Anomalies are quantum failures of classical symmetries. In the Euclidean path integral, these manifest as a phase that responds nontrivially under the symmetry transformation. After a brief overview of axial anomalies in Fujikawa’s reinterpretation, we extend the latter’s computation to general covariant gauge anomalies in the presence of chiral fermions, following Alvarez-Gaumé and Witten. The resulting anomalous Ward identity acquires a slightly different but related expression in place of zero, known as the consistent anomaly. When we view the anomaly as a gauge-noninvariant phase of the effective action, it is the latter quantity that truly defines the anomaly. The precise relation between the two was laid out by Bardeen and Zumino, which we follow explicitly in the second half of the chapter. Useful machinery of the BRST algebra, anomaly polynomials, anomaly descent, and transgression formulae are introduced along the way, which eventually connect the covariant anomaly to its consistent counterpart. We close with a discussion of how one should view the covariant anomaly as a convenient middle step, rather than a physical quantity on its own.