotype; paratype: LACMIP 10753-2, specimen N° 10110. Type locality: Melton Place, Little Cow Creek, Shasta County, California, USA.

Figure 10.

(1–4) Pteroluter othnius Saul, Reference Saul1973: (1, 2) LACMIP 10753-1, specimen N° 10109, holotype; (3, 4) LACMIP 10753-2, specimen N° 10110, paratype. (5–8) Spisula (Ruellia) bernayi (Cossmann, Reference Cossmann1886), MNHN.F.J07108, 2 specimens, illustrated by Cossmann, 1904, collected from Bartonien deposits of Le Ruel, France (Credit: Recolnat ANR-11-INBS-0004, Peter Massicard 2015). (9, 10) Rugosoxyperas asperaeformis Nomura and Zinbo, Reference Nomura and Zinbo1934, Museum of Tohoku University N° 50396, holotype. (11, 12) Sarmatimactra vitaliana (d'Orbigny, 1844), MNHN.F.R54699, syntype. (13–16) Mactra crassa Hutton, Reference Hutton1884: (13, 14) CMC M.831, holotype, taken from Beu (Reference Beu2004); (15) CMC M.832, paratype, left valve; (16) GS12857, V20/f136, right valve. Scale bars (1–12) 1 cm; (13–16) 2 cm.

Schizodesma abscissa Gabb, Reference Gabb1866 (p. 20), by original designation. Type material: ANSP 4548, holotype (Stewart, Reference Stewart1930, p. 210–211) (Richards, Reference Richards1968, p. 29). Type locality: Miocene deposits south of Martinez, Contra Costa County, California, USA.

Figure 11.

(1–6) Stereomactra abscissa (Gabb, Reference Gabb1866), ANSP 4548, holotype. (7, 8) Stiphromactra welwitschi Böhm, Reference Böhm1929, original illustrations. (9, 10) Tenuimactra hodkinsoni Garvie, Reference Garvie1996: (9) PRI 33074, holotype; (10) PRI 30443, paratype. (11, 12) Thyasira sanctiandreae Maury, Reference Maury1925, PRI 985, holotype. Scale bars (1–6) 4 cm; (9–12) 1 cm.

Willimactra popenoei Saul, Reference Saul1973 (p. 18), by original designation. Type material: LACMIP 23633-2, holotype, specimen 10115; paratypes: LACMIP 10847-1, specimen 10116; LACMIP 23295-1, specimen 10120; LACMIP 23298-15, specimen 10119; LACMIP 23298-16, specimen 11154; LACMIP 23625-1, specimen 10117; LACMIP 23625-2, specimen 10118. Type locality: Chico Creek, Butte County, California, USA.

Figure 12.

(1–3) Willimactra popenoei Saul, Reference Saul1973: (1) LACMIP 23633-2, holotype, specimen 10115; (2, 3) LACMIP 23298-15, specimen 10119, paratype. (4–7) Zenatiopsis angustata Tate, Reference Tate1879: (4, 5) NHMUK PI L. 6613 syntype; (6, 7) NHMUK PI L. 9830, syntype. (8–10) Zenatia (Zenatraria) vellai Beu, Reference Beu1966, taken from Beu (Reference Beu2006), holotype, TM3841, GS1164 re-collection, R22/f6348, right valve. Scale bars (1–3) 1 cm; (4–10) 2 cm.

A full revision of Paratethys mactrids is needed to understand the evolution of not only Akschagylian species (Pliocene), but also Sarmatian (Middle–Upper Miocene) taxa. This complete revision, currently in progress, will determine if designation of neotypes is necessary. Neogene mactrids include genera, based on fossil type species, that include both living and species in some cases.

Fossil genera described for southern South America, Asia, or Africa are scarce in the literature. Currently a full revision of fossil Argentinean Mactridae is in progress, and descriptions of new taxa at genus level are under evaluation. This work is part of a global revision of the superfamily Mactroidea that will elucidate the evolutive history of the group, and constitutes the basis for future revisions related to fossil taxa of the family Mactridae from different regions.

