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This chapter is focused on nuclear weapons. It includes a discussion of the history of these weapons and their delivery systems, focusing on the technological developments that occurred in the early decades of the Cold War, as well as addressing why the two superpowers built such large arsenals yet few other countries became nuclear proliferators during this period. The chapter also addresses the post-Cold War era, exploring the absolute number of nuclear weapons globally over decades. The chapter discusses nuclear proliferation and counterproliferation, as well as possible future developments related to these weapons. Regarding the latter, ballistic missile defences receive attention. The discussion of the possible future of these weapons takes recent global political developments, such as the Russo-Ukrainian War and related nuclear threats by Russia, into account.