Chapter 1.2 assesses community-based health insurance. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is a voluntary, self-organized approach to financing health care for groups of individuals in the absence of other forms of health care coverage. CBHI scheme members organize themselves; collect and pool their insurance premiums; and use them to purchase health services for members. Key learning includes that

• CBHI is not a miracle solution to affordable access to health care.

• – The very poor often do not enroll, and when they do they tend to use fewer health services.

• – Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are not necessarily reduced.

• Low uptake, poor delivery of promised benefits and challenges around governance undermine the impact of CBHI.

• CBHI does not overcome broader issues such as a lack of financial resources.

• CBHI might serve as a transitionary mechanism towards UHC and offer some financial protection for the most vulnerable provided that

• – Policy-makers create a supportive political and economic environment

• – Social capital can be mobilized

• – Schemes are institutionalized within the health sector.

Developing community writing systems in marginalized communities may have many benefits. These range from improved self-esteem and visibility of the language, for written communication and the production of materials. Writing is essential for education: both mother tongue-based multilingual education and immersion teaching for revitalization. This chapter reviews practical and ideological considerations in writing oral languages, exploring motivations behind spelling and script choices. It is essential that communities be in control of all activities that aim at establishing community orthographies for their languages – above all, community members must wish to have their languages written. Key factors in designing effective orthographies are considered, including examples of scripts adopted by minority languages and factors that have influenced their choices. One individual recounts his personal journey to writing and creating literature in his language, Wymysiöeryś. Examples are also given of how curriculum development and research are shaped by a focus on Nahuatl ways of thinking and organizing knowledge.