Chapter 7 turns to the question of diversity from a health perspective, with a focus on scientific uncertainty and regulatory experimentation. This is about the effectiveness of EU intervention, the ability of the EU, as a functionally driven risk regulator, to select the best health intervention, in terms of reduced mortality and morbidity. It investigates how the principle of precaution is used by the Court to grant a certain leeway to the national and the EU legislature. Notably, the principle is applied not only to uncertainty about the existence of health risks, but also to uncertainty about the effects of policy interventions. The chapter then examines two legal devices designed to preserve the regulatory autonomy of Member States: subsidiarity and minimum harmonisation. Through three case studies – tobacco plain packaging, the ban on tobacco for oral use and front-of-pack nutrition labelling – the chapter highlights the contradiction between the need for regulatory diversity and the need for market uniformity, and the resultant tensions with the principles of conferral and subsidiarity.

This chapter addresses the issue of linguistic and structural experimentation in Time’s Arrow and Night Train. Going beyond the apparent differences between the two novels (reflected in the criticism devoted to them), it demonstrates that they are characterised by an experimental vein relying on the same pillars, that is, stylistic virtuosity, narrative inversion, and doubling. It argues in favour of Amis’s use of experimental gestures as geared to the experiential manifestation of a distinctive narrative ethics.

At least ninety symphonies were written by English composers between c. 1920 and 1945. Given the number of compositions and composers, this chapter provides a broad overview of the range of symphonies, including general influences and trends. It is divided into three sections representing predominant approaches to the symphony and focuses on three case studies: choral symphonies (Gustav Holst’s First Choral Symphony), symphonies inspired by landscape (Granville Bantock’s Pagan Symphony) and ‘traditional’ symphonies (Arthur Bliss’s A Colour Symphony). All English symphonies composed during this time embrace experimentation and exploration, whether it be playing with late romanticism or exploiting new techniques and approaches. Some composers sought to create an English symphonic tradition, whereas others simply wanted to make their own mark on the genre. It is argued that given the number of symphonies composed during this time, coupled with the breadth of approaches, English symphonic writing not only endured but actively flourished during this period; furthermore, this body of work deserves to be more rigorously and carefully considered in scholarship.

Chapter 9 concludes the book by further probing the theory’s generalizability, mechanisms, and implications. It starts with the theory’s applicability to the illustrative case studies of India and Mexico. It next hones in on the ideational mechanisms – learning and experimentation – that account for how a developmentalist legacy is updated and discusses other potential mechanisms, including emulation and competition. It lastly assesses three implications of the book’s theory. The first is whether state support for nationally controlled MNCs can continue to be an effective strategy under the current wave of backlash to globalization in advanced economies. The second is whether states that lack a developmentalist legacy can support the internationalization of national firms at a more limited scale. The third is whether the internationalization of national firms is compatible with more expansive definitions of development that go beyond structural transformation.

The ABCs – attention, behaviour and consequences – provide a framework for understanding approaches to behavioural influence. They help identify what initiated a behaviour, why a certain action was taken, why some actions are not completed and how to motivate the desired actions through consequences. The ABCs are a lens to organise existing frameworks and identify what to look for in new approaches. There are various strategies and techniques that fall under the lens of ABC, such as the EAST framework, Thaler and Sunstein’s nudge approach and boosting. These approaches focus on making behaviour easy, capturing attention and reducing effortful processing. Although human behaviour is complex, triggering behaviour, helping it to happen and making the ending worthwhile are a good rule of thumb. Data science can help identify influential factors, but they are more likely to be successful when informed by strong behavioural intuitions. It is important to test these strategies and techniques through experiments and A/B testing. While none of these strategies will work in every situation, most are supported by the weight of evidence, including meta-analyses that combine research from numerous studies.

Understanding systems behaviour through experimentation is at the heart of modern Behavioural Data Science. While earlier chapters have explored the analysis of human and algorithmic behaviour, this chapter centres on the dynamic and often non-linear processes that emerge when individual components – human agents, algorithms, environments – interact within a system. These systems can span sectors, from health and mobility to climate and governance, and are characterised by emergent properties that defy reductionist interpretations. This chapter elaborates on how experimental paradigms, including in silico simulations, real-world interventions and digital twin testbeds, facilitate insight into the adaptive behaviour of complex systems. Anchored in the frameworks of complex adaptive systems, cybernetics and socio-technical experimentation, we articulate the distinct role of Behavioural Data Science in producing actionable knowledge through systems-level interventions. The chapter also interrogates the ethical, epistemological and methodological dilemmas associated with manipulating complex systems and proposes principles for the responsible design of system-wide experiments.

Innovation systems take a holistic approach to understanding innovation dynamics, emphasizing the role of actors, institutions, and networks as key structural components. These interact to create feedback loops that can either accelerate or hinder innovation. Initially, innovation systems focused on national competitiveness and remained technology-neutral. The introduction of technological innovation systems (TIS), the focus of this chapter, shifted attention to the emergence of specific technologies, particularly sustainable ones that face market barriers. This made TIS a foundational framework in sustainability transitions research. A major milestone in its development was the introduction of TIS ‘functions’, which capture key system dynamics. Over time, TIS has evolved, incorporating factors like geography, policy, and system interactions. Scholars continue to expand the framework, exploring missions, life cycles, and destabilisation. These advancements increasingly integrate technological and social innovation, offering insights into the transition towards more sustainable futures.