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge all the curators, technicians, and additional people who assisted me in the revision of type materials and additional reproduced specimens. They are W. Etter and S. Kühni (Natural History Museum Basel), M. Goodwin and D. Strauss (UCMP), L.L. Skibinski (PRI), J. Nemoto (Tohoku University Museum), J. Sessa (ANSP), J. Todd (NHMUK), A. Sokolov (TSNIGR Museum), M. Florence (USNM), A. Beu (GNS Science, Wellington, New Zealand), and A. Pistarino (MRSN, Turin). Special thanks to S. Schneider, S. Nielsen, and S. Popov for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This work was partially supported by grant PICT-2019-03433 of the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Técnica. This is the contribution N° 172 of Larbim.

Declaration of competing interests

Javier H. Signorelli from CONICET declares none.

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Figure 1. (1–12) Aktschagylia subcaspia (Andrussow, 1902a), original illustrations. (13) Aliomactra compressa Stephenson, 1952, USNM 105517, holotype. (14–16) Allomactra grateloupi Cossmann and Peyrot, 1909, original illustrations. (17–22) Andrussella acutecarinata (Andrussow, 1902a), original illustrations. Scale bars (1–13) 1 cm; (14–22) 2 cm.

Figure 2. (1–4) Avimactra aviculoides (Andrussow, 1905), original illustrations. (5–8) Barymactra burdigalensis (Mayer-Eymar, 1864), NMBA 3030, syntypes. (9–17) Caspimactra naphtalanica Ali-Zade and Kabakova in Ali-Zade, 1969, original illustrations. Scale bars (1–4, 9–17) 2 cm; (5–8) 4 cm.

Figure 3. (1–6) Chersonimactra bulgarica (Toula, 1892), NHMW 1998/0001/0005, 4 syntypes. (7–9) Spisula (Crepispisula) amekiensis Eames, 1957: (7, 8) holotype (NHMUK L. 48224), (9) paratype (NHMUK L. 48219). (10–18) Cryptomactra pesanseris (Mayer-Eymar, 1857), lot NMBA 1053 from Sevastopol. (19–23) Cymbophora ashburnerii (Gabb, 1864): (19, 20) ANSP 4441b and (21, 22) ANSP 4441a, paralectotypes; (23) ANSP, lectotype 4441. Scale bars (1–18) 1 cm; (19–23) 2 cm.

Figure 4. (1–3) Darcinia colombiana Clark and Durham, 1946, UCMP 34873, holotype. (4–6) Eomactra basteroti (Mayer-Eymar, 1853), NMBA 3020, probable syntype. (7–10) Eopapyrina darienensis (Dall, 1898), original illustrations of Dall, 1898: (7) USNM 112271, syntype; (8, 9) USNM 647513, hypotype; (10) USNM 647512, hypotype. (11–16) Geltena subequilatera: (11, 12) USNM 103761, holotype, original illustration; (13–16) USNM 103762A, 103762B, 103762C, and 103762D, respectively, paratypes. Scale bars (1, 2, 4–16) 1 cm; (3) 5 mm.

Figure 5. (1–7) Ionesimactra caspia (Eichwald, 1840 [1841, 1842]) n. comb.: (1) original illustration; (2–7) illustrations from Macarovici (1940). (8–14) Kirghizella pisum (Andrussow, 1902a), original illustrations. (15–20) Leptomactra delumbis (Conrad, 1832), ANSP 30532, syntypes. Scale bar (8–20) 2 cm.

