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This concise yet rigorous introduction to optics develops the theory from first principles, from Maxwell's equations through to the practical approximate methods used in evaluating light propagation and diffraction. These topics give rise to discussion of real-world applications such as lenses, lasers and fibre optics. Derivations are presented step-by-step, clearly and in detail, ensuring that the text is accessible to students that are already familiar with complex numbers, vectors and matrices. Exercises have been included at the end of every chapter, allowing readers to test their understanding of each topic. The book is ideally suited as a companion to upper undergraduate and graduate courses in optics and will also serve as a handy reference text for researchers working in applied physics, optical engineering, mathematical physics, laser engineering and related fields.
This extensively illustrated commentary on Darwin's Origin of Species offers a comprehensive, modern analysis of his revolutionary argument, situating his ideas within the evolutionary research and debates they inspired. Building on an unfinished manuscript by the pre-eminent evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, the book draws on more than 1,500 scholarly sources to expand on Darwin's revolutionary insights and to assess over 160 years of subsequent scientific progress. Each of Darwin's chapters is examined in detail, clarifying his reasoning while showing how his ideas have been refined, revised, or confirmed by later discoveries. In doing so, this new work highlights the enduring power and sweeping implications of Darwin's theoretical framework. More than 100 historical and scientific images illuminate Darwin's era and the central findings of evolutionary research, bringing the Origin vividly to life. The result is an authoritative analysis and synthesis of the most important scientific book ever written.
This thoroughly-updated second edition translates research into a clear, user-friendly practical guide to operating theatre management. Defining efficiency and scheduling in measurable, data-driven terms, it offers theatre managers, anaesthetists, surgeons, and nurses a common language to improve communication, performance, and patient experience. Using time as a universal benchmark, it provides practical tools for scheduling, demand-capacity matching, performance monitoring, and patient safety. This edition includes a new chapter on department structure, to emphasise how the organisation of operating theatres is key to high performance, and updates to pre-operative preparation of patients to take account of international guidance. Featuring new sections on theatre finances and monitoring efficiency of emergency surgery to incorporate modern understandings of budgeting and monetary theory and to take account of timeliness of surgical intervention for this group of patients. This is an essential resource for anyone seeking to improve operating theatre performance through rational, evidence-based management.
Chemical products are ubiquitous in the modern world. They offer many economic and societal benefits but can also present threats to human health and can cause pollution related to their manufacture and use. This revised third edition has been significantly updated to include the latest scientific tools and regulations. It begins by describing the principles and practices of epidemiology and toxicology, then proceeds to explain how this research is applied in practice to establish regulations needed to protect health and to develop risk assessment framework. It features an entirely new chapter on emerging risk assessment science, an expanded discussion of exposure science, and the most recent developments in law and regulation., Written in accessible language, Calculated Risks will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in risk assessment, toxicology or environmental chemistry, and to researchers, professionals and decision makers involved in chemical safety and regulation.
Presenting ten expository surveys on the rapidly expanding area of probabilistic graph theory, this book is the sixth, and final, volume of Cambridge University Press's series on 'Topics in Graph Theory'. Comprising contributions by leading experts, with all refined for clarity and consistent terminology, this book provides a uniquely comprehensive treatment of the subject. The reader is presented with an extensive introductory chapter to provide background material, before being brought up to speed with several of the most exciting recent developments in the field. This book will be useful for graduate students and researchers in graph theory, combinatorics, and probability theory, and of interest to mathematicians in related fields wishing to learn the topic as quickly as possible.
The rights and safety of people worldwide - and the future of humanity itself - are increasingly threatened by global catastrophic risks, including those arising from advanced artificial intelligence. Yet the international legal framework to govern such risks appears fragmented and unclear. International Catastrophe Law shows that international law is not silent on these threats. Drawing on eleven international legal regimes, from nuclear and biological weapons control to human rights and environmental law, this work identifies fifty-seven binding obligations that already require states to mitigate global catastrophic risks. It derives seven general principles of law that, through systemic integration, can guide national and international responses. Timely and corrective, International Catastrophe Law demonstrates that international law already provides crucial foundations for protecting humanity from its gravest threats. This title is available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Darwinism is not the only research tradition in evolutionary biology, but to date it is the most empirically successful. This book explores why, and why this is still true. David Depew shows how Darwinian evolutionary biology got off to a bad start by identifying natural selection with survival of the fittest -- which led to persistent misunderstandings; how it got back on track by the mid-twentieth century; and how it faced more difficulties at the turn of the twenty-first century, including challenges about how development, ecology, culture, and genetics are related. The book ends by exploring the promises and perils of genetic biotechnology. Depew's clear and accessible discussion draws on the work of evolutionary biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, historians of biology, and philosophers of biology, and the result is a compelling interdisciplinary guide to the past, present, and future of an immensely powerful concept.
