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1 results

  • 3 - Towards a History of World Englishes

  • from Part I - The Spread of English Overseas
  • Edited by Raymond Hickey, University of Limerick
  • Book:
    The New Cambridge History of the English Language
    Published online:
    22 April 2026
    Print publication:
    07 May 2026, pp 92-116

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an account of the types of contact and spread associated with the growth of English beyond the United Kingdom. It describes the main linguistic outcomes of these contacts, including pidgins, creoles, English as a second language (ESL), English as a Foreign Language (EFL), English as Lingua Franca (ELF), Immigrant Englishes and hybridities arising from code-switching and electronic and social media. It also gives an account of how different scholars have tried to make sense of the immense variety within ‘the English language complex’. Particular attention is paid to Kachru’s Three Circles model, Schneider’s Dynamic Model and its current refinements, Mair’s World System for Englishes, Mesthrie’s Contact-Contingency model, and insights from Corpus Linguistics, Language Contact and Language Ecology.