Figure 6. (1–8) Mactrodesma ponderosa (Conrad, 1830): (1, 2) ANSP 30497, lectotype; (3–8) paralectotypes. (9–11) Mactrona mula (Marwick, 1948): (9) GS3528, R11/f7014, TM1280 holotype; (10) GS4348, S22/f6473; (11) GS4265, S22/f6455, all taken from Beu (2004). (12–19) Miorangia johnsoni (Dall, 1892), USNM MO 107033, syntypes. Scale bars (1–11) 2 cm; (12–19) 1 cm.

Figure 7. (1–5) Mulinoides chilca Olsson, 1944: (1) PRI 4854, holotype; (2, 3) PRI 4855, paratype, (4, 5) PRI 4856, paratype. (6, 7) Nelltia stenzeli Stephenson, 1952, USNM 105431, holotype. (8–10) Nymphactra jonasseni Stilwell and Zinsmeister, 1992: (8, 10) PRI 452, holotype (ex USNM 441633), (9) PRI 1077, paratype (ex USNM 441634). (11) Ovamactra cyma Woodring, 1982, USNM 135235, holotype. (12–14) Tellina mathewsonii Gabb, 1864: (12) UCMP 10077, paralectotype, (13) UCMP 10072, paralectotype, (14) UCMP 10078, paralectotype. Scale bars (1–10, 12–14) 2 cm; (11) 1 cm.

Figure 8. (1, 2) Planimactra alata (Macarovici, 1940), original illustration. (3–6) Mactra fragilis var. buglovensis Laskarew, 1903, syntypes, TsNIGR Museum, col. 2430, (3, 4) specimen 77/2430, (5, 6) specimen 79/2430 (Podolimactra eichwaldi [Laskarew, 1914] is a replacement name). (7–10) Praerangia minuscula Cossmann, 1908: (7, 8) IRSNB 02954, (9, 10) IRSNB 2955. (11–14) Priscomactra cymba Stephenson, 1952: (11–13) USNM 105509, holotype; (14) USNM 105512, paratype. Scale bars (1–6, 11–13) 1 cm; (7–10) 3 mm; (14) 2 cm.

Figure 9. (1–3) Pseudocardium gabbii (Rémond, 1863), illustration of Gabb (1866). (4–7) Pseudomactra poroschini Steklov, 1960, original illustration. (8–15) Pseudoxyperas proaspersa Sacco, 1901: (8, 9) MRSN BS 144.04.001, (10, 11) MRSN BS 144.04.002; (12, 13) MRSN BS 144.04.003; (14, 15) MRSN BS 144.04.004, syntypes. (16–19) Mactra elongata Quoy and Gaimard, 1835, MNHN-IM-2000-35987, syntypes. Scale bars (4–7) 5 mm; (8–19) 2 cm.

Figure 10. (1–4) Pteroluter othnius Saul, 1973: (1, 2) LACMIP 10753-1, specimen N° 10109, holotype; (3, 4) LACMIP 10753-2, specimen N° 10110, paratype. (5–8) Spisula (Ruellia) bernayi (Cossmann, 1886), MNHN.F.J07108, 2 specimens, illustrated by Cossmann, 1904, collected from Bartonien deposits of Le Ruel, France (Credit: Recolnat ANR-11-INBS-0004, Peter Massicard 2015). (9, 10) Rugosoxyperas asperaeformis Nomura and Zinbo, 1934, Museum of Tohoku University N° 50396, holotype. (11, 12) Sarmatimactra vitaliana (d'Orbigny, 1844), MNHN.F.R54699, syntype. (13–16) Mactra crassa Hutton, 1884: (13, 14) CMC M.831, holotype, taken from Beu (2004); (15) CMC M.832, paratype, left valve; (16) GS12857, V20/f136, right valve. Scale bars (1–12) 1 cm; (13–16) 2 cm.

Figure 11. (1–6) Stereomactra abscissa (Gabb, 1866), ANSP 4548, holotype. (7, 8) Stiphromactra welwitschi Böhm, 1929, original illustrations. (9, 10) Tenuimactra hodkinsoni Garvie, 1996: (9) PRI 33074, holotype; (10) PRI 30443, paratype. (11, 12) Thyasira sanctiandreae Maury, 1925, PRI 985, holotype. Scale bars (1–6) 4 cm; (9–12) 1 cm.

Figure 12. (1–3) Willimactra popenoei Saul, 1973: (1) LACMIP 23633-2, holotype, specimen 10115; (2, 3) LACMIP 23298-15, specimen 10119, paratype. (4–7) Zenatiopsis angustata Tate, 1879: (4, 5) NHMUK PI L. 6613 syntype; (6, 7) NHMUK PI L. 9830, syntype. (8–10) Zenatia (Zenatraria) vellai Beu, 1966, taken from Beu (2006), holotype, TM3841, GS1164 re-collection, R22/f6348, right valve. Scale bars (1–3) 1 cm; (4–10) 2 cm.

Article contents

Catalogue of fossil genera of Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Abstract

Information

Introduction

Materials and methods

Repositories and institutional abbreviations

Systematic paleontology

Family Mactridae Lamarck, Reference Lamarck1809

Diagnosis

Aktschagylia Starobogatov, Reference Starobogatov1970 Figure 1.1–1.12

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Aliomactra Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952Figure 1.13

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Allomactra Tomlin, Reference Tomlin1931Figure 1.14–1.16

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Andrussella Korobkov, Reference Korobkov1954Figure 1.17–1.22

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Avimactra Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1905 Figure 2.1–2.4

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Barymactra Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909Figure 2.5–2.8

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Caspimactra Ali-Zade and Kabakova in Ali-Zade, Reference Ali-Zade1969Figure 2.9–2.17

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Chersonimactra Paramonova, Reference Paramonova and Nevesskaja1978 Figure 3.1–3.6

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Crepispisula Eames, Reference Eames1957Figure 3.7–3.9

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Cryptomactra Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902Figure 3.10–3.18

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Cymbophora Gabb, Reference Gabb1869Figure 3.19–3.23

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Darcinia Clark in Clark and Durham, Reference Clark and Durham1946 Figure 4.1–4.3

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Eomactra Cossmann in Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909Figure 4.4–4.6

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Eopapyrina Woodring, Reference Woodring1982Figure 4.7–4.10

Type species

Diagnosis

Occurrence

Remarks

Aktschagylia Starobogatov, Reference Starobogatov1970
Figure 1.1–1.12

Aliomactra Stephenson, Reference Stephenson1952
Figure 1.13

Allomactra Tomlin, Reference Tomlin1931
Figure 1.14–1.16

Andrussella Korobkov, Reference Korobkov1954
Figure 1.17–1.22

Avimactra Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1905
Figure 2.1–2.4

Barymactra Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909
Figure 2.5–2.8

Caspimactra Ali-Zade and Kabakova in Ali-Zade, Reference Ali-Zade1969
Figure 2.9–2.17

Chersonimactra Paramonova, Reference Paramonova and Nevesskaja1978
Figure 3.1–3.6

Crepispisula Eames, Reference Eames1957
Figure 3.7–3.9

Cryptomactra Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902
Figure 3.10–3.18

Cymbophora Gabb, Reference Gabb1869
Figure 3.19–3.23

Darcinia Clark in Clark and Durham, Reference Clark and Durham1946
Figure 4.1–4.3

Eomactra Cossmann in Cossmann and Peyrot, Reference Cossmann and Peyrot1909
Figure 4.4–4.6

Eopapyrina Woodring, Reference Woodring1982
Figure 4.7–4.10

Geltena Stephenson in Vokes, Reference Vokes1946
Figure 4.11–4.16

Ionesimactra Signorelli nom. nov.
Figure 5.1–5.7

Kirghizella Andrussow, Reference Andrussow1902
Figure 5.8–5.14

Leptomactra Ward, Reference Ward1992
Figure 5.15–5.20

Mactrodesma Conrad, Reference Conrad1869
Figure 6.1–6.8