This chapter will delve into the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and human-computer interaction (HCI), examining how intellectual property rights and limitations influence the design process, drive technological progress, and shape user experiences.The chapter provides detailed discussions of the three main types of IP providing recognition and/or financial benefit for what people invent or create: patent, copyright, and trademark.

This chapter covers the core concepts of digital accessibility, including different definitions of accessibility, born-accessible design, technical standards for accessibility such as WCAG and EPUB3, core legal rules for accessibility including Section 504 and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Air Carrier Access Act, and the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, as well as state laws related to digital accessibility. This chapter also describes concepts in the legal framework including effective communications and nexus.

Chapter 18 offers a critical analysis of the types of remedies sought in climate cases and examines their implications within the legal landscape. Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of climate lawsuits from around the world, the authors provide insights into the diverse range of remedies that have been sought to address the adverse impacts of climate change. They then shed light on the different considerations and approaches that courts have taken when determining appropriate remedies. In their exploration of emerging best practices, the authors highlight instances where courts have adopted innovative and transformative approaches to remedies in climate litigation. They examine creative legal mechanisms that go beyond traditional compensatory measures and explore the potential of remedies such as injunctive relief, restitution, and declaratory judgments to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.

Deference may operate akin to an order, such that the second-order reasons for recognising a State’s authority shut off the adjudicator’s own exercise of decision-making authority. This is Raz’s understanding of the impact of recognising another actor’s authority; the recognition of authority creates in effect a duty to follow the authority’s decision. Two modes of deference reflect this understanding of authority. In a ‘deference as submission’ mode, a domestic decision becomes dispositive of the outcome of an international adjudicator’s enquiry on the issue to which deference relates. This mode of deference is introduced in Section A. At the other end of the deference spectrum, a ‘deference as control’ mode also reflects this approach to authority albeit in reverse: the international adjudicator’s authority is treated as dispositive, precluding any reference to second-order reasons for deference to a domestic decision-maker’s authority. This mode of deference is introduced in Section B. Although they sit at opposite ends of the deference spectrum, both modes of deference are considered together in this Chapter because a conclusive approach to authority informs their operation.

This chapter considers available responses to the government’s speech that endangers constitutional values. It starts by outlining possibilities for, and barriers to, constitutional remedies that include injunctive relief, declaratory relief, and damages. It then turns to a range of legislative, structural, and political possibilities for constructively influencing the government's expressive choices without resort to constitutional litigation. Statutory possibilities include laws that that require the government’s transparency, its deliberation, and its accuracy; or that limit the government’s speech on certain matters or for certain purposes. Other options include legislative oversight and impeachment, as well as rebuttals, protests, and other forms of counterspeech from other government officials, the press, and, of course, the people themselves—along with political remedies that include petitioning, lobbying, and voting.