This Introduction provides a condensed telling of five hundred years of Romani history within an Atlantic context. It illustrates that Romani people have been part of the modern Atlantic world and that the Atlantic world has shaped the Romani diaspora and Romani people’s sense of who they are. Stories of Atlantic circulations, interactions, connections and exchanges show how Romani people and ideas held about them, transcended empires, nations and borders. The Introduction specifically contextualizes three moments of visibility. During the early modern era, Romani people experienced (often forced) population movements as part of imperial expansions and prompted the translation of European antigypsyism in the context of colonialism, slavery, capitalism, Indigenous genocides and emerging racial thought. At the turn of the twentieth century, nationalistic immigration controls provoked a heightened recognition of Romani people that impacted their experiences, forms of sociability and strategies of mobility. After World War II, as transnational migrants and refugees, they garnered new attention and built diasporic communities in the face of novel and changing international circumstances. Adding Romani people to Atlantic history allows us to think differently about the Atlantic world and transforms our understanding of Romani lived experiences.

This chapter looks at the global picture of migration management and aid. We present the first-ever global estimate of migration management aid from 2002 to 2022. Based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data on official development aid, we find that states of the Global North spent more than $73 billion on development aid to manage migration within developing countries, increasing from $718 million in 2002 to $8.71 billion in 2022. The United States and EU donated similar levels of migration management aid before 2015, but after 2016 the EU contributed more than 50 percent of all migration management aid every year – reflecting the importance of the EUTF. The top recipients of migration aid were Turkey, Iraq, Syria, the West Bank and Gaza, and Lebanon, which all represent key hosting states for refugees during this twenty-year period. This chapter shows how migration management aid has emerged as a global trend, despite variation in implementation, purpose, and region.

This chapter presents relationships between processes of both internal and international migration as a signature feature of Los Angeles literature. Through works by Facundo Bernal, Carlos Bulosan, Laila Lalami, and Nayomi Munaweera, Manizza Roszak reflects upon LA’s status a node of global migration. In the works of John Fante, Walter Mosley, Michele Serros, Charles Yu, Percival Everett, and Tommy Pico, meanwhile, questions of transnationality still surface, but are recontextualized by processes intranational migration both historical and contemporary – reflecting LA’s longstanding image as a destination of promise and opportunity. When racial or ethnic marginality inflects experience of the city, however, hopes for renewal and self-remaking rapidly turn to disappointment and frustration. Nevertheless, inter-diasporic solidarities remain.

Hollywood’s overseas expansion during the 1920s–1930s resulted from interwoven economic, political, and industrial changes. Although European agents rented Hollywood movies prior to 1914, World War I destroyed European film industry infrastructures, thus allowing American companies to flood markets with their products. Simultaneously, US domestic growth resulted in vertically integrated companies whose international revenues facilitated greater quality and quantity of production. This achievement fostered by Jewish immigrant studio moguls repackaged the very utopian promise that had brought them to the United States. They accomplished what the US government could not – global advertisement for an American way of life and consumerism. Even though some nations attempted building robust film industries, boycotting American theatres and products, or legislating restrictions, the rise of Nazism and World War II prevented effective national cinemas. Hollywood’s global ascendancy is not simply about American domination but about how a national cinema became a global one.

This chapter takes up the idea of African literature, history, and criticism as part of a larger project of cultural transformation and examines the role of literary criticism and a literary education in the shaping of postcolonial identities. Starting with a personal reflection on the role of English colonial Englishness in the making of an African literature, and originally published as an “Editor’s Column” when the author assumed the editorship of the PMLA, the chapter functions as an overture to the whole book. It opens up the multiple worlds and texts that came to define African literature against the background of decolonization and calls attention to the intimate relationship between reading, writing, and thinking in the making of colonial and postcolonial subjects.

The introduction focuses on how modern African writing has challenged the central categories that have shaped intellectual debates on the nature of literature and criticism in the twentieth century with particular attention to the problem of modernity and the narrative of decolonization. The chapter identifies the key moments and contours of African literature from the early twentieth century to the great period of decolonization in the second half of the century and identifies the critical traditions that have determined the nature of this literature and its relation to global cultural movements. Rejecting the idea of an African literary tradition that is either a prisoner of Euro-American critical traditions or one isolated from global treads, the introduction summarizes the key arguments in the book to show how, at a distinct moment in the twentieth century, African imaginaries were codified into a set of practices that changed theories and histories of modern literature.

This almanac-style handbook presents the historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of psychology of religion (PoR) across 32 global areas. The emphasis on uniformity of structure and diversity facilitates dual purposes of presenting basic information about countries and offering chapters as data points for cross-comparison. The handbook provides a concrete starting point for systematic discussions and collaborations; readers can compare chapters discovering shared characteristics and/or collaborative possibilities. “Inside” author perspectives promote awareness of fundamental elements of the field in different locations, illuminate contexts and needs of global peers, and offer an authentic and respectful path forward. This systematic, closely defined approach to the global psychology of religion will reveal more of what we know and some of what we don’t know. To the extent that this is realized, the field can expand through fresh collaborative efforts in thoughtful, useful directions we have not even imagined.

This chapter explores organizational configuration—how work is structured through task division, coordination, authority, and hierarchy. It introduces four configurations: Simple (centralized, small firms), Functional (grouped by specialization, efficient but less adaptive), Divisional (semi-independent units by product or region, flexible but may duplicate efforts), and Matrix (combines functional and divisional, supports adaptability but complex to manage). Firms may also use contract-based or digital configurations to enhance responsiveness. The Law of Requisite Variety suggests that organizational complexity must match environmental complexity. Misfits between configuration and external demands can cause inefficiencies, poor coordination, and performance loss. Aligning structure with strategy and environment is essential for long-term success

This chapter explores how the external environment influences organizational design. The environment includes customers, competitors, suppliers, regulations, and technology. Organizations must align their structure to fit external conditions to perform well. The environmental imperative, rooted in open systems theory, states that firms must adapt to complexity (number and interdependence of factors) and unpredictability (uncertainty). Four environment types are defined: calm (predictable, few factors), varied (many predictable factors), locally stormy (few but unpredictable), and turbulent (many unpredictable factors). Firms use environmental scanning, digital tools, big data, and AI to forecast and adapt. Contracts and ecosystems help manage fit through partnerships and outsourcing. Sustainability is a growing force, requiring integration of environmental and social goals. The chapter ends by stressing the need to align strategy, goals, and environment to avoid misfits that hinder performance.

This chapter deals with the aspects of political economy in British India from c. 1850 to c. 1950, focusing on the major debates and controversies about economic policies, which concerned the role of the colonial state and its implications for British imperial policies. British India had wider economic relations with surrounding Asian and African regions, located as it was within dense regional trading networks, as a hub of transactions of goods, money, people (migration), services and information. Through the development of global economic history, new works and interpretations are presented as a new paradigm against the traditional Eurocentric approach. Using recent works by Asian and Japanese scholars, this chapter analyses a changing economic shift from trade to finance in British India and the transformation of the economic international order of Asia and the role of India in the interwar years, with a special focus on the drastic impacts of the Second World War.

Suicide is a global phenomenon, with implications for HICs and LMICs alike, bec,ause of interconnectedness. Social injustice increases societies’ suicide risk and it is easily and frequently exported. Suicide is preventable but not always individually. Suicide prediction is difficult or impossible, so those measures that effect everyone work best. Hence assuring good quality, timely mental health coverage for the whole population is important. Those with the least resources must be targeted, as they are at greatest risk..