Abstract: In this chapter, Henning applies John Dewey’s pragmatist ethics to sexual conduct, arguing for a sexual ethic rooted in education, experimentation, and imagination rather than rigid prohibitions. Henning argues that Dewey’s Human Nature and Conduct (1922) provides a framework for understanding sex as an experience that intertwines nature and culture, habit and impulse, and personal and social meaning. Henning shows how Dewey’s concept of habit formation highlights how sexual norms are transmitted culturally, often through prohibition, secrecy, and shame. This repression leads to miseducation, with adolescents turning to internet pornography for sexual knowledge, reinforcing narrow and misleading sexual scripts. A Deweyan approach would foster openness, aesthetic awareness, and moral imagination, allowing individuals to explore sexuality as part of a dynamic and humane ethical life. Dewey’s ethics emphasizes growth through deliberation and imaginative play. Sexual education should recognize the complexity of desire, vulnerability, and intimacy. Henning concludes that rather than treating sexuality as a taboo, sex education should provide young people with the tools to engage responsibly and meaningfully with their evolving impulses.

This chapter traces the ways in which Surrealist concepts and textual features were engaged by and absorbed into Australian poetry. It begins with Surrealism’s early reception in the 1930s, followed by the response of writers associated with Angry Penguins, and the work of Ern Malley. It then considers the re-emergence of interest in Surrealism in the ‘generation of ’68’, particularly in the writing of Jas H. Duke, Philip Hammial and John Jenkins. The chapter concludes by analysing the Surrealist ‘automatic effect’ in selected contemporary poets.

This chapter identifies Symbolism’s influence on Australian poetry as taking two trajectories. The first, more dominant trajectory traces the Symbolism as emerging from A. G. Stephens’s editorial work and Christopher Brennan’s adaptation of Mallarmé’s doctrine into a metaphysical tradition. The chapter follows its continuation in the poetry of A. R. Chisholm, Randolph Hughes, Nettie Palmer, Zora Cross, the Vision circle, Douglas Stewart, Francis Webb, Kenneth Slessor, Judith Wright, A. D. Hope and James McAuley. The chapter argues that a second, more adventurous and feral trajectory includes Brennan’s most experimental writing, the work of Ern Malley, Patrick White’s Voss, and more recent poetry by Robert Adamson, John Tranter and Chris Edwards.

The introduction by the co-editors both surveys the biography of María Irene Fornés and highlights the significance of Fornés’s work within and beyond the US theatre context. The co-editors also offer a summary overview of the goals of the volume, detailing the thematic and contextual priorities of each of the volume’s four parts (Places and People; Theatre; Culture, Society, and Politics; Legacy). Next, the co-editors offer six potential pathways (Experimentation, Pedagogy, Bilinguality, Networks, Archival Discoveries, "Choose Your Own Adventure") for readers, teachers, and students to follow as they choose "how to use" the volume. Finally, the co-editors conclude with a word of welcome to readers, inviting them to the process of the many as-yet-to-be-told stories of María Irene Fornés in her many contexts.

Generative AI offers a new lever for re-enchanting public administration, with the potential to contribute to a turning point in the project to ‘reinvent government’ through technology. Its deployment and use in public administration raise the question of its regulation. Adopting an empirical perspective, this chapter analyses how the United States of America and the European Union have regulated the deployment and use of this technology within their administrations. This transatlantic perspective is justified by the fact that these two entities have been very quick to regulate the issue of the deployment and use of this technology within their administrations. They are also considered to be emblematic actors in the regulation of AI. Finally, they share a common basis in terms of public law, namely their adherence to the rule of law. In this context, the chapter highlights four regulatory approaches to regulating the development and use of generative AI in public administration: command and control, the risk-based approach, the experimental approach, and the management-based approach. It also highlights the main legal issues raised by the use of such technology in public administration and the key administrative principles and values that need to be safeguarded.

Anchored in the theoretical perspectives explored in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 surveys the historical development of infant pain denial from 1890 until 1950 in three scientific communities: the child study movement, behavioural psychology and paediatrics. The analysis shows the extent to which figurations of children’s pain were products of a struggle for recognition between contending disciplines and delves into the reasons for the scepticism towards pain, which had important consequences in paediatrics.

Chapter 1 examines the interpretations of children’s language of pain, particularly screams and cries, by different professional bodies between 1870 and 1900. The chapter connects Charles Darwin’s evolutionist perspective inaugurated in ‘A Biographical Sketch of an Infant’ with the theoretical curiosity that informed embryologists’ and psychologists’ instrumental approach to pain, contrasting this with the practical paediatric challenge of understanding children to diagnose and treat them. This chapter also considers the photographic representations of sick children used for fundraising by the Great Ormond Street Hospital.

This chapter delves a little more deeply into a particular experimental investigation from the seventeenth century. Robert Boyle’s air-pump allowed him to evacuate (nearly) all of the air from an enclosed chamber. He sought to investigate various phenomena, including the recent discovery that, in a tube filled with mercury and open at one end and then inverted into an open dish filled with mercury, an apparently empty space will appear at the top (closed) end of the tube. Boyle’s experiments are credited with having led to the modern conception of air pressure, but his conclusions were met with controversy.