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We consider the simplest model for a random laser by using the diffusion equation, including gain. We discuss the laser threshold, its scaling properties, and the rate equations with stable fluorescing and lasing solutions.
We analyse Einstein’s introduction of the processes of light–atom interactions to explain Planck’s law of thermal emission and, in particular, the mechanism of stimulated (or induced) emission. We define the statistical Einstein coefficients he introduced to describe these processes and analyse their relative importance. We then discuss how to amplify an electromagnetic wave by inversion of atomic populations, and thus how masers and various lasers work, and look at laser cooling and extremely stable standards for frequency (time) measurements.
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