This chapter explains why integrity and reproducibility are essential for trustworthy AI research in a fast-moving field. It covers practical risks such as unclear credit, unfair baseline comparisons, selective reporting, and overstated claims, and argues that being explicit about limitations strengthens credibility. It then outlines what it means to make work verifiable and usable by others: documenting experimental setups clearly, sharing the key materials needed to reproduce results, and adopting norms that support transparent scientific progress.

This chapter introduces the reader to transparency and explainable AI. It provides an overview of how to build controls related to transparency and explainable AI.

In this chapter we introduce the challenge of using trustworthy AI approaches in developing AI systems, discuss the main requirements, and approach ways to measure or assess the compliance of any system. We finally describe CRISP-DM as an example model and flow to develop trustworthy AI systems, taking into account the critical points at each step.

This chapter turns to two local protective mechanisms that primarily protect communities through civil society partnerships: threatening accountability and reintegrating victims. Churches brought needed local credibility to civil society partnerships, while civil society organizations contributed expertise and implementation experience. Threatening accountability encompasses activities that raise the likelihood that state agents will be held accountable for human rights abuses, such as training local church networks in human rights documentation. Efforts at reintegrating victims involve initiatives to socially, financially, and psychologically assist the families of those left behind by Drug War violence, who remained at great risk of subsequent violence. After using the parish-based survey to get an overall sense of the distribution of these activities, the authors empirically substantiate their operation through qualitative and quantitative evidence, including parish interviews, experimental evidence from a sample of plausible Philippine police personnel, and survey evidence of ordinary Filipinos.

This chapter explores the range of continuous considerations faced by institutions, including communication and documentation.

The integration of technology into human rights practice in Latin America has been marked by scepticism and practical challenges. This chapter traces the origins of technology’s intersection with human rights in the region, beginning in the late 1980s in the Southern Cone, as grassroots actors responded to state repression and creatively used technology to document violations. It explores the bundle of risks and opportunities that human rights practitioners faced when using technology in creative ways to confront human rights challenges. It identifies three main obstacles to integration: a legal-centric approach to human rights, a language barrier given the English-language predominance in the tech sector, and wariness of technology. The text highlights some breakthroughs, deriving from bottom-up adoption of technology, and provides discrete examples of local innovation. The chapter concludes by stressing the ongoing need to adapt and better harness technological advances in Latin America while also learning from local experiences.

Ultrasound is the most commonly used medical imaging method in pregnancy. In early pregnancy a scan is performed to confirm the presence of a normally sited pregnancy, establish viability, determine number of embryos, determine gestational age and hopefully to reassure about the absence of complications. Ultrasound used with standard presets for clinical reasons in early pregnancy is safe and the benefits outweigh any theoretical risks.

Chapter 5 trains its attention on evidentiary practices, continuing to ask how law apprehends its world. The discussion reveals that legal actors have had a troubled relation with expert evidence. As with preceding chapters, a critical orientation is brought in to explicate law’s evidentiary reductivity (manageability of contingency and complexity) – to argue that the law has been unpredictable and unprincipled in how it has registered torture’s lifeworld. The pertinent questions here become: How does law interact with the natural and social sciences in the recognition of torture? What types of knowledge and evidence count towards legal recognition? What types are effaced and rendered inadmissible?

Dictionaries of Nahuatl, the largest indigenous language in North America, have been produced since the mid sixteenth century. The first were written to facilitate Catholic missionary activities, and Evangelicals continue this production today. Works containing lexical documentation for scientific purposes began to appear in the nineteenth century. Across time, Nahuatl dictionaries have proceeded from manuscripts, through the various stages of printing, to modern, searchable databases. Traditionally, the two most influential works have been Alonso de Molina’s Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana (1555–71) and Frances Karttunen’s An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (1983); however, students and researchers today tend to consult Stephanie Wood’s Online Nahuatl Dictionary (https://nahuatl.wired-humanities.org) and the Gran Diccionario Náhuatl (www.gdn.unam.mx). With one exception, the grammatical information and definitions contained in all Nahuatl dictionaries have been in languages other than Nahuatl; in other words, they have not been written for the purpose of helping Indigenous people to engage in critical and creative thinking within their own language and culture.

Chapter 1 introduces students to MATLAB. Beginning with basic computer science concepts, the student is introduced to how computers work generally, and then to the MATLAB interface itself, instructing students on key buttons, tabs, and windows that they will use virtually every time they open MATLAB. The structure of writing code is introduced, wherein code can be tested in the console (Command Window in MATLAB) but ultimately should be stored and saved in scripts for later re-use. Students learn the basic variable operations: creation and modification (assignment) and later use (reference), and are introduced to the utility of these ubiquitous programming tools, Basic script structure and formatting is introduced, including how to create, modify, and use variables and add comments to their code. The chapter concludes with how to obtain help and access documentation from within MATLAB.

Carla Della Gatta considers the relative abundance of the Fornésian archive – several dozen published scripts, very few “lost Fornés plays,” and an artistic practice that is nearly as documented as the productions and plays themselves – in tandem with the disproportionate lack of scholarship on someone so influential to the American theatre. To explain, Della Gatta evinces the challenges posed to documentarians by a bilingual, bicultural artist such as Fornés and argues that the task of documenting Fornés requires an unusually comprehensive sense of her entire canon in order to develop meaningful analysis, context, and criticism. Della Gatta also details the emerging tradition of Fornésian documentation that has evolved since the 1990s, and that not only includes the balance of archive formation, critical analysis, and artmaking necessary to draw forward the integration of Fornésian styles, forms, and perspectives, but also prioritizes a distinctive ethics of care.

The documentation related to inquisitorial practice included trial transcripts, consultations, sentences, manuals and accounts. But while this documentation was a key ingredient in inquisition’s power, the relationship between these sources and our knowledge of medieval heresy is complex.

This case provides a complete overview of shoulder dystocia through a case-based learning approach. A shoulder dystocia scenario is presented with history of present illness and physical exam details outlined. An example of how to optimally manage the case is provided. Shoulder dystocia diagnosis, epidemiology, and fetal and maternal risk factors and complications are reviewed. Systematic maneuvers to relieve shoulder dystocia are explained and post-delivery best practices are discussed. A comprehensive shoulder dystocia management algorithm is proposed.