In advanced healthcare systems, a persistent tension shapes care for frail older patients: the impulse to 'do more' can lead to aggressive and costly interventions that offer little benefit and may even cause harm, whilst access to appropriate care remains uneven for marginalised groups. Navigating this complexity requires careful ethical considerations. This volume brings together leading clinicians, bioethicists, and policy experts to examine the challenge of medical excess in Western societies. Through 20 real-world case studies and clear ethical analysis, it compares approaches across North America and Western Europe, showing how cultural norms, institutional pressures, and philosophical frameworks influence decision-making. Practical and thought-provoking, the book equips clinicians, educators, and policymakers with the tools to recognise overtreatment and to make more compassionate, patient-centered care decisions for the frail elderly.
What did weather mean to people in the past, and who did they believe controlled it? In this cultural history of the early medieval Frankish world, David J. Patterson argues that the medieval atmosphere was a contested arena in which saintly, royal, demonic, and human authority met and often clashed. Engaging with paleoclimate proxy evidence alongside cultural and religious texts, he illuminates the complex political, metaphorical, and theological underpinnings of medieval descriptions of weather, complicating modern attempts to reconstruct past climate conditions using documentary sources. In particular, Patterson reconstructs how medieval communities built “circles of protection” against storm, drought, and frost, considering how they imagined the tempestarii – the weather-makers – who lived among them. Refusing both environmental determinism and pastoral nostalgia, he offers a new historical perspective on approaches toward protection, blame, and authority, exploring past human relationships with the weather in ways that still resonate today.
Entangled Sovereignties is a rich volume that attempts to rethink the meanings and modalities of sovereignty in South Asia through the lens of Kerala's historical and contemporary political formations. Focusing on the entwined religious and secular logics, it draws attention to how diverse actors – from deities and communities to state agents and market forces – assert sovereign claims in social, ritual, and political life. Through a multidisciplinary engagement spanning ethnography, textual analysis, and historical inquiry, the book challenges dominant state-centric understandings of sovereignty. It foregrounds everyday, contested, layered expressions of authority that exceed the monopoly of violence, offering a new vocabulary to engage with questions of power, legitimacy, and moral reasoning in postcolonial democracies. From Christian reformers and Sunni traditionalists to fisher communities and communist appropriations of ritual, the book examines how sovereignty is asserted and negotiated across time and domains.
This book focuses on the lives and circumstances of clerics' wives and female partners in western Europe in the four centuries before 1200 – that is, before 'celibacy' (singleness and sexual continence) became an expectation for churchmen in major orders. In the first and only book to center on clerics' wives and women across Europe, archival evidence reveals what has until now been a virtually unknown category of medieval woman: women married to, or living with, bishops, priests, or other clerics. Throughout, case studies establish a concrete historical record of individual clerical female partners, dramatically increasing the number of known clerics' wives and women, and highlighting the types of sources and contexts that are most likely to preserve evidence for their presence and activities. In so doing, the book challenges not only the presumed “invisibility” of these women in medieval sources, but also the idea that their presence was deemed scandalous or out of place within the surrounding community.
From its inception, America has been an unusually violent nation. In this compelling book, Elliott J. Gorn tells stories that help illuminate violence in America, how we think about it, how it changes over time, and what it means. A series of portraits in blood - eye gouging matches on the Southern frontier, the murder of the street tough Butcher Bill Poole, the rise of the crime-and-sex scandal sheet, The National Police Gazette, John Dillinger's bank robbing rampage through the Great Depression, the horrific lynching of the young Chicagoan Emmett Till, and the resurrection of his memory during the Black Lives Matter movement -Violent Men demonstrates how racism, gender, and class coalesce to paint a vivid but disturbing picture of our history.
Mitochondrial disorders are highly diverse conditions that can affect nearly every major bodily system, often imitating more common diseases, leading to frequent and sometimes dangerous diagnostic delays. This textbook offers a clear, practical guide to how mitochondrial disorders present, how they are diagnosed, and how they are managed, keeping scientific detail to the essential information needed for clinical practice. Designed for non-specialist doctors and trainees, it also serves as a valuable reference for scientists seeking clinical context and for families wanting to better understand the condition. Fully revised to reflect recent advances in clinical features, genetics, diagnostics, and treatment, this new edition includes chapters for primary care physicians and on the vital role of advocacy groups. Drawing on insights from over 20 international experts, it provides a practical, system- and case-based framework for use across all clinical settings.
Mental health professionals know firsthand how societal stigma may prevent many individuals from seeking care. What has been discussed less, however, is the experience of mental health providers who themselves are dealing with a serious mental illness. This book aims to educate readers about the contributions of and discrimination against mental health professionals who manage mental health challenges, providing support and proposing new avenues for research, advocacy, and organizational change. Each chapter features a comprehensive review of the relevant empirical literature, brought to life through personal narratives. Many also provide strategic recommendations for addressing the systemic impact of exclusion and stigma on the mental health profession and broader culture as a whole. Designed for academic educators, clinicians, and researchers, as well as individuals managing mental health challenges, this volume is a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in diversity, disability, mental health, as well as industrial and organizational psychology.