Islam and Modern Cosmology examines how contemporary cosmological theories intersect with Islamic theology, exploring how modern science and Islamic thought can be brought into meaningful dialogue. It begins with a concise overview of modern cosmology, followed by an exploration of the Qur'an's cosmological perspectives and the philosophical models of creation proposed by Muslim thinkers, comparing these ideas with current scientific understandings. The discussion then considers the fine-tuning argument for God's existence and addresses the multiverse hypothesis, proposing that, under certain reasonable assumptions, the Islamic conception of God suggests the possibility of multiple universes. Finally, from a Muslim – specifically Sufi – perspective, it reflects on the problem of the significance of human life within this vast cosmos.

This first Element in the series Islam and the Sciences is introductory and aims to give readers a general overview of the wide and rich scope of interactions of Islam with the sciences, including past disputes, current challenges, and future outlooks. The Element introduces the main voices and schools of thought, adopting a historical approach to show the evolution of the debates: Khan's naturalism, al-Jisr's hermeneutics, Abduh's modernist Islam, Nasr's perennialist and sacred science, al-Attas's Islamic science, Sardar and the Ijmalis' ethical science, al-Faruqi's Islamization of knowledge/science, Bucaille's and El-Naggar's 'miraculous scientific content in the Qur'an,' Abdus Salam's universal science, Hoodbhoy's and Edis's secularism, and the harmonization of the 'new generation.' The Element also maps out new and emerging topics that are beginning to reignite the debates, before a concluding section examines how issues of Islam and Science are playing out in the media, in public discourse and